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Results of experiments made to determine the permeability of cements and cement mortars
Sept., I 8 8 9 . ]
Pe'rnleetbi/itd' o f Cements, tic.
t99
R E S U L T S OF E X P E R I M E N T S .~AD~ TO D E T E R M I N E THE P E R M E A B I L I T Y o~" C E M E N T S AND CEMENT MORTARS. B'~' G. W. HYDE
AND
W. J. SMITH, University of Pennsylvania.
Condensed by L. M. HaUl'T. T h e a p p a r a t u s was d e s i g n e d to fulfil the r e q u i r e m e n t s of simplicity, strength, tightness, accuracy, and facility f~)r c h a n g i n g Specimens.
It was f o u n d to be well a d a p t e d to the purpose and consisted of a cylinder composed of wrought-iron three-inch pipes screwed into four cast-iron tees. T h e far end was closed b y a cap, the near end by a tie b u s h e d down to a d m i t the onefourth-inch feed pipe, on end, and the g a u g e on top. The specimens to be tested were placed in short six-inch cylinders, three-inch diameter, h a v i n g a t h r e a d cut or~ the upper end and a perforated cap on the bottom. T h e hole in the cap was one and one-half inches in diameter. R u b b e r washers were placed b e t w e e n the caps and samples to be tested, to prevent leakage at the joints. T h e s e cylinders c o n t a i n i n g the specim e n s were screwed t i g h t l y into the tees, and below t h e m
2oo
J:[A,Itc arid ~F¢tzit/z :
[ J. F. I.
glass beakers were a t t a c h e d by elastic b a n d s to catch t h e w a t e r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h the c e m e n t s and mortars. T h e w a t e r used was first filtered to p r e v e n t the c h o k i n g of the pores by sediment. T h e pressure was applied by a h a n d force-pump and m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t the series at 75, IOO and 2o0 p o u n d s respectively. F o u r specimens were tested s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h e a c c o m p a n y i n g cut will illustrate the simplicity of the a p p a r a t u s as assembled. T I l E SPECIMENS.
E x p e r i m e n t s were made on the following b r a n d s : i. Union, f u r n i s h e d by Leslev & Trinkle. _~. Old Newark, by Samuel H. F r e n c h & Co. 3. Brooks and Shoebridge P o r t l a n d , S a m u e l H. F r e n c h & Co 4. S t e t t i n Portiand, S a m u e l H. F r e n c h & Co. 5. A n c h o r Coplay Portland, S a m u e l H. French & Co. 6. G i a n t Portland, Lesley & Trinkle. 7. I m p r o v e d Union, Lesley & Trinkle. 8. E g y p t Portland, Lesley & Trinkle. Each sample was sifted carefully t h r o u g h a sieve h a v i n g ~'orty meshes to the lineal inch. T h e sand was passed t h r o u g h sieves of twenty-five m e s h e s per inch. T h e e x p e r i m e n t s e m b r a c e d six series: (~) of neat cements after s e t t i n g seven days. (b) of neat cements after t w e n t y - e i g h t days. (c) of c e m e n t mortars, composed of equal parts of cement and sand after seven days. (d) same after t w e n t y - e i g h t days. (e) of c e m e n t m o r t a r composed of one p a r t of the f o r m e r to two of the latter, seven days. (J) same after t w e n t y - e i g h t days. T h e specimens were carefully m a n i p u l a t e d with j u s t sufficient water to form a thin film when r a m m e d in the m o u l d so as to fill the cylinder to a h e i g h t of three inches. T h e samples were allowed to drain for one day, after removi n g from the w a t e r in which t h e y had set, before using.
]~crmcabih'tyof Cements, etc.
Sept., i889. ]
2oi
T h e following tables give the n u m e r i c a l results of the experiments, s h o w i n g the a m o u n t of percolation in ounces and q u a r t s at the end of each h o u r u n d e r the v a r y i n g pressures for seven and t w e n t y - e i g h t days, c e m e n t s and mortars. W h e r e no figures are given, there was no m e a s u r a b l e percolation.
TABLE
.. VARIETY. S
o =
I.--NEAT
I
J
I = i,o
!
=
,z
.
,.~
oo =
..a o
__l oz$.
4 24 x5 20 -:4 22
~x 3
oz~.
i
oz$.
B. & S. Eng.*i Port., . . . . . . . . . . . {... Improved Union, ' . . . . . . . . . Egypt Port., " • " I• :Stettin Port., . . . . . . . . ]... Old Newark Port. . . . . . . . . Union, ..... 0"044 o ' x 4 3 o't3(J A n c h o r ( C o p l a y ) , o ' ~ o 3 o ' ~ z 9 ] o'2x6 Giant Port., " ' 0"263 0 ' 2 9 9 1 ° ' 3 2 6
TABLE
azs.
~..
~
o
~
~ ..~
2-" .s::
~o
g
o
."
i~,
028
ozs.
oz£.
ozs.
. ozs.
'
~z,¢.
a~s.
. . ,'o~o exo6 ex62
~'o~8 o'o~
,'cgx o'~; o'xo8 0"212 0"296
I[.--NX^T
CEMENTS,
PRESSURE, 75 P O U m 3 S PIeR SQ. IN.
t'224 O'1~ ,'3O6 O':ZS rX73 O't~
0'094 0"298 o'~33
;
V.J
3o~ ! o~q61 o144~ ] °14361 °~34
!B
& S. Eng. Port., .... Improved Union, 1Egypt Port , , tStettin Port OldNewark'Port.... IUnion, . .... Giant Port .... Anchor[Coplay), i
23 x4 4~ 2i 2 xo
75
TWRNT~,/-RIGHT D A Y S .
PRRSSURR, I O O P O U N D S P R R SQ. I N .
PRESSURE, 2o0 P O U N D S I ' R R S<.~. IN.
--
VARIRTY.
m
7
.I . . . . . !. . . . . . I 0"059 ° ' t 9 5 ° ' t 3 5 i ° ' * 2 9 ] o'424 I °'525 i o'498 o'482 o ' 2 6 x o ' 3 6 x !o"358 o ' 3 2 6
' x971o 50210 ~43]x ~241o
_
E
o~$.
oz$.
.
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' . . . . . . !. . . :. . . . ! i !. . . . : . . . . . . i... i. • • o'xox o ' x 2 6
oz$.
.
.
ezs.
.
ozx. I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o"1o 3
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o'xxo o'x38
ozs.
o
oz3.
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~m
ozs.
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . i . . i . . . . . . . . . . . !. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o'186 o'i83 o"i69 o'446 0'525 o'583 o'518
H),dc and
202
S m i t h ." .n- t~ ¢o
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"ano H p u o o a S z
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a a d
ta~
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o
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z 9
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Permeabih'tyof G'mCHIS, etc.
t., z 8 8 9 . ]
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203
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Hyde
204
TABLE I I
and
Smith
V . - - N s A T CEMENTS.
PRIgSSURE, 75 POUNDS PKR SI). IN.
."
[ J. F. I
SEVEN DAYS.
PRBSSURF, PRRSSURE, [OO POUNDS P~R SQ. IN. 20o POUNDS PER S, . " ~,
1 VARIETY.
iOunces P e r Q u a r t s Pe~ Dunces P e r Q u a r t s PerOunces PerQuarts Pc' Surface of ! ~%urface of Surface o f Surface of Surface ofj Surface o.¢ Sq. In. P e r Sq. In. P e r Sq. ln. P e r i Sq. l n . P e r Sq. In. Per] Sq. l n P.~t Hour. 24 H o u r s . Hour. 24 H o u r s . Hour. ] 24 H o :
I 424. x5. 2o. 54=2. n. 3.
B. A S . Eng. Port., ImprovedUnion, , Egypt Port., .... Stettin Port . . . . Old N e w a r k P u t t . , Union . . . . . . . Anchor (Coplay), G i a n t P o r t . , ....
_t
. . . . . . . . . . 0"046 . 0"090 o'Ia6
TABLE
• . . • . . O'O~3 0"065 o'o91
0'0o8 0"045 o'O69 o'i28 0'084
V I . - - N E A T CI~M~NTS.
o'oo6 0"032 0"050 0'092 0'06o
;
I
0"055 o'=o5 O'134 o"I84 o'37x
i i I
o'oa:~ o'143 0"o~ (o'I ~-~ o'~67
TWgNTY-EIGHT DAYS.
PRHSSURE, PRESSURE, PRESSURtt, 75 POUNDS P e r St2. IN. xoo POUNDS PER SQ. IN. aDO POUNDS P ~ t S,, VARIIRTY.
iN
Ounces PerQuarts PerOunces PerQuarts PerOunces PerQuarts }'e: Surface o f Surface of S u r f a c e o! S u r f a c e of S u r f a c e o f S u r f a c e of x Sq. In t Sq. In. x ,~q. I n . i Sq. In. * Sq. In. ~ S q . h~. Per Hour. P e r 2 4 Per Hour. P e r 2 4 Per Hour. P e r • t Hours. Hours. Hour~
=7.3. B. a s . E n g . P o r t . , . Improved Union, '4. Egypt Port., . . . 4L Stettin Port., . . . 6. O l d N e w a r k P o r t . , . 21. U n i o n , ...... 2. G i a n t P o r t . , . . . . xo. A n c h o r ( C o p l a y ) , .
0"047
TABLE
0"034
0'072
VII.--MORTARS.
0"052
o'2~o
15~
DA'es.
SEVEN
PRESSURE, 75 PRESSURE, tOO PRESSURE. 2 , ' POUNDS PER SQ. In. POUNDS PER SQ. IN. POUNDS PER S . [7..
~
1.rARI RTy .
m
9. 49. 4 2. ~8. ~7. 35. SO. x3.
Anchor (Coplay), , Stettin Port., .... Improved Union, . Union, . . . . . . . B. & S. E n g . P o r t . , Giant Port., ..... Old N e w a r k P o r t . , E g y p t Port., . . . . .
. . . .
~: ~ : ~: * : x : i : x : x :
r 2 t x 2 2
~
.
4"2 ~
~C
o
2 "087 2"926 4'8oo
*7"2~9 e*'975 35'6t6 43'187 59 "°9 7
m
qa~
I"5o 3 2"Io 7 3"456 *2'397 *5"8~t 25"64l 3x'o92 42'546
3'245 4'598 7"406 23"746 32"675 46"169 69"676
72"998
ta~
2"336 3"3to
5"332 17"o96 23"524 33"239 59"*63 52"554
8"783 14"596 x6'326
50"202 66"J33 59"571 . . . I4o'66t
6;:; io'5):3 i i "7jL 36.29 * 47"6=z 4-"8'53 xo~-268
Permeability of Cements, etc.
Sept., I889.]
TABLE
VIII.--MoaTA~s.
205
'].'WENTY-EIGHT DAYS.
PRI~SSURE~ 75 PRRSSURE~ IO0 . PRI$SURK~ ~OO POVNDS PER aQ. ] ~ . : P o o N D S P ~ R SQ. I u . : P o U N D S Pg~t SQ. I s . o V ARII~TY. ¢~m~ ®NN
omm
~a'X2 ~
0a0"~~
or/2 mO~
o a
.o
$. ~6. ~9. 45. 33. 5~, 39-
Anchor (Coplay), . . Improved Union, . . Union . . . . . . . . Stettin, . . . . . . . Egypt Port., ..... Giant Port., ...... B. & S. E n g . P o r t . , . Old Newark, ....
i
~ca
0"456 0"778 ~'367 ~'696 5'99 ° 9"938 ~5"i64 47"235
I
i
i
I
i
2 2
x x
~o
2 x
o-3~8 0'56o i'7o 4 t'94i 4'3~2 7"~55 xo'9I 7 34"o06
0'766 0"966 3'447 4'x83 xx'79~ 19"~89 ~8"846
o'55I 0"695 2'482 3"ot2 8"489 ~3"8t5 x3"568
x'963 4"222 6"alo 9'x89 22'o3t 43'728 ~7"754
1"413 3 '04 ° 4'47 ! t~'616 i5"86t 31 '482 x9'98t
ANALVSlS o r Ca.~ZBNTS BY OLJVER H O U G H , B S . , P . C .
( Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina, . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ I Ferric oxide . . . . . . . . . . . ~ c -'~ P h o s p h o r i c a c i d . . . . . . . . . fi'~ l,ime, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ [.Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N o . 2.
N o . 3.
N o . 4.
N o . 6.
N o . 5.
N o . 7- N o . 8,*
i3'92 8"52 3"20 x'8~ 45"o7 7"86 a'6~
x6'88 6"02 3'82 x'o8 58'4 ° 2"06 I'o 3
.2 l" t 4 x'o2 z'ot . . . 66'o4 o'47 x'78
20"99 4"~2 5"~8 x't 7 6o'75 o"41 x'79
to't8 4"55 2'4x 1"33 59"9t~ o'6o x'6~
24"44 4'69 3"80 0"50 52"39 3"47 2"o 3
4"32 4"99 0"60 trace o'36
3"73 4'36 t rac e . . . . . . . . . .
5"o2 1"45 . . . . .
2'ox }'3"39{
Calcium Sulphate, . . . . . . . . 3'2t ~ !Sill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }I"33 { A l u m i n a a n d ferric o x i d e , :~ ~ O x i d e o f m a n g a n e s e , . . ~ i i ~ 2'59 ~ [Magnesia,. . . . . . . . . . . . 0"86 Total,.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Total silica, Total alumina and terric oxide, . . Total magnesia, . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3"70 o'3x
x6"22 • - . . . . . . 55'74 • • • . . .
3'24 a'57 5"7 7'35 trace ) trace ; x'o5 . . . . . .
99"99
Ioo'46
Ioo'55
t co'~,8
roo'oo
99"73
25"25 I4"3t 8"72
2i'87 II'34 2'42
25'5 ° 3'03 0"47
22"44 9"3 ° o'41
23'57 io66 o'9I
29"6i 8'49 3'47
23"57 . . . - • •
* Uncompleted. ;- By difference.
T h e last four tables were c o m p u t e d from the results as stated in the first four, on the a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the percolation varies directly as the d i a m e t e r and inversely as the thickness. T h e y are reduced to the basis of quarts in t w e n t y - f o u r hours for g r e a t e r convenience in p l o t t i n g the curves.
206
Hyde
aJte[ ~S'mz'g/t ."
[J. F. I.,
T h e s e r es u lts show t h a t all c e m e n t s are not p e r m e a b l e to w a ter , at least for t h i c k n e s s e s of n o t less t h a n t h r e e inches, w hile th e m o r t a r s are all p e r m e a b l e ; t h e a m o u n t i ncreases w i t h th e p r e s s u r e and decr e a s es w i t h age of speci m en, b u t n o t in a d ir ect ratio. L a r g e surfaces, h o w e v e r , are v e r y apt to c o n t a i n cracks a n d flaws w h i c h g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e t he p e r m e a b i l i t y . Magnesia is an u n d e s i r a b l e c o n s t i t u e n t , as it causes e x p a n s i o n a n d u l t i m a t e c r u m b l i n g m" flaking. S u l p h u r will d e s t r o y stone or concrete. It is m o r e serious, as it is m o r e intim a t e l y mixed. T h e r e are colors t h a t c o n t a i n so m u c h sulp h u r as to d e s t r o y concrete.* Tl{e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n s of the c e m e n t s s u b m i t t e d are g i v e n in t he above table. T h e d i a g r a m h e r e w i t h will give a m ore c o m p r e h e n s i v e view of the action ~}f t hes e s p e c i m e n s u n d e r pressure. No r e s u l t s are pl~tted for t he n~m-permeable cem ent s. F o r t h e p u r p o s e of conaparis(m it m a y be well to add t h a t t h e B o a r d of b;xperts on the \ V a s h i n g t o n A q u e d u c t T u n n e l in i n v e s t i g a t i n g this subject, f o u n d t h a t "a good, fair specim e n of brick, -~" * u n d e r a p r e s s u r e of w a t e r a m o u n t i n g to e i g h t y - p o u n d s per s quar e inch, for one hour, passed 23"4 cubic in ch es of water." D u r i n g the second h o u r it was 2I" 3 cubic inches. " T h i s is e q u i v a l e n t to 1"75 gallons per s q u a r e foot of s u r f ace per hour, or for t he whole s u r f a c e of t h e t u n n e l 27,342,ooo gallons per d a y of t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s . " " Blocks of c e m e n t m o r t a r were p r e P a r e d in t he p r o p o r t i o n of one p a r t of c e m e n t to two of sand," and a f t e r s e t t i n g in w a t e r for five weeks one of t h e m g a v e 2,367"8 cubic i nches of w a t e r in two and one-half h o u r s u n d e r e i g h t y p o u n d s pressure, " e q u i v a l e n t to 73"8 gallons per s q u a r e foot of surface per h o u r - - v e r y far b e y o n d t he a m o u n t of p e r c o l a t i o n g i v e n b y b r i c k . " " T h e sand h e r e used was not of t he v e r y first quality-, and the c e m e n t brick p r e s e n t e d t he a p p e a r a n c e of g r e a t porosity." Mr. Jas. B. Francis" e x p e r i m e n t s " s h o w e d t h a t a b o u t s e v e n t e e n and one - f our t h gallons pe r s q u a r e foot p a s s e d t h r o u g h a t h i c k n e s s of n e a r l y s i x t e e n i nches of c e m e n t in John C. Goodridge, Jr., I I 3 East Twenty-fifth Street, New York.
Sept., I 8 8 9 . ]
Permcabihty of Cements, etc.
207
twenty-four h o u r s u n d e r a pressure of seventy-seven p o u n d s per square inch." " M r . Stauffer's experiments, m a d e in t h e Dorchester Bay T u n n e l , serve to t h r o w l i g h t on the leakage t h r o u g h brick work. He c o n s t r u c t e d a b u l k h e a d of brick, laid in cement, four feet thick, in a t u n n e l Io x to feet. H e found t h a t u n d e r a pressure of seventy-two p o u n d s per square inch the w a t e r percolated t h r o u g h at the rate of i20,000 gallons a day, or 1,200 gallons per square foot." " T h e experience on the Boston main d r a i n a g e works proved that it was n o t practicable to build brick m a s o n r y t h a t was water-tight u n d e r a pressure of sixty-four p o u n d s per square foot. " A t the new Croton Reservoir, New York, w a t e r u n d e r thirty-six feet h e a d was f o u n d to percolate t h r o u g h twentysix inches of brickwork and four feet of concrete." ~* W h e n w a t e r was let into the V a n n e A q u e d u c t in the spring of ~869 the inspector, M. Belgrand, certified t h a t " hi,permeability apt~cared complete." T h i s c o n d u i t is built for miles of bdton-agglom6r6, composed of sand a n d cement. T h e pipe is circular, six and onehalf feet in interior diameter, w i t h a thickness of twelve inches at the sides at the w a t e r surface, and nine inches at top. T h e s e results show a g r e a t r a n g e in the a m o u n t of percolation, due m a i n l y to the size and character of the ingredients and the m a n n e r of mixing.
* Vide Re#oft on Was]u'ngton Aqueduct Tunnel, p. 2I. Fiftieth Congress, Second Sess, Report No. 4,x42.
House of Rep.
Pe'rnleetbi/itd' o f Cements, tic.
t99
R E S U L T S OF E X P E R I M E N T S .~AD~ TO D E T E R M I N E THE P E R M E A B I L I T Y o~" C E M E N T S AND CEMENT MORTARS. B'~' G. W. HYDE
AND
W. J. SMITH, University of Pennsylvania.
Condensed by L. M. HaUl'T. T h e a p p a r a t u s was d e s i g n e d to fulfil the r e q u i r e m e n t s of simplicity, strength, tightness, accuracy, and facility f~)r c h a n g i n g Specimens.
It was f o u n d to be well a d a p t e d to the purpose and consisted of a cylinder composed of wrought-iron three-inch pipes screwed into four cast-iron tees. T h e far end was closed b y a cap, the near end by a tie b u s h e d down to a d m i t the onefourth-inch feed pipe, on end, and the g a u g e on top. The specimens to be tested were placed in short six-inch cylinders, three-inch diameter, h a v i n g a t h r e a d cut or~ the upper end and a perforated cap on the bottom. T h e hole in the cap was one and one-half inches in diameter. R u b b e r washers were placed b e t w e e n the caps and samples to be tested, to prevent leakage at the joints. T h e s e cylinders c o n t a i n i n g the specim e n s were screwed t i g h t l y into the tees, and below t h e m
2oo
J:[A,Itc arid ~F¢tzit/z :
[ J. F. I.
glass beakers were a t t a c h e d by elastic b a n d s to catch t h e w a t e r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h the c e m e n t s and mortars. T h e w a t e r used was first filtered to p r e v e n t the c h o k i n g of the pores by sediment. T h e pressure was applied by a h a n d force-pump and m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t the series at 75, IOO and 2o0 p o u n d s respectively. F o u r specimens were tested s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T h e a c c o m p a n y i n g cut will illustrate the simplicity of the a p p a r a t u s as assembled. T I l E SPECIMENS.
E x p e r i m e n t s were made on the following b r a n d s : i. Union, f u r n i s h e d by Leslev & Trinkle. _~. Old Newark, by Samuel H. F r e n c h & Co. 3. Brooks and Shoebridge P o r t l a n d , S a m u e l H. F r e n c h & Co 4. S t e t t i n Portiand, S a m u e l H. F r e n c h & Co. 5. A n c h o r Coplay Portland, S a m u e l H. French & Co. 6. G i a n t Portland, Lesley & Trinkle. 7. I m p r o v e d Union, Lesley & Trinkle. 8. E g y p t Portland, Lesley & Trinkle. Each sample was sifted carefully t h r o u g h a sieve h a v i n g ~'orty meshes to the lineal inch. T h e sand was passed t h r o u g h sieves of twenty-five m e s h e s per inch. T h e e x p e r i m e n t s e m b r a c e d six series: (~) of neat cements after s e t t i n g seven days. (b) of neat cements after t w e n t y - e i g h t days. (c) of c e m e n t mortars, composed of equal parts of cement and sand after seven days. (d) same after t w e n t y - e i g h t days. (e) of c e m e n t m o r t a r composed of one p a r t of the f o r m e r to two of the latter, seven days. (J) same after t w e n t y - e i g h t days. T h e specimens were carefully m a n i p u l a t e d with j u s t sufficient water to form a thin film when r a m m e d in the m o u l d so as to fill the cylinder to a h e i g h t of three inches. T h e samples were allowed to drain for one day, after removi n g from the w a t e r in which t h e y had set, before using.
]~crmcabih'tyof Cements, etc.
Sept., i889. ]
2oi
T h e following tables give the n u m e r i c a l results of the experiments, s h o w i n g the a m o u n t of percolation in ounces and q u a r t s at the end of each h o u r u n d e r the v a r y i n g pressures for seven and t w e n t y - e i g h t days, c e m e n t s and mortars. W h e r e no figures are given, there was no m e a s u r a b l e percolation.
TABLE
.. VARIETY. S
o =
I.--NEAT
I
J
I = i,o
!
=
,z
.
,.~
oo =
..a o
__l oz$.
4 24 x5 20 -:4 22
~x 3
oz~.
i
oz$.
B. & S. Eng.*i Port., . . . . . . . . . . . {... Improved Union, ' . . . . . . . . . Egypt Port., " • " I• :Stettin Port., . . . . . . . . ]... Old Newark Port. . . . . . . . . Union, ..... 0"044 o ' x 4 3 o't3(J A n c h o r ( C o p l a y ) , o ' ~ o 3 o ' ~ z 9 ] o'2x6 Giant Port., " ' 0"263 0 ' 2 9 9 1 ° ' 3 2 6
TABLE
azs.
~..
~
o
~
~ ..~
2-" .s::
~o
g
o
."
i~,
028
ozs.
oz£.
ozs.
. ozs.
'
~z,¢.
a~s.
. . ,'o~o exo6 ex62
~'o~8 o'o~
,'cgx o'~; o'xo8 0"212 0"296
I[.--NX^T
CEMENTS,
PRESSURE, 75 P O U m 3 S PIeR SQ. IN.
t'224 O'1~ ,'3O6 O':ZS rX73 O't~
0'094 0"298 o'~33
;
V.J
3o~ ! o~q61 o144~ ] °14361 °~34
!B
& S. Eng. Port., .... Improved Union, 1Egypt Port , , tStettin Port OldNewark'Port.... IUnion, . .... Giant Port .... Anchor[Coplay), i
23 x4 4~ 2i 2 xo
75
TWRNT~,/-RIGHT D A Y S .
PRRSSURR, I O O P O U N D S P R R SQ. I N .
PRESSURE, 2o0 P O U N D S I ' R R S<.~. IN.
--
VARIRTY.
m
7
.I . . . . . !. . . . . . I 0"059 ° ' t 9 5 ° ' t 3 5 i ° ' * 2 9 ] o'424 I °'525 i o'498 o'482 o ' 2 6 x o ' 3 6 x !o"358 o ' 3 2 6
' x971o 50210 ~43]x ~241o
_
E
o~$.
oz$.
.
o25.
' . . . . . . !. . . :. . . . ! i !. . . . : . . . . . . i... i. • • o'xox o ' x 2 6
oz$.
.
.
ezs.
.
ozx. I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o"1o 3
o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o'xxo o'x38
ozs.
o
oz3.
ozs.
azs.
ozs.
~m
ozs.
az$.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . i . . i . . . . . . . . . . . !. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o'186 o'i83 o"i69 o'446 0'525 o'583 o'518
H),dc and
202
S m i t h ." .n- t~ ¢o
[J. F. I. r,~ea
'.:noH
"ano H p a t q , L
•a n o H p u o o ~ S
"~ i-,~o " ~ , ~
"'~
C
"ano H ~sa!,~I uo - n - . . .l ~ d
o~
uno H a ~ . t a A " 7"
" a n o H p . t ! q ,L
"ano H p u o o a S z
"ano H ls.t[~I
a a d
ta~
"~'0 "r-'~,b 4o "m'~
•a n o H a~a~Ay
"ano H p a l q , L
tn ~
~- ",e .C~ 0 ' 0 0 0
o
"auo H p u o 3 a s .
z 9
.e-moo
o
"ano H lsa!~I
" p u ~ S ol l u ~ m a D o ! ~ H
~n
o
................
. . . . . . . .
i
. . . . . . . .
i
....
~ , u
.~
--
•
o
.
.
i t aT,
Permeabih'tyof G'mCHIS, etc.
t., z 8 8 9 . ]
";
,anoH a~aa^V
aa d
4
~
c~o ~
"anoHpa!q,L
203
~
u~o~o
~.b~--b
.
~
"
'ano H p u o o a ~
g o o ,~- m ~ o ~co -
.anoH
mm
•.too H
"ano H
Z
~
o'~ o ~o.,
~'~'~'.. h.
l s a !,~I
~
c~vD
-
•
;,~ ,,~- ",~-
....
~...
•
"8oo , ~ ,
~,8'.-
•
pa!qj~
'~no H p u o a ~
•
"auo H ]SalzI o
"ano H
N
z
-I g
'auo H p a ! q z
~1111 N :
I.
"an°H Pu°o~S
I
>
:
if,
,..1 i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
•p u ~ S
O~ l u a u l a ~ o ! 1 ~
. . . . . . . .
~.~
•
.~=~
i
Hyde
204
TABLE I I
and
Smith
V . - - N s A T CEMENTS.
PRIgSSURE, 75 POUNDS PKR SI). IN.
."
[ J. F. I
SEVEN DAYS.
PRBSSURF, PRRSSURE, [OO POUNDS P~R SQ. IN. 20o POUNDS PER S, . " ~,
1 VARIETY.
iOunces P e r Q u a r t s Pe~ Dunces P e r Q u a r t s PerOunces PerQuarts Pc' Surface of ! ~%urface of Surface o f Surface of Surface ofj Surface o.¢ Sq. In. P e r Sq. In. P e r Sq. ln. P e r i Sq. l n . P e r Sq. In. Per] Sq. l n P.~t Hour. 24 H o u r s . Hour. 24 H o u r s . Hour. ] 24 H o :
I 424. x5. 2o. 54=2. n. 3.
B. A S . Eng. Port., ImprovedUnion, , Egypt Port., .... Stettin Port . . . . Old N e w a r k P u t t . , Union . . . . . . . Anchor (Coplay), G i a n t P o r t . , ....
_t
. . . . . . . . . . 0"046 . 0"090 o'Ia6
TABLE
• . . • . . O'O~3 0"065 o'o91
0'0o8 0"045 o'O69 o'i28 0'084
V I . - - N E A T CI~M~NTS.
o'oo6 0"032 0"050 0'092 0'06o
;
I
0"055 o'=o5 O'134 o"I84 o'37x
i i I
o'oa:~ o'143 0"o~ (o'I ~-~ o'~67
TWgNTY-EIGHT DAYS.
PRHSSURE, PRESSURE, PRESSURtt, 75 POUNDS P e r St2. IN. xoo POUNDS PER SQ. IN. aDO POUNDS P ~ t S,, VARIIRTY.
iN
Ounces PerQuarts PerOunces PerQuarts PerOunces PerQuarts }'e: Surface o f Surface of S u r f a c e o! S u r f a c e of S u r f a c e o f S u r f a c e of x Sq. In t Sq. In. x ,~q. I n . i Sq. In. * Sq. In. ~ S q . h~. Per Hour. P e r 2 4 Per Hour. P e r 2 4 Per Hour. P e r • t Hours. Hours. Hour~
=7.3. B. a s . E n g . P o r t . , . Improved Union, '4. Egypt Port., . . . 4L Stettin Port., . . . 6. O l d N e w a r k P o r t . , . 21. U n i o n , ...... 2. G i a n t P o r t . , . . . . xo. A n c h o r ( C o p l a y ) , .
0"047
TABLE
0"034
0'072
VII.--MORTARS.
0"052
o'2~o
15~
DA'es.
SEVEN
PRESSURE, 75 PRESSURE, tOO PRESSURE. 2 , ' POUNDS PER SQ. In. POUNDS PER SQ. IN. POUNDS PER S . [7..
~
1.rARI RTy .
m
9. 49. 4 2. ~8. ~7. 35. SO. x3.
Anchor (Coplay), , Stettin Port., .... Improved Union, . Union, . . . . . . . B. & S. E n g . P o r t . , Giant Port., ..... Old N e w a r k P o r t . , E g y p t Port., . . . . .
. . . .
~: ~ : ~: * : x : i : x : x :
r 2 t x 2 2
~
.
4"2 ~
~C
o
2 "087 2"926 4'8oo
*7"2~9 e*'975 35'6t6 43'187 59 "°9 7
m
qa~
I"5o 3 2"Io 7 3"456 *2'397 *5"8~t 25"64l 3x'o92 42'546
3'245 4'598 7"406 23"746 32"675 46"169 69"676
72"998
ta~
2"336 3"3to
5"332 17"o96 23"524 33"239 59"*63 52"554
8"783 14"596 x6'326
50"202 66"J33 59"571 . . . I4o'66t
6;:; io'5):3 i i "7jL 36.29 * 47"6=z 4-"8'53 xo~-268
Permeability of Cements, etc.
Sept., I889.]
TABLE
VIII.--MoaTA~s.
205
'].'WENTY-EIGHT DAYS.
PRI~SSURE~ 75 PRRSSURE~ IO0 . PRI$SURK~ ~OO POVNDS PER aQ. ] ~ . : P o o N D S P ~ R SQ. I u . : P o U N D S Pg~t SQ. I s . o V ARII~TY. ¢~m~ ®NN
omm
~a'X2 ~
0a0"~~
or/2 mO~
o a
.o
$. ~6. ~9. 45. 33. 5~, 39-
Anchor (Coplay), . . Improved Union, . . Union . . . . . . . . Stettin, . . . . . . . Egypt Port., ..... Giant Port., ...... B. & S. E n g . P o r t . , . Old Newark, ....
i
~ca
0"456 0"778 ~'367 ~'696 5'99 ° 9"938 ~5"i64 47"235
I
i
i
I
i
2 2
x x
~o
2 x
o-3~8 0'56o i'7o 4 t'94i 4'3~2 7"~55 xo'9I 7 34"o06
0'766 0"966 3'447 4'x83 xx'79~ 19"~89 ~8"846
o'55I 0"695 2'482 3"ot2 8"489 ~3"8t5 x3"568
x'963 4"222 6"alo 9'x89 22'o3t 43'728 ~7"754
1"413 3 '04 ° 4'47 ! t~'616 i5"86t 31 '482 x9'98t
ANALVSlS o r Ca.~ZBNTS BY OLJVER H O U G H , B S . , P . C .
( Silica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina, . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ I Ferric oxide . . . . . . . . . . . ~ c -'~ P h o s p h o r i c a c i d . . . . . . . . . fi'~ l,ime, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ [.Alkalies . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N o . 2.
N o . 3.
N o . 4.
N o . 6.
N o . 5.
N o . 7- N o . 8,*
i3'92 8"52 3"20 x'8~ 45"o7 7"86 a'6~
x6'88 6"02 3'82 x'o8 58'4 ° 2"06 I'o 3
.2 l" t 4 x'o2 z'ot . . . 66'o4 o'47 x'78
20"99 4"~2 5"~8 x't 7 6o'75 o"41 x'79
to't8 4"55 2'4x 1"33 59"9t~ o'6o x'6~
24"44 4'69 3"80 0"50 52"39 3"47 2"o 3
4"32 4"99 0"60 trace o'36
3"73 4'36 t rac e . . . . . . . . . .
5"o2 1"45 . . . . .
2'ox }'3"39{
Calcium Sulphate, . . . . . . . . 3'2t ~ !Sill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }I"33 { A l u m i n a a n d ferric o x i d e , :~ ~ O x i d e o f m a n g a n e s e , . . ~ i i ~ 2'59 ~ [Magnesia,. . . . . . . . . . . . 0"86 Total,.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Total silica, Total alumina and terric oxide, . . Total magnesia, . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3"70 o'3x
x6"22 • - . . . . . . 55'74 • • • . . .
3'24 a'57 5"7 7'35 trace ) trace ; x'o5 . . . . . .
99"99
Ioo'46
Ioo'55
t co'~,8
roo'oo
99"73
25"25 I4"3t 8"72
2i'87 II'34 2'42
25'5 ° 3'03 0"47
22"44 9"3 ° o'41
23'57 io66 o'9I
29"6i 8'49 3'47
23"57 . . . - • •
* Uncompleted. ;- By difference.
T h e last four tables were c o m p u t e d from the results as stated in the first four, on the a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the percolation varies directly as the d i a m e t e r and inversely as the thickness. T h e y are reduced to the basis of quarts in t w e n t y - f o u r hours for g r e a t e r convenience in p l o t t i n g the curves.
206
Hyde
aJte[ ~S'mz'g/t ."
[J. F. I.,
T h e s e r es u lts show t h a t all c e m e n t s are not p e r m e a b l e to w a ter , at least for t h i c k n e s s e s of n o t less t h a n t h r e e inches, w hile th e m o r t a r s are all p e r m e a b l e ; t h e a m o u n t i ncreases w i t h th e p r e s s u r e and decr e a s es w i t h age of speci m en, b u t n o t in a d ir ect ratio. L a r g e surfaces, h o w e v e r , are v e r y apt to c o n t a i n cracks a n d flaws w h i c h g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e t he p e r m e a b i l i t y . Magnesia is an u n d e s i r a b l e c o n s t i t u e n t , as it causes e x p a n s i o n a n d u l t i m a t e c r u m b l i n g m" flaking. S u l p h u r will d e s t r o y stone or concrete. It is m o r e serious, as it is m o r e intim a t e l y mixed. T h e r e are colors t h a t c o n t a i n so m u c h sulp h u r as to d e s t r o y concrete.* Tl{e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n s of the c e m e n t s s u b m i t t e d are g i v e n in t he above table. T h e d i a g r a m h e r e w i t h will give a m ore c o m p r e h e n s i v e view of the action ~}f t hes e s p e c i m e n s u n d e r pressure. No r e s u l t s are pl~tted for t he n~m-permeable cem ent s. F o r t h e p u r p o s e of conaparis(m it m a y be well to add t h a t t h e B o a r d of b;xperts on the \ V a s h i n g t o n A q u e d u c t T u n n e l in i n v e s t i g a t i n g this subject, f o u n d t h a t "a good, fair specim e n of brick, -~" * u n d e r a p r e s s u r e of w a t e r a m o u n t i n g to e i g h t y - p o u n d s per s quar e inch, for one hour, passed 23"4 cubic in ch es of water." D u r i n g the second h o u r it was 2I" 3 cubic inches. " T h i s is e q u i v a l e n t to 1"75 gallons per s q u a r e foot of s u r f ace per hour, or for t he whole s u r f a c e of t h e t u n n e l 27,342,ooo gallons per d a y of t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s . " " Blocks of c e m e n t m o r t a r were p r e P a r e d in t he p r o p o r t i o n of one p a r t of c e m e n t to two of sand," and a f t e r s e t t i n g in w a t e r for five weeks one of t h e m g a v e 2,367"8 cubic i nches of w a t e r in two and one-half h o u r s u n d e r e i g h t y p o u n d s pressure, " e q u i v a l e n t to 73"8 gallons per s q u a r e foot of surface per h o u r - - v e r y far b e y o n d t he a m o u n t of p e r c o l a t i o n g i v e n b y b r i c k . " " T h e sand h e r e used was not of t he v e r y first quality-, and the c e m e n t brick p r e s e n t e d t he a p p e a r a n c e of g r e a t porosity." Mr. Jas. B. Francis" e x p e r i m e n t s " s h o w e d t h a t a b o u t s e v e n t e e n and one - f our t h gallons pe r s q u a r e foot p a s s e d t h r o u g h a t h i c k n e s s of n e a r l y s i x t e e n i nches of c e m e n t in John C. Goodridge, Jr., I I 3 East Twenty-fifth Street, New York.
Sept., I 8 8 9 . ]
Permcabihty of Cements, etc.
207
twenty-four h o u r s u n d e r a pressure of seventy-seven p o u n d s per square inch." " M r . Stauffer's experiments, m a d e in t h e Dorchester Bay T u n n e l , serve to t h r o w l i g h t on the leakage t h r o u g h brick work. He c o n s t r u c t e d a b u l k h e a d of brick, laid in cement, four feet thick, in a t u n n e l Io x to feet. H e found t h a t u n d e r a pressure of seventy-two p o u n d s per square inch the w a t e r percolated t h r o u g h at the rate of i20,000 gallons a day, or 1,200 gallons per square foot." " T h e experience on the Boston main d r a i n a g e works proved that it was n o t practicable to build brick m a s o n r y t h a t was water-tight u n d e r a pressure of sixty-four p o u n d s per square foot. " A t the new Croton Reservoir, New York, w a t e r u n d e r thirty-six feet h e a d was f o u n d to percolate t h r o u g h twentysix inches of brickwork and four feet of concrete." ~* W h e n w a t e r was let into the V a n n e A q u e d u c t in the spring of ~869 the inspector, M. Belgrand, certified t h a t " hi,permeability apt~cared complete." T h i s c o n d u i t is built for miles of bdton-agglom6r6, composed of sand a n d cement. T h e pipe is circular, six and onehalf feet in interior diameter, w i t h a thickness of twelve inches at the sides at the w a t e r surface, and nine inches at top. T h e s e results show a g r e a t r a n g e in the a m o u n t of percolation, due m a i n l y to the size and character of the ingredients and the m a n n e r of mixing.
* Vide Re#oft on Was]u'ngton Aqueduct Tunnel, p. 2I. Fiftieth Congress, Second Sess, Report No. 4,x42.
House of Rep.