- Email: [email protected]
Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric R. Bhanupratap Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560056, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 August 2019 Accepted 12 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Hybridization Jute Kevlar Epoxy F.T.I.R. Water sorption
a b s t r a c t This work deals with the hybridization effect of jute/Kevlar woven surface composites on water maintenance lead by organizing in different layering plans. Four different kinds of overlays were made by hand lay up procedure. Each overlay of 3 mm thickness contains different utilizes of textures and resin mix. Among them, one event is of unadulterated jute layer made for correlation sake. The surface characteristics of the jute and Kevlar fibers were depicted by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (F.T.I.R) to analyze the compound association. The water maintenance test were performed by submerging tests into refined water. Test matrix and water maintenance are conveyed by ASTM guidelines. The present work exhibits that the hybridization of Kevlar with jute lessens the water sorption. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
1. Introduction Polymeric composites with regular fibers radiate an impression of being an average choice for structure applications, by virtue of its common properties, for instance, specific quality, low weight, negligible exertion, truly extraordinary mechanical properties, non-grinding, eco-pleasing and bio-degradable traits [1,2]. Jute is expelled from the stem of the jute plant which has a spot with the class Corchorus, family Tiliaceae. Jute is created in South Asia. The genuine jute-making countries are Bangladesh, India, China and Thailand. Bangladesh gives over 90% of the world’s unrefined jute and joined fiber exchanges. Jute is the second most basic vegetable fiber after cotton, similar to usage, overall use, creation and availability. It is one of the most affordable and the most grounded of each ordinary fiber. Jute fiber has by and large been used for the creation of sacks, hessian material, spread and twines, ropes and strings. Jute fiber is used as a reinforcing material in the vehicle, improvement and packaging organizations [3]. Kevlar fiber reinforced composite materials are dynamically outstanding consistently. Its application is broadly huge in view of its splendid mechanical properties, lighter weight, exceptional flexibility, disintegration safe, straightforwardness of production, etc stood out from other conventional metallic materials. Kevlar fiber has incredibly one of its benevolent properties. It will in general be
E-mail address: [email protected]
viewed as nylon with extra benzene rings in the polymer chain for growing its robustness. It is mainly outstanding for its applications in mechanical and bleeding edge developments like ballistic covering, helicopter sharp edges, pneumatic contraptions, wearing product, etc. Diverged from other designed fibers, it basically cuts down fiber extending and higher versatility and modulus. Kevlar strands are among the most versatile mechanical materials known today. Kevlar strands and surfaces are utilized in dependably broadening courses of action for a wide grouping of utilizations. Kevlar, being logically unclear to jute, does not require any remarkable gear for mixing with jute in standard jute turning matrix [4]. The perceptible nature of woven composites is expanding an immediate consequence of clear dealing with and estimable mechanical properties. Woven surface composites give more adjusted properties in the surface plane than unidirectional lamina. The weaving of the fiber gives an interlocking that creates quality superior to can be drilled by fiber-cross segment hold. The hybridization gives the flexibility to plan and improve material properties. The mechanical properties of the palmyra fiber composites are redesigned because of the advancement of glass fiber and in addition diminish the stickiness ingestion of the composites [5]. Hybridization of fundamental filaments with structured strands diminishes the best saturation assimilation and develops the mechanical properties of the composites. Hybridization of typical fiber composite by another standard fiber does not yield regular mechanical properties as hybridization by glass fiber and
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
2
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
carbon fiber and starting now and into the foreseeable future these sorts of the hybrid composite are fitting for straightforwardness applications. The improvement of jute fiber and glass fiber in epoxy will develop the thickness, impact centrality, adaptability and the flexural quality, yet decreases the water ingestion [6]. Joining glass fiber into the sisal–polypropylene (P.P.) composites improved mechanical properties and water obstruction of the composites [7]. The soaked quality ingestion attributes of the normal strands are key to pass on the fundamental fiber blend composite materials with the positive mixture impact. The stickiness assimilation of the sugar palm fiber supported epoxy composites results are valuable in the marine part to make computing freight ship segments or its improvement [8]. The effect of water maintenance on the mechanical properties of non-woven hemp fiber fortified unsaturated polyester composites exhibits that clamminess take-up augmentation with fiber volume parcel increases in light of extended voids and cellulose content [9]. Of late, many research looks at using a trademark fiber and polymer matrix have been driven. It has been developed that the water digestion impacts the execution of trademark fiber sustained composites conflictingly; thusly, it is basic to consider their conduct. The present composition saw that, less effort has been done on the impact of stacking gathering and extension of Kevlar strands with in any event two ordinary fibers. To clear up the holding characteristics, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (F.T.I.R) was used to review the condition at an interface between the jute and the Kevlar. The morphology was thought about through Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.) which exhibited the sorption conduct severely hurt the cellulose fibers and the holding at the fiber-matrix interfaces in wet composites. F.T.I.R is a strategy comprehensively used to survey the useful gatherings which is credited to polymer based materials. Thusly it prompts the estimation of various types of changes in both physical and synthetic structures. From now on, this assessment work is to fathom the hybridization effect of jute/Kevlar surface fortified epoxy composites on physical and water ingestion properties. 2. Materials To frame the overlaid composites, the accompanying materials were utilized in this work. In this examination, the basic fiber jute is gotten from the Jute Cottage, Bengaluru. Engineered fiber Kevlar is procured from Hindoostan Composites, Mumbai. Epoxy resin (LY556) and a room temperature reestablishing hardener (HY 951) is gotten from the nearby source. Jute fibers (J): The jute fibers used in surface structure has weight—270 GSM, thickness—0.29 mm and thickness— 1.4 gm/cc Kevlar fibers (K): The Kevlar fibers used in surface structure has weight—170 GSM, thickness—0.19 mm and thickness— 1.44 gm/cc Epoxy resin: The epoxy resin perceived as: Araldite LY556 and hardener recognized as: Aradur. The hardener is taken in the extent of 1:10 (for example for every 10 gm of epoxy 1.0 gm of hardener is incorporated). Thickness of epoxy—1.2 gm/cc. 2.1. Composite preparation
Table 1 Sample designations. Overlay
Designations
L1 L2 L3 L4
J0 + J0 + J0 + J0 J0 + J0 + K0 + J0 + J0 J0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + J0 J0 + K0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + K0 + J0
drawn away from the lay-up. Afterward, the composite was then relieved under vacuum at room temperature for 24 hrs. From that point forward, the overlays were then removed from the mould and post-relieved in a stove at 80 °C for 5 h before cutting into required specimen measurements. 2.2. Test method 2.2.1. Attenuated Total Reflection: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (A.T.R-F.T.I.R.) ATR is a smart and non-risky analyzing method for obtaining the IR scope of a material’s surface. Tests investigated by F.T.I.RA.T.R overall require no specimen arranging. Constricted Attenuated Total Reflectance (A.T.R) spectroscopy utilizes the wonder of complete interior reflection. A light emanation entering a crystal will experience mean inside reflection when the edge of recurrence at the interface between the sample and crystal is more noticeable than the fundamental edge, where the latter is a component of the refractive documents of the two surfaces. The estimation of the unadulterated jute, jute/Kevlar of different assignments were removed by the establishment results by the equipment called A. T.R with resolutions PRO programming for examination of F.T.I.R. to perceive natural and inorganic materials. The infrared assimilation groups perceive nuclear portions and structures at the wave number scope of 4000–400 cm1. 2.2.2. Density and void fraction Voids are a champion among the most generally perceived gathering actuated imperfections in the midst of the production of composite. Higher voids substance prompts low assurance from water entrance despite both extended assortment and low quality properties of composites. In particular, an extraordinary composite should have under 1% void, however a low quality composite can have up to 5% voids substance. The exploratory densities (qce) of the composites were evaluated using a fundamental water immersion system. For each sample analyzed, five assigns were passed on and typical estimations of thickness were recorded. All deviation standards assessed were lower to 0.001 gm/cc. On the other hand, the theoretical densities (qct) of the composites were resolved as given by Eq. (1):
qct ¼ 1=ððwf =qf Þ þ ðwm =qm Þ
ð1Þ
where Wf is the weight part of the fiber, Wm is the weight portion of the network, qf is the density of the fiber and qm is the density of the framework. For affirmation of voids in composites, ASTM D 2734-94 [10] procedure was used. The volume of void substance (mV) was settled from the theoretical and preliminary thickness of the composites through Eq. (2):
mV ¼ ðqct qce Þ=qct
ð2Þ
3
The composite overlays were set up in 300x300x3 mm utilizing the hand lay up strategy. In this procedure, according to overlay assignment recorded in Table 1, the layer of textures are put individually on the level shape and after that the epoxy resin is connected in the wake of setting each layer of textures pursued by hand lay-up strategy. At that point, place the jute fabric and Kevlar fabric alternately to confine the measure of epoxy that can be
2.2.3. Water sorption behaviour Sogginess maintenance of basic fiber polymer composites is one of the genuine stress in their outside applications. Water absorption of composites was executed by A.S.T.M.: D 570 standard (sample estimation is 76.2 25.4 3 mm3) [11]. Besides, test samples are showed up in Fig. 3. Tests were doused in refined water
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
(pH = 6.5) at room temperature, i.e., 23 °C for 15 days as showed up in Fig. 4. After time breaks (predictably), tests were ousted from the holder, their surface clamminess was emptied by cotton material. The substance of water ingestion by the sample was assessed using a definite electronic balance machine. The percent of water ingestion (M%) was resolved through Eq. (3):
M% ¼ ðMt Mo Þ=Mo
ð3Þ
where Mt is the heaviness of sample at a given inundation time and MO is the dried weight. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. A.T.R-F.T.I.R analysis The ATR-FTIR spectra of the laminates L1, L2, L3 and L4 are appeared in the Fig. 1(a–d). The zenith raising at 3305 cm1 thinks about to OAH broadening vibration of the water and alcohol group. The peak at 2920 cm1 exhibit the nearness of the CH2 vibration of methylene gathering of hemicellulose. The ascent of 2825 cm1 credits to the CAH broadening vibration of methyl bunch in cellulose. The ascent of 1700 cm1 can be attributed to the stretching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The apex raising at 3300 cm1 identifies with OAH broadening vibration of the water and alchohal group. The top at 2380 cm1 demonstrate the nearness of the CAH vibration of methyl group of cellulose. The zenith of 1900 cm1 can be attributed to the reaching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The top at 3100 cm1 presents NAH expanding
3
vibration in an amide shape with a fortified hydrogen. The peak at 2850 cm1 demonstrates that it has OAH group. The zenith raising at 3315 cm1 analyzes to OAH expanding vibration of the water and alchohal group. The peak at 2960 cm1 exhibit the nearness of the CH2 vibration of methylene group of hemicellulose. The apex at 1800 cm1 credits to the methyl group of cellulose. The highest point of 1900 cm1 can be credited to the C@O stretching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The peak at 2860 cm1 shows that it has C@H stretching out for hydrogen sustained amide group. The zenith of 1560 cm1 can be because of CAN extending vibration of amide group. The zenith raising at 3320 cm1 identifies with OAH expanding vibration of the water and alchohal group. The top at 2950 cm1 show the nearness of the CH2 vibration of methylene group of hemicellulose. The apex of 2840 cm1 credits to the CAH expanding vibration of methyl group of cellulose. The highest point of 1900 cm1 can be attributed to the C@O stretching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The top at 1600 cm1 can be credited to the C@O fragrant ring skeleton vibration. The top at 2880 cm1 presents CAH expanding vibration in an amide group. 3.2. Density and void fraction The Table 2 demonstrates the theoretical density, experimental density and the void substance. The Fig. 2a exhibits the theoretical and test densities of each composite overlays. The refinement in theoretical and test densities is basically a result of the proximity of voids in the composite as showed up in Fig. 2b. The closeness of void substance in the composites prompts to reduce the
Fig. 1. Representative FTIR Images: Laminate L1 (a), Laminate L2 (b), Laminate L3 (c), Laminate L4 (d).
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
4
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 2 Theoretical Density, Experimental Density and Void Content.
Table 3 Moisture Weight Gain in %.
Laminate
Theoretical Density
Experimental Density
Void content (%)
Laminate
Moisture Weight Gain (%)
L1 L2 L3 L4
1.219 1.237 1.267 1.28
1.165 1.185 1.216 1.235
4.501 4.218 4.057 3.577
L1 L2 L3 L4
53.668 38.166 20.238 14.583
mechanical and physical properties of the composites. Each overlay exhibits under 5% voids, so it demonstrates that the each overlay are incredible in production. It might be seen that the L1 composite showed a higher proportion of voids (4.501%) stood out from the L4 composite (3.507%), this is a direct result of the incongruence between epoxy resin and surfaces. Consequently, to some degree less proportions of voids are accessible in L2 and L3 appeared differently in relation to the L4. It is seen that hybridization of jute/Kevlar demonstrated a less proportion of voids diverged from the unadulterated jute composites. It is assumed that the hybridization of Kevlar with jute can improve the physical properties of composites.
3.3. Water absorption behavior Water maintenance is a fundamental trademark which can be used to anticipate sturdiness of jute/Kevlar surface reinforced epoxy composites. In water ingestion, overlays were submerged into refined water. This was picked since it suggests authentic conditions, where these composites can be associated. The unmistakable composite samples are made progress toward water absorption by immersing it in refined water for around 15 days and saw the water ingestion by the overlay that are showed up in the Table 3. The moisture weight gain (%) of the overlay L1, L2, L3 and L4 is in the hover of 53.668 MPa, 38.166 MPa, 20.238 MPa and 14.583 MPa exclusively. The Fig. 3a sets up the water ingestion of composites with an expansion in assimilation time. The water soaking up at beginning stage is more toward the start and gets leveled to some degree time and after that it slants toward to agreeableness. It is undeniable truth that the conventional fibers are water vulnerable. Thusly, the water processing attributes of trademark fiber composite are by and large fiber-controlled than the ground substance. It is clear from the Fig. 3b that the pace of water fixation increments with headway in the layer of jute fiber overlay. The sample of jute
fiber composite overlay L1 demonstrated higher water fixation than other composite overlays. This direct was required in light of the way in which that the wetness recoup of jute fiber is more indisputable than the Kevlar fiber. In addition, water can live in composite as a result of other three grounds. Those are the lumen, the cell wall and the openings among fiber and resin by judiciousness of powerless interface affiliation. 3.4. Morphological analysis The S.E.M Fig. 4a and b demonstrate the morphologies of the unadulterated jute overlay and jute/Kevlar strengthened epoxy overlaid composite. Fiber take out wonders were watched for the overlay L1 anyway not for the jute/Kevlar fortified epoxy overlay. It might be obviously seen that the closeness of strong strands in the unadulterated jute overlay L1 which revealed that the fibers were successfully pulled out from the framework which shows the nonappearance of security between the fiber and the matrix. Anyway for the mixture overlay there was incredible matrix fiber hold viewed i.e no hole among fiber and matrix which gives us the idea that as and as the layer of Kevlar is expanded the higher split toughness of the overlay could be kept up. 4. Conclusion In this work, the effect of hybridization of jute/Kevlar surface fortified epoxy composites on physical and water ingestion lead was thought about. Composite overlays exhibits under 5% voids, which demonstrates that the overlays are extraordinary in creation. Hybridization of jute/Kevlar showed a less proportion of voids stood out from the unadulterated jute overlay composites. Hybridization of Kevlar with jute can update the physical properties of composites. Solidification of Kevlar with jute in epoxy reduced the water maintenance of the composites. At long last, S. E.M results demonstrated that the water maintenance in the over-
Fig. 2. Representative (a) Density Test and (b) Void Test.
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
Fig. 3. Representative (a) Moisture Weight Gain vs. Immersion Time and (b) Moisture Weight Gain vs. Laminate.
Fig. 4. S.E.M Micrographs of (a) Pure Jute Laminate and (b) Hybrid Laminate.
lay L1 seriously harmed the cellulose filaments and fiber matrix blend than the overlay with the overlay L5 having a superior holding when the layers of the Kevlar were presented. References [1] M.A. Farias, M.Z. Farina, A.P.T. Pezzin, D.A.K. Silva, Unsaturated polyester composites reinforced with fiber and powder of peach palm: mechanical characterization and water absorption profile, Mater. Sci. Eng.: C 29 (2) (2009) 510–513. [2] M.R. Sanjay, G.R. Arpitha, B. Yogesha, Study on mechanical properties of natural – glass fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: a review, Mater. Today: Proc. 2 (4-5) (2015) 2959–2967, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matpr.2015.07.264. [3] Gautam Basu, Alok Nath Roy, Blending of jute with different natural fibres, J. Nat. Fibers 4 (4) (2008) 13–29, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440470801893323. [4] R. Bhanupratap, H.C. Chittappa, Study of tensile behaviour by variation of Kevlar to the jute fibre epoxy hybrid composites ISSN: 2278-0181 Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT) 6 (06) (2017).
[5] R. Velmurugan, V. Manikandan, Mechanical properties of palmyra/glass fiber hybrid composites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38 (10) (2007) 2216– 2226. [6] M.H. Zamri, H.M. Akil, A. Bakar, Z.A.M. Ishak, L.W. Cheng, Effect of water absorption on pultruded jute/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites, J. Compos. Mater. 46 (1) (2011) 51–61, https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0021998311410488. [7] K. Jarukumjorn, N. Suppakarn, Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties of sisal fiber–polypropylene composites, Compos. Part B: Eng. 40 (7) (2009) 623–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. composites b.2009.04.00. [8] Z. Leman, S.M. Sapuan, A.M. Saifol, M.A. Maleque, M.H.M. Ahmad, Moisture absorption behavior of sugar palm fiber reinforced epoxy composites, Mater. Des. 29 (8) (2008) 1666–1670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.11.004. [9] H. Dhakal, Z. Zhang, M Richardson, Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 (7-8) (2007) 1674–1683, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019. [10] ASTM D 2734-94, Standard methods for void content of reinforced plastics. [11] ASTM D 570-98, Standard methods for water absorption of plastics.
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric R. Bhanupratap Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560056, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 August 2019 Accepted 12 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Hybridization Jute Kevlar Epoxy F.T.I.R. Water sorption
a b s t r a c t This work deals with the hybridization effect of jute/Kevlar woven surface composites on water maintenance lead by organizing in different layering plans. Four different kinds of overlays were made by hand lay up procedure. Each overlay of 3 mm thickness contains different utilizes of textures and resin mix. Among them, one event is of unadulterated jute layer made for correlation sake. The surface characteristics of the jute and Kevlar fibers were depicted by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (F.T.I.R) to analyze the compound association. The water maintenance test were performed by submerging tests into refined water. Test matrix and water maintenance are conveyed by ASTM guidelines. The present work exhibits that the hybridization of Kevlar with jute lessens the water sorption. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
1. Introduction Polymeric composites with regular fibers radiate an impression of being an average choice for structure applications, by virtue of its common properties, for instance, specific quality, low weight, negligible exertion, truly extraordinary mechanical properties, non-grinding, eco-pleasing and bio-degradable traits [1,2]. Jute is expelled from the stem of the jute plant which has a spot with the class Corchorus, family Tiliaceae. Jute is created in South Asia. The genuine jute-making countries are Bangladesh, India, China and Thailand. Bangladesh gives over 90% of the world’s unrefined jute and joined fiber exchanges. Jute is the second most basic vegetable fiber after cotton, similar to usage, overall use, creation and availability. It is one of the most affordable and the most grounded of each ordinary fiber. Jute fiber has by and large been used for the creation of sacks, hessian material, spread and twines, ropes and strings. Jute fiber is used as a reinforcing material in the vehicle, improvement and packaging organizations [3]. Kevlar fiber reinforced composite materials are dynamically outstanding consistently. Its application is broadly huge in view of its splendid mechanical properties, lighter weight, exceptional flexibility, disintegration safe, straightforwardness of production, etc stood out from other conventional metallic materials. Kevlar fiber has incredibly one of its benevolent properties. It will in general be
E-mail address: [email protected]
viewed as nylon with extra benzene rings in the polymer chain for growing its robustness. It is mainly outstanding for its applications in mechanical and bleeding edge developments like ballistic covering, helicopter sharp edges, pneumatic contraptions, wearing product, etc. Diverged from other designed fibers, it basically cuts down fiber extending and higher versatility and modulus. Kevlar strands are among the most versatile mechanical materials known today. Kevlar strands and surfaces are utilized in dependably broadening courses of action for a wide grouping of utilizations. Kevlar, being logically unclear to jute, does not require any remarkable gear for mixing with jute in standard jute turning matrix [4]. The perceptible nature of woven composites is expanding an immediate consequence of clear dealing with and estimable mechanical properties. Woven surface composites give more adjusted properties in the surface plane than unidirectional lamina. The weaving of the fiber gives an interlocking that creates quality superior to can be drilled by fiber-cross segment hold. The hybridization gives the flexibility to plan and improve material properties. The mechanical properties of the palmyra fiber composites are redesigned because of the advancement of glass fiber and in addition diminish the stickiness ingestion of the composites [5]. Hybridization of fundamental filaments with structured strands diminishes the best saturation assimilation and develops the mechanical properties of the composites. Hybridization of typical fiber composite by another standard fiber does not yield regular mechanical properties as hybridization by glass fiber and
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
2
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
carbon fiber and starting now and into the foreseeable future these sorts of the hybrid composite are fitting for straightforwardness applications. The improvement of jute fiber and glass fiber in epoxy will develop the thickness, impact centrality, adaptability and the flexural quality, yet decreases the water ingestion [6]. Joining glass fiber into the sisal–polypropylene (P.P.) composites improved mechanical properties and water obstruction of the composites [7]. The soaked quality ingestion attributes of the normal strands are key to pass on the fundamental fiber blend composite materials with the positive mixture impact. The stickiness assimilation of the sugar palm fiber supported epoxy composites results are valuable in the marine part to make computing freight ship segments or its improvement [8]. The effect of water maintenance on the mechanical properties of non-woven hemp fiber fortified unsaturated polyester composites exhibits that clamminess take-up augmentation with fiber volume parcel increases in light of extended voids and cellulose content [9]. Of late, many research looks at using a trademark fiber and polymer matrix have been driven. It has been developed that the water digestion impacts the execution of trademark fiber sustained composites conflictingly; thusly, it is basic to consider their conduct. The present composition saw that, less effort has been done on the impact of stacking gathering and extension of Kevlar strands with in any event two ordinary fibers. To clear up the holding characteristics, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (F.T.I.R) was used to review the condition at an interface between the jute and the Kevlar. The morphology was thought about through Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M.) which exhibited the sorption conduct severely hurt the cellulose fibers and the holding at the fiber-matrix interfaces in wet composites. F.T.I.R is a strategy comprehensively used to survey the useful gatherings which is credited to polymer based materials. Thusly it prompts the estimation of various types of changes in both physical and synthetic structures. From now on, this assessment work is to fathom the hybridization effect of jute/Kevlar surface fortified epoxy composites on physical and water ingestion properties. 2. Materials To frame the overlaid composites, the accompanying materials were utilized in this work. In this examination, the basic fiber jute is gotten from the Jute Cottage, Bengaluru. Engineered fiber Kevlar is procured from Hindoostan Composites, Mumbai. Epoxy resin (LY556) and a room temperature reestablishing hardener (HY 951) is gotten from the nearby source. Jute fibers (J): The jute fibers used in surface structure has weight—270 GSM, thickness—0.29 mm and thickness— 1.4 gm/cc Kevlar fibers (K): The Kevlar fibers used in surface structure has weight—170 GSM, thickness—0.19 mm and thickness— 1.44 gm/cc Epoxy resin: The epoxy resin perceived as: Araldite LY556 and hardener recognized as: Aradur. The hardener is taken in the extent of 1:10 (for example for every 10 gm of epoxy 1.0 gm of hardener is incorporated). Thickness of epoxy—1.2 gm/cc. 2.1. Composite preparation
Table 1 Sample designations. Overlay
Designations
L1 L2 L3 L4
J0 + J0 + J0 + J0 J0 + J0 + K0 + J0 + J0 J0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + J0 J0 + K0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + J0 + K0 + K0 + J0
drawn away from the lay-up. Afterward, the composite was then relieved under vacuum at room temperature for 24 hrs. From that point forward, the overlays were then removed from the mould and post-relieved in a stove at 80 °C for 5 h before cutting into required specimen measurements. 2.2. Test method 2.2.1. Attenuated Total Reflection: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (A.T.R-F.T.I.R.) ATR is a smart and non-risky analyzing method for obtaining the IR scope of a material’s surface. Tests investigated by F.T.I.RA.T.R overall require no specimen arranging. Constricted Attenuated Total Reflectance (A.T.R) spectroscopy utilizes the wonder of complete interior reflection. A light emanation entering a crystal will experience mean inside reflection when the edge of recurrence at the interface between the sample and crystal is more noticeable than the fundamental edge, where the latter is a component of the refractive documents of the two surfaces. The estimation of the unadulterated jute, jute/Kevlar of different assignments were removed by the establishment results by the equipment called A. T.R with resolutions PRO programming for examination of F.T.I.R. to perceive natural and inorganic materials. The infrared assimilation groups perceive nuclear portions and structures at the wave number scope of 4000–400 cm1. 2.2.2. Density and void fraction Voids are a champion among the most generally perceived gathering actuated imperfections in the midst of the production of composite. Higher voids substance prompts low assurance from water entrance despite both extended assortment and low quality properties of composites. In particular, an extraordinary composite should have under 1% void, however a low quality composite can have up to 5% voids substance. The exploratory densities (qce) of the composites were evaluated using a fundamental water immersion system. For each sample analyzed, five assigns were passed on and typical estimations of thickness were recorded. All deviation standards assessed were lower to 0.001 gm/cc. On the other hand, the theoretical densities (qct) of the composites were resolved as given by Eq. (1):
qct ¼ 1=ððwf =qf Þ þ ðwm =qm Þ
ð1Þ
where Wf is the weight part of the fiber, Wm is the weight portion of the network, qf is the density of the fiber and qm is the density of the framework. For affirmation of voids in composites, ASTM D 2734-94 [10] procedure was used. The volume of void substance (mV) was settled from the theoretical and preliminary thickness of the composites through Eq. (2):
mV ¼ ðqct qce Þ=qct
ð2Þ
3
The composite overlays were set up in 300x300x3 mm utilizing the hand lay up strategy. In this procedure, according to overlay assignment recorded in Table 1, the layer of textures are put individually on the level shape and after that the epoxy resin is connected in the wake of setting each layer of textures pursued by hand lay-up strategy. At that point, place the jute fabric and Kevlar fabric alternately to confine the measure of epoxy that can be
2.2.3. Water sorption behaviour Sogginess maintenance of basic fiber polymer composites is one of the genuine stress in their outside applications. Water absorption of composites was executed by A.S.T.M.: D 570 standard (sample estimation is 76.2 25.4 3 mm3) [11]. Besides, test samples are showed up in Fig. 3. Tests were doused in refined water
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
(pH = 6.5) at room temperature, i.e., 23 °C for 15 days as showed up in Fig. 4. After time breaks (predictably), tests were ousted from the holder, their surface clamminess was emptied by cotton material. The substance of water ingestion by the sample was assessed using a definite electronic balance machine. The percent of water ingestion (M%) was resolved through Eq. (3):
M% ¼ ðMt Mo Þ=Mo
ð3Þ
where Mt is the heaviness of sample at a given inundation time and MO is the dried weight. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. A.T.R-F.T.I.R analysis The ATR-FTIR spectra of the laminates L1, L2, L3 and L4 are appeared in the Fig. 1(a–d). The zenith raising at 3305 cm1 thinks about to OAH broadening vibration of the water and alcohol group. The peak at 2920 cm1 exhibit the nearness of the CH2 vibration of methylene gathering of hemicellulose. The ascent of 2825 cm1 credits to the CAH broadening vibration of methyl bunch in cellulose. The ascent of 1700 cm1 can be attributed to the stretching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The apex raising at 3300 cm1 identifies with OAH broadening vibration of the water and alchohal group. The top at 2380 cm1 demonstrate the nearness of the CAH vibration of methyl group of cellulose. The zenith of 1900 cm1 can be attributed to the reaching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The top at 3100 cm1 presents NAH expanding
3
vibration in an amide shape with a fortified hydrogen. The peak at 2850 cm1 demonstrates that it has OAH group. The zenith raising at 3315 cm1 analyzes to OAH expanding vibration of the water and alchohal group. The peak at 2960 cm1 exhibit the nearness of the CH2 vibration of methylene group of hemicellulose. The apex at 1800 cm1 credits to the methyl group of cellulose. The highest point of 1900 cm1 can be credited to the C@O stretching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The peak at 2860 cm1 shows that it has C@H stretching out for hydrogen sustained amide group. The zenith of 1560 cm1 can be because of CAN extending vibration of amide group. The zenith raising at 3320 cm1 identifies with OAH expanding vibration of the water and alchohal group. The top at 2950 cm1 show the nearness of the CH2 vibration of methylene group of hemicellulose. The apex of 2840 cm1 credits to the CAH expanding vibration of methyl group of cellulose. The highest point of 1900 cm1 can be attributed to the C@O stretching out of the carbonyl group of lignin. The top at 1600 cm1 can be credited to the C@O fragrant ring skeleton vibration. The top at 2880 cm1 presents CAH expanding vibration in an amide group. 3.2. Density and void fraction The Table 2 demonstrates the theoretical density, experimental density and the void substance. The Fig. 2a exhibits the theoretical and test densities of each composite overlays. The refinement in theoretical and test densities is basically a result of the proximity of voids in the composite as showed up in Fig. 2b. The closeness of void substance in the composites prompts to reduce the
Fig. 1. Representative FTIR Images: Laminate L1 (a), Laminate L2 (b), Laminate L3 (c), Laminate L4 (d).
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
4
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 2 Theoretical Density, Experimental Density and Void Content.
Table 3 Moisture Weight Gain in %.
Laminate
Theoretical Density
Experimental Density
Void content (%)
Laminate
Moisture Weight Gain (%)
L1 L2 L3 L4
1.219 1.237 1.267 1.28
1.165 1.185 1.216 1.235
4.501 4.218 4.057 3.577
L1 L2 L3 L4
53.668 38.166 20.238 14.583
mechanical and physical properties of the composites. Each overlay exhibits under 5% voids, so it demonstrates that the each overlay are incredible in production. It might be seen that the L1 composite showed a higher proportion of voids (4.501%) stood out from the L4 composite (3.507%), this is a direct result of the incongruence between epoxy resin and surfaces. Consequently, to some degree less proportions of voids are accessible in L2 and L3 appeared differently in relation to the L4. It is seen that hybridization of jute/Kevlar demonstrated a less proportion of voids diverged from the unadulterated jute composites. It is assumed that the hybridization of Kevlar with jute can improve the physical properties of composites.
3.3. Water absorption behavior Water maintenance is a fundamental trademark which can be used to anticipate sturdiness of jute/Kevlar surface reinforced epoxy composites. In water ingestion, overlays were submerged into refined water. This was picked since it suggests authentic conditions, where these composites can be associated. The unmistakable composite samples are made progress toward water absorption by immersing it in refined water for around 15 days and saw the water ingestion by the overlay that are showed up in the Table 3. The moisture weight gain (%) of the overlay L1, L2, L3 and L4 is in the hover of 53.668 MPa, 38.166 MPa, 20.238 MPa and 14.583 MPa exclusively. The Fig. 3a sets up the water ingestion of composites with an expansion in assimilation time. The water soaking up at beginning stage is more toward the start and gets leveled to some degree time and after that it slants toward to agreeableness. It is undeniable truth that the conventional fibers are water vulnerable. Thusly, the water processing attributes of trademark fiber composite are by and large fiber-controlled than the ground substance. It is clear from the Fig. 3b that the pace of water fixation increments with headway in the layer of jute fiber overlay. The sample of jute
fiber composite overlay L1 demonstrated higher water fixation than other composite overlays. This direct was required in light of the way in which that the wetness recoup of jute fiber is more indisputable than the Kevlar fiber. In addition, water can live in composite as a result of other three grounds. Those are the lumen, the cell wall and the openings among fiber and resin by judiciousness of powerless interface affiliation. 3.4. Morphological analysis The S.E.M Fig. 4a and b demonstrate the morphologies of the unadulterated jute overlay and jute/Kevlar strengthened epoxy overlaid composite. Fiber take out wonders were watched for the overlay L1 anyway not for the jute/Kevlar fortified epoxy overlay. It might be obviously seen that the closeness of strong strands in the unadulterated jute overlay L1 which revealed that the fibers were successfully pulled out from the framework which shows the nonappearance of security between the fiber and the matrix. Anyway for the mixture overlay there was incredible matrix fiber hold viewed i.e no hole among fiber and matrix which gives us the idea that as and as the layer of Kevlar is expanded the higher split toughness of the overlay could be kept up. 4. Conclusion In this work, the effect of hybridization of jute/Kevlar surface fortified epoxy composites on physical and water ingestion lead was thought about. Composite overlays exhibits under 5% voids, which demonstrates that the overlays are extraordinary in creation. Hybridization of jute/Kevlar showed a less proportion of voids stood out from the unadulterated jute overlay composites. Hybridization of Kevlar with jute can update the physical properties of composites. Solidification of Kevlar with jute in epoxy reduced the water maintenance of the composites. At long last, S. E.M results demonstrated that the water maintenance in the over-
Fig. 2. Representative (a) Density Test and (b) Void Test.
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050
R. Bhanupratap / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
Fig. 3. Representative (a) Moisture Weight Gain vs. Immersion Time and (b) Moisture Weight Gain vs. Laminate.
Fig. 4. S.E.M Micrographs of (a) Pure Jute Laminate and (b) Hybrid Laminate.
lay L1 seriously harmed the cellulose filaments and fiber matrix blend than the overlay with the overlay L5 having a superior holding when the layers of the Kevlar were presented. References [1] M.A. Farias, M.Z. Farina, A.P.T. Pezzin, D.A.K. Silva, Unsaturated polyester composites reinforced with fiber and powder of peach palm: mechanical characterization and water absorption profile, Mater. Sci. Eng.: C 29 (2) (2009) 510–513. [2] M.R. Sanjay, G.R. Arpitha, B. Yogesha, Study on mechanical properties of natural – glass fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: a review, Mater. Today: Proc. 2 (4-5) (2015) 2959–2967, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matpr.2015.07.264. [3] Gautam Basu, Alok Nath Roy, Blending of jute with different natural fibres, J. Nat. Fibers 4 (4) (2008) 13–29, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440470801893323. [4] R. Bhanupratap, H.C. Chittappa, Study of tensile behaviour by variation of Kevlar to the jute fibre epoxy hybrid composites ISSN: 2278-0181 Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT) 6 (06) (2017).
[5] R. Velmurugan, V. Manikandan, Mechanical properties of palmyra/glass fiber hybrid composites, Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38 (10) (2007) 2216– 2226. [6] M.H. Zamri, H.M. Akil, A. Bakar, Z.A.M. Ishak, L.W. Cheng, Effect of water absorption on pultruded jute/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites, J. Compos. Mater. 46 (1) (2011) 51–61, https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0021998311410488. [7] K. Jarukumjorn, N. Suppakarn, Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties of sisal fiber–polypropylene composites, Compos. Part B: Eng. 40 (7) (2009) 623–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. composites b.2009.04.00. [8] Z. Leman, S.M. Sapuan, A.M. Saifol, M.A. Maleque, M.H.M. Ahmad, Moisture absorption behavior of sugar palm fiber reinforced epoxy composites, Mater. Des. 29 (8) (2008) 1666–1670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.11.004. [9] H. Dhakal, Z. Zhang, M Richardson, Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites, Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 (7-8) (2007) 1674–1683, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.019. [10] ASTM D 2734-94, Standard methods for void content of reinforced plastics. [11] ASTM D 570-98, Standard methods for water absorption of plastics.
Please cite this article as: R. Bhanupratap, Study on characterization and sorption behavior of jute reinforced epoxy composite: Hybridization effect of Kevlar fabric, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.050