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Seepage towards tunnels
5OA
498 ~.NTONOV, EA SMI~NO'I,NA IGUDIN,VS Loosening of frozen ground by blasting. In Russian. G IDROTEKH.MELIORAT, N2,1975, I>33-35.
Hydrogeology
ship between laboratory and field scale rock properties. Fill properties are determined by direct measurement. Fill pressure measurements are then employed as s~ independent check on the appropriateness of the prediction technique. A time independent elastic-plastic material idealization with non-lineer fill appears to account for the salient rock mechanics features of cut and fill mining in narrow stopes. Relative improvement in ground control obtained by fill~ug is mainly a function of the ratio of initial fill modulus to rock modulus.
5o3 499 LOUIS, C BRGM,ORLEANS, F Rock hydraulics. 61F,60R. INT.CENT.MECH.SCI.UDINE, ITALY,1974,COURSES & LECTURES NO. 165, SPR INGW~-VE~LAG, 1974, F300- 387. After a brief ana~,ysis of the hydraulic characteristics of rock masses and of the laws governing flow in fissures~ both continuous and discontinuous s this lecture examines th~ different m~thematics_l or physical models which make it possible to solve problems of three dim~. sional water flow through ~ointed media with one or more sets of parallel fractures. Several practical examples concerning dam foundations, slopes and underground open. ings are used to illustrate the meth,ds of solution.Auth.
Groundwater 500 CHIOSSI,NJ Dewatering met~mds used in tunnels and stations of the Sao Pm~lo metro. 6F,6R. PROC.2ND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, SAO PAULO,1974,PAP~ Vll.1, V2,197~, lOP. This paper is a short description of the dewatering methods used for the construction of the first llne of the Sao Psulo metro. The geological and hydrogeological conditlons os the City of Sso Paulo, and typical dewatering solutions according to the construction methods adopted, are discussed. Auth.
Chemical and physical changes due to water See abstract:
5~9.
Underground excavations 501 EGGER, P ' UNIV .KARLS~UHE, D Underground openings . prinziples of design. 17R. INT.CENT.MECH.SCI.UDINE, ITALY,197~,COURSES & L~TUREB NO. 165, SPR ING~.V~LAG, 1974, F28h- 297 • x
Mines 5O2 PARISEAU, WG UNIV.UTAH, SALT LAKE CITY, USA Influence of hydraulic backfill on closure and pillar stress in narrow cut and fill stopes. 7F,gR. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS,FROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH. ,SOUTH DAEDTA,ASCE.1975,F23-35. Predictions based on finite element s1~,1-tion of horizontal cut and fill mining in narrow longitudinal stopes are in reasonable agreement with field measurmmmats of stope closure and fill pressure made in two mines in the Coe%~ d'Alene mining district of norther~ Idaho. Stope closure measurements are used to establish a relation-
ORLO ¢, AA Statistical methods for the study of roof movement in mechanized faces. In 4%Ussian. UGOL,VSI, NI, JAN .1976, P9-13. Mathematical modelling of a roof/Dowered supports system is considered, to enable b e h a v ~ r patterns to be predicted.
Tunnels See also abstract:
562.
50k MCCAUL, C MORGAN, JM BOD~N, JB Measurement of ground movement due to excavation of a shallow tunnel in lower chalk. 20F, SR. TRRL SUPP.REPORT 199UC,1976,20P. Movements of the ground due to excavati~ of a 5m diameter tunnel in chalk were one of the geotechnical aspects studied during the tunnelling trials at Chinnor, Oxfordshire. Surf-ace and sub-surface movements were measured at a cross-section of a tunnel over a period of 5 months. The measurement techniques which were used are described and assessed, and the results are presented as graphs of ground movements in relation to the advance of the tunnel. Ground movements begau when the tunnel was lOre from the measurement section and continued until the tunnel had adveaced to hornbeyond. The maximum observed subsidence of 22.3mm occurred in im above the crown of the tunnel with a corresponding surface subsid~ce of 8ram. The max t-.Tin observed horizontal movement of 9~n towards the tunnel occurred at a point located im above axis level and 3m horizontally from the centreline. 5o5 ME~RIT,AH Tunnel boring machines - geologic control. 2F, SR. PROC.ZND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, SAO PAULO,1974,PAPER VIIPC-2,V2 ~1974, 7P. The successful use of a tunnel boring machine depends upon a uniform geological environmm~t; abrupt changes in rock hardness and quality greatly influence rates of ad_ vance and costs of cutter heads. Some examples of these conditions from recent tunnel projects are presented in this paper. Auth. 506 BRITO, S C~TI~AIS ELECTRICAS DE MINAS G ~ A I S S.A.,BR Correlations between rock quality and censtruction characteristics of four tunnels. 9F, LT,7R. FROC.2ND INT.CONGRES$ IAEG, SAO PAULO,1974,PAPER VI~14,V2,197h, liP. This paper presents the relation between geology sad the conditions ~countered d u r i n g excavation of four tunnels. Censtruction characteristics are studied as a function of the rock quality as described in the bid documents. Auth. 507 MALDONADO,AA
Seepage towards tunnels. 5F,5R. PROC.2ND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, S~%0 PAULO,1974, PAPER VII 15 ,V2,197~, 10P. The hypothesis used in an attempt to quantify theoretl-
51~
tally t~he seepage towards a tunnel driven into ~u aquifer which is free, unlimited and recharged, are stated. The variation in time of the discharge from the transitory to the steady state is obtained. Theoretical results obtained for a tunnel witch a unit length s,nd also for a tunnel chich is driven with constant speed, are shown analytically and in graphic form; these theoretical results are compared with measurements made at several points of the ~]misor Central Tunnel, which was driven for the Deep Sewage System of Mexico City. Auth.
a set of three unequal simulated principal In-situ stresses. The results showed a predictable relationship between in-situ stresses and hydraulic fracturing pressures dependent On foliation inclination. Under normal In-situ stress conditions, and by hydrofracturimg through a thin lining of plaster of paris, all the induced fractures were vertical and perp~qdicular to the direction of the smaller horizontal principal stress, Just llke in the isotropic case. It is concluded that hydraulic fractur&ng could be an effective stress measuring method in aniso~ tropic rock if certain precautions are tsken and sufficient tests are run.
Power plants See abstract: 52&.
In-situ stresses and stress around underground openings G.~Y, WM TO EW S, NA Analysis of variance applied to data obtained by means of a six-element borehole deformation gauge for stress determlnation.3F,5T,llB. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS,PROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA. ASCE.1975, P323 -356 • Data from nine overcorlng tests for stress determination at the Sullivan Mine, British ColuMbia, have been sub. Jected to an analysis of varisace. The precision of the deformations measured with a slx-element gauge are estimated. Variability of rock properties as well as instrumental variance contributes to the variance of the measurements. Because of this factor, the standard leastsquares solution underestimates the standard errors of the stress components. To obtain realistic estimates &t is necessary to calculate mean deformations corresponding to three directions in each borehole and combine these in a new least squares solution. This new method m%y be applied to data from three-element deformation gauges. ~09 RUSSELL, JE Data reduction for a deephole device. 8F,IT,5R. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS,FROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA.ASCE, 1975, I>293-322. An approximate snal~ical solution is developed to aid in the interpretation of data to be taken from a deephole stress measuring device currently under development at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. This device uses the tmdercorlng or strain relief principles Stresses rosy be computed from the measured strains relieved by using the solution presented herein. This solution holds for the case where the direction of the borehole is a principal direction. Limited experimental data agree relatively well with the analytical solution. Results obtained from the solution ms~ be used to provide information useful in the design of the device. It is ~hown that i) the ratio of strain gage grid length to trepanning hole diameter should be as S.~,~11 as possible, 2) the geometric accuracy of the gage pattern is extremely important I and 3) errors in Young's modulus are reflected direct],y in the stresses while results are ~ c h less sensitive to errors in Poisson's ratio. 510 HAINSON,BC UNIV .WISCONS IN ,MADISON, Wl, USA AVASI~I, JM UNIV .WISCONS IN, MADISON, W I,USA Stress measurements in anisotropic rock by hydraulic fracturing. IBF, IT,7R. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS.PROC 15TH.SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA.ASCE, 1975, P135 -156. An experlmental program was undertaken to study the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing in extremely anisotropic rock. Thinly foliated Martinsburg slate was hydrofractured at four different cleavage inclinations, under
511 CFJOD~N, R E UNIV .CALIF .BERKELEY,USA Introductory lecture of finite element analysis for Jointed rocks. 3F,9 R. INT.CENT.MECF.SCI.UDINE, ITALY,197~,COURSES & LECTURES NO. 165, SPR ~;3ER-VERLAG, 1974, PII2-129. 512 E~I~ER, JR The measurement of rock stress at depth from small diameter surface drill holes. S. AUSTRALIA CONF. AUS. IMM, THEBARTON, S. A., 1975.
Surface subsidence and caving 513 DAHL, HD CONTINENTAL OIL, PONCA CITY,OK. ,USA CHOI,DS CONTIN~ITAL 0IL, PONCA CITY,OK.,USA Some case studies of mine subsidence and its mathematical modeling. 13F,IIR. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS, PROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA. ASCE.1975, PI- 21. Grotmd movements were monitored for mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia in which coal is mined by both room and pillar ~ d long~all methods. 3-D contour maps in which face position is considered an independent variable, were obtained. This field data is in good agreementwith the predictions of a 3.D finite element model incorporating a frictional yield criterion in the constitutive relaticm. The effect of surface topography On subsldence is also shown to be significant. 51h MYRIANTHIS,~ UNIV. IYJRKAM,GB The development of m/rface subsidence profiles during soft ground tunnelling. 3F,2T,10R. PROC.2ND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, SAO PAULO,197h,PAPER VII-4, V2,1974, 8P. The present paper deals with the problem of earth response and in particular with the formation of the surface subsidence curve during soft grotmd tunnelling. In the light of a simple analysis in six available case studies sm attempt has been made to relate the progression of this curve with the tunnel advance. The results observed indicate the existence of such a relation. Auth.
Temporary and permanent supports 515 S E I ~ - OLS~I,R NORWEGIAN INST.TECH., TRONDHEIM, W BROCH, E NORWEGIAN INST.TECH., TRONDHEIM, W Some reservatic~s on the use of shotcrete.2F,6R. TUNN. %XJNNID,VS, N3,1976, P40- 41. The use of shotcrete on a world-%rlde scale has led to s~ increase in the speed of "ly,2m_ne11-~ ~%d. i n most cases, a reduction in the costs of Prodl/cing a safe tunnel. The authors suggest that more attention should be paid to some of the unfavourable conditions for shotcrete, such as swelling clay, which have tended to be overlooked.
498 ~.NTONOV, EA SMI~NO'I,NA IGUDIN,VS Loosening of frozen ground by blasting. In Russian. G IDROTEKH.MELIORAT, N2,1975, I>33-35.
Hydrogeology
ship between laboratory and field scale rock properties. Fill properties are determined by direct measurement. Fill pressure measurements are then employed as s~ independent check on the appropriateness of the prediction technique. A time independent elastic-plastic material idealization with non-lineer fill appears to account for the salient rock mechanics features of cut and fill mining in narrow stopes. Relative improvement in ground control obtained by fill~ug is mainly a function of the ratio of initial fill modulus to rock modulus.
5o3 499 LOUIS, C BRGM,ORLEANS, F Rock hydraulics. 61F,60R. INT.CENT.MECH.SCI.UDINE, ITALY,1974,COURSES & LECTURES NO. 165, SPR INGW~-VE~LAG, 1974, F300- 387. After a brief ana~,ysis of the hydraulic characteristics of rock masses and of the laws governing flow in fissures~ both continuous and discontinuous s this lecture examines th~ different m~thematics_l or physical models which make it possible to solve problems of three dim~. sional water flow through ~ointed media with one or more sets of parallel fractures. Several practical examples concerning dam foundations, slopes and underground open. ings are used to illustrate the meth,ds of solution.Auth.
Groundwater 500 CHIOSSI,NJ Dewatering met~mds used in tunnels and stations of the Sao Pm~lo metro. 6F,6R. PROC.2ND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, SAO PAULO,1974,PAP~ Vll.1, V2,197~, lOP. This paper is a short description of the dewatering methods used for the construction of the first llne of the Sao Psulo metro. The geological and hydrogeological conditlons os the City of Sso Paulo, and typical dewatering solutions according to the construction methods adopted, are discussed. Auth.
Chemical and physical changes due to water See abstract:
5~9.
Underground excavations 501 EGGER, P ' UNIV .KARLS~UHE, D Underground openings . prinziples of design. 17R. INT.CENT.MECH.SCI.UDINE, ITALY,197~,COURSES & L~TUREB NO. 165, SPR ING~.V~LAG, 1974, F28h- 297 • x
Mines 5O2 PARISEAU, WG UNIV.UTAH, SALT LAKE CITY, USA Influence of hydraulic backfill on closure and pillar stress in narrow cut and fill stopes. 7F,gR. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS,FROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH. ,SOUTH DAEDTA,ASCE.1975,F23-35. Predictions based on finite element s1~,1-tion of horizontal cut and fill mining in narrow longitudinal stopes are in reasonable agreement with field measurmmmats of stope closure and fill pressure made in two mines in the Coe%~ d'Alene mining district of norther~ Idaho. Stope closure measurements are used to establish a relation-
ORLO ¢, AA Statistical methods for the study of roof movement in mechanized faces. In 4%Ussian. UGOL,VSI, NI, JAN .1976, P9-13. Mathematical modelling of a roof/Dowered supports system is considered, to enable b e h a v ~ r patterns to be predicted.
Tunnels See also abstract:
562.
50k MCCAUL, C MORGAN, JM BOD~N, JB Measurement of ground movement due to excavation of a shallow tunnel in lower chalk. 20F, SR. TRRL SUPP.REPORT 199UC,1976,20P. Movements of the ground due to excavati~ of a 5m diameter tunnel in chalk were one of the geotechnical aspects studied during the tunnelling trials at Chinnor, Oxfordshire. Surf-ace and sub-surface movements were measured at a cross-section of a tunnel over a period of 5 months. The measurement techniques which were used are described and assessed, and the results are presented as graphs of ground movements in relation to the advance of the tunnel. Ground movements begau when the tunnel was lOre from the measurement section and continued until the tunnel had adveaced to hornbeyond. The maximum observed subsidence of 22.3mm occurred in im above the crown of the tunnel with a corresponding surface subsid~ce of 8ram. The max t-.Tin observed horizontal movement of 9~n towards the tunnel occurred at a point located im above axis level and 3m horizontally from the centreline. 5o5 ME~RIT,AH Tunnel boring machines - geologic control. 2F, SR. PROC.ZND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, SAO PAULO,1974,PAPER VIIPC-2,V2 ~1974, 7P. The successful use of a tunnel boring machine depends upon a uniform geological environmm~t; abrupt changes in rock hardness and quality greatly influence rates of ad_ vance and costs of cutter heads. Some examples of these conditions from recent tunnel projects are presented in this paper. Auth. 506 BRITO, S C~TI~AIS ELECTRICAS DE MINAS G ~ A I S S.A.,BR Correlations between rock quality and censtruction characteristics of four tunnels. 9F, LT,7R. FROC.2ND INT.CONGRES$ IAEG, SAO PAULO,1974,PAPER VI~14,V2,197h, liP. This paper presents the relation between geology sad the conditions ~countered d u r i n g excavation of four tunnels. Censtruction characteristics are studied as a function of the rock quality as described in the bid documents. Auth. 507 MALDONADO,AA
Seepage towards tunnels. 5F,5R. PROC.2ND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, S~%0 PAULO,1974, PAPER VII 15 ,V2,197~, 10P. The hypothesis used in an attempt to quantify theoretl-
51~
tally t~he seepage towards a tunnel driven into ~u aquifer which is free, unlimited and recharged, are stated. The variation in time of the discharge from the transitory to the steady state is obtained. Theoretical results obtained for a tunnel witch a unit length s,nd also for a tunnel chich is driven with constant speed, are shown analytically and in graphic form; these theoretical results are compared with measurements made at several points of the ~]misor Central Tunnel, which was driven for the Deep Sewage System of Mexico City. Auth.
a set of three unequal simulated principal In-situ stresses. The results showed a predictable relationship between in-situ stresses and hydraulic fracturing pressures dependent On foliation inclination. Under normal In-situ stress conditions, and by hydrofracturimg through a thin lining of plaster of paris, all the induced fractures were vertical and perp~qdicular to the direction of the smaller horizontal principal stress, Just llke in the isotropic case. It is concluded that hydraulic fractur&ng could be an effective stress measuring method in aniso~ tropic rock if certain precautions are tsken and sufficient tests are run.
Power plants See abstract: 52&.
In-situ stresses and stress around underground openings G.~Y, WM TO EW S, NA Analysis of variance applied to data obtained by means of a six-element borehole deformation gauge for stress determlnation.3F,5T,llB. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS,PROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA. ASCE.1975, P323 -356 • Data from nine overcorlng tests for stress determination at the Sullivan Mine, British ColuMbia, have been sub. Jected to an analysis of varisace. The precision of the deformations measured with a slx-element gauge are estimated. Variability of rock properties as well as instrumental variance contributes to the variance of the measurements. Because of this factor, the standard leastsquares solution underestimates the standard errors of the stress components. To obtain realistic estimates &t is necessary to calculate mean deformations corresponding to three directions in each borehole and combine these in a new least squares solution. This new method m%y be applied to data from three-element deformation gauges. ~09 RUSSELL, JE Data reduction for a deephole device. 8F,IT,5R. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS,FROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA.ASCE, 1975, I>293-322. An approximate snal~ical solution is developed to aid in the interpretation of data to be taken from a deephole stress measuring device currently under development at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. This device uses the tmdercorlng or strain relief principles Stresses rosy be computed from the measured strains relieved by using the solution presented herein. This solution holds for the case where the direction of the borehole is a principal direction. Limited experimental data agree relatively well with the analytical solution. Results obtained from the solution ms~ be used to provide information useful in the design of the device. It is ~hown that i) the ratio of strain gage grid length to trepanning hole diameter should be as S.~,~11 as possible, 2) the geometric accuracy of the gage pattern is extremely important I and 3) errors in Young's modulus are reflected direct],y in the stresses while results are ~ c h less sensitive to errors in Poisson's ratio. 510 HAINSON,BC UNIV .WISCONS IN ,MADISON, Wl, USA AVASI~I, JM UNIV .WISCONS IN, MADISON, W I,USA Stress measurements in anisotropic rock by hydraulic fracturing. IBF, IT,7R. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS.PROC 15TH.SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA.ASCE, 1975, P135 -156. An experlmental program was undertaken to study the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing in extremely anisotropic rock. Thinly foliated Martinsburg slate was hydrofractured at four different cleavage inclinations, under
511 CFJOD~N, R E UNIV .CALIF .BERKELEY,USA Introductory lecture of finite element analysis for Jointed rocks. 3F,9 R. INT.CENT.MECF.SCI.UDINE, ITALY,197~,COURSES & LECTURES NO. 165, SPR ~;3ER-VERLAG, 1974, PII2-129. 512 E~I~ER, JR The measurement of rock stress at depth from small diameter surface drill holes. S. AUSTRALIA CONF. AUS. IMM, THEBARTON, S. A., 1975.
Surface subsidence and caving 513 DAHL, HD CONTINENTAL OIL, PONCA CITY,OK. ,USA CHOI,DS CONTIN~ITAL 0IL, PONCA CITY,OK.,USA Some case studies of mine subsidence and its mathematical modeling. 13F,IIR. APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS, PROC.15TH SYMP.ROCK MECH., SOUTH DAKOTA. ASCE.1975, PI- 21. Grotmd movements were monitored for mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia in which coal is mined by both room and pillar ~ d long~all methods. 3-D contour maps in which face position is considered an independent variable, were obtained. This field data is in good agreementwith the predictions of a 3.D finite element model incorporating a frictional yield criterion in the constitutive relaticm. The effect of surface topography On subsldence is also shown to be significant. 51h MYRIANTHIS,~ UNIV. IYJRKAM,GB The development of m/rface subsidence profiles during soft ground tunnelling. 3F,2T,10R. PROC.2ND INT.CONGRESS IAEG, SAO PAULO,197h,PAPER VII-4, V2,1974, 8P. The present paper deals with the problem of earth response and in particular with the formation of the surface subsidence curve during soft grotmd tunnelling. In the light of a simple analysis in six available case studies sm attempt has been made to relate the progression of this curve with the tunnel advance. The results observed indicate the existence of such a relation. Auth.
Temporary and permanent supports 515 S E I ~ - OLS~I,R NORWEGIAN INST.TECH., TRONDHEIM, W BROCH, E NORWEGIAN INST.TECH., TRONDHEIM, W Some reservatic~s on the use of shotcrete.2F,6R. TUNN. %XJNNID,VS, N3,1976, P40- 41. The use of shotcrete on a world-%rlde scale has led to s~ increase in the speed of "ly,2m_ne11-~ ~%d. i n most cases, a reduction in the costs of Prodl/cing a safe tunnel. The authors suggest that more attention should be paid to some of the unfavourable conditions for shotcrete, such as swelling clay, which have tended to be overlooked.