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Selected methods in cellular immunology
Reviewsof recentpublications-Fd Cosmet.Toxicol.Vol. 19. no. 4
499
H. de Nijs and C. J. Timmer use a comparison of data Another section enumerates cell separation techobtained from liver perfusion studies with those de- niques, essential for the identification of subpopularived from the anaesthetized rat to make a quantitattions of cells and the analysis of their function. ive prediction of the liver’s contribution to total body Various cell separation methods are described in clearance of a drug. detail, including those based on the differential adherIt is always of interest to see the emergence of new ence properties of cells,on sedimentation rates reflectwork on the established hepatotoxins, carbon tetra- ing cell size and density, and on differentially chloride and ethanol. A. Tigyi and his colleagues expressedcell surface markers. consider the effects of carbon tetrachloride on liver A well-planned section on the preparation and testnuclear-protein kinases and RNA polymerases, whilst ing of antisera includes the methodology for produo C. S. Lieber’s group discussesthe microsomal and ing antisera to T cell surface antigens and to immunomitochondrial responses associated with the acceler- globulins, as well as the purification of these sera by ated ethanol metabolism and enhanced acetaldehyde affinity chromatography and procedures for preparing production that results from chronic ethanol con- fluorescent and other such detector-coupled antisumption by rats. bodies. The production of monoclonal antibodies The range of this volume is illustrated by the using cell-fusion techniques is also described in a diverse section headings: (I) Chemical and biochemi- lucid step-wise fashion. cal models, (II) In vitro and in viuo systems in the This book is a fine laboratory guide; all the study of xenobiotic metabolism, (III) Occupational methods are fully described and are up-to-date. It also and environmental aspects of xenobiotic metabolism provides essential background and reference material and (IV) Mechanisms of toxic action. In all it is a and, whilst concentrating on murine cells, will be exstimulating book-not light reading, although per- tremely helpful to all immunologists who wish to haps at times a little too brief, but none-the-less an apply cellular immunological methods to their work. excellent conference record and a welcome attempt to focus multidisciplinary attention on the ultimate toxicological problem, namely the successful extrapolaInbred Strains in Biomedical Research. By M. F. W. tion of in vitro data to man and animals. I just wish the print size and type didn’t vary so Festing. The Macmillan PressLtd, London, 1979. pp. xii + 483. f25.00. much! The use of inbred strains is increasing rapidly at present as biomedical research workers become more familiar with the methodology and strategy involved in their usage. Inbred strains have often been maligned as a poor For the experimental immunologist this is a most model of genetically outbred populations such as useful handbook. It includes lucid and comprehensive man. However as Michael Festing mentions “the descriptions of all the in vitro laboratory techniques modern ‘albino’ laboratory mouse or rat maintained currently in use, and in addition discussesnew areas in a plastic cage, fed a standard pelleted diet in consuch as immunoglobulin-produQng hybrid cell lines trolled environmental conditions, often housed in and solid-phase radioimmune assays. single-sex groups and protected from disease, can The first section discussesthe various assaysystems hardly be called ‘natural”‘. These outbred animals are now used to evaluate in uitro immune responses.The valuable in research because so many variables are introductory chapter describesthe preparation of cell controlled to eliminate their possible influence on exsuspensionssuch as those of spleen, lymph node and perimental outcome. The fact that in addition individthymocyte cells, the determination of cell viability and uals of an inbred strain are genetically identical conthe execution of other procedures that must be car- trols another experimental variable. Section 1 of the book contains a comprehensive ried out before the assayscan be undertaken. Systems for studying the generation and regulation of immune review of inbreeding and its consequencesand of the responses in vitro are discussed in another chapter. history of inbred strains, including the development of Such culture systemsare particularly useful for com- the alloantigen hypothesis, and research into the H-2 paring the effects of immunoregulatory substances, histocompatibility complex and cell-mediated imbecause both the control and experimental cells are mune responses. The techniques used in genetic derived from one cell suspension. These methods are quality control are extremely well documented, but it especially well suited to the study of how macro- is a pity that the quality of the photfwaphic plates is phages function. Other systems described include the so poor. haemolytic plaque assayswhich measure the number The text is written with a commt~~dable economy of cells secreting IgM and IgG antibodies, and the of words and each chapter has a brief but informative extension of these techniques to the detection of cells introductory section together with a full description secreting antibodies to polysaccharides, haptens or of each photomicrograph. Some orgi. systems are heterologous proteins. Elsewhere, culture methods for given better treatment than others,’ ihe emphasis the generation and estimation of cytolytic T lympho- probably reflecting the individual preferences of the cytesare described, as well as procedures for inducing authors. However, this criticism is equally true of and measuring proliferation in response to mitogens more standard histology texts illustrated by photoand antigens, particular attention being paid to the micrographs taken using light or transmission elecvariables inherent in these methods. tron microscopy. SelectedMethods in Cellular Immunology. Edited by B. B. Mishell & S. M. Shiigi. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1980. pp. xxix + 486. f17.70.
499
H. de Nijs and C. J. Timmer use a comparison of data Another section enumerates cell separation techobtained from liver perfusion studies with those de- niques, essential for the identification of subpopularived from the anaesthetized rat to make a quantitattions of cells and the analysis of their function. ive prediction of the liver’s contribution to total body Various cell separation methods are described in clearance of a drug. detail, including those based on the differential adherIt is always of interest to see the emergence of new ence properties of cells,on sedimentation rates reflectwork on the established hepatotoxins, carbon tetra- ing cell size and density, and on differentially chloride and ethanol. A. Tigyi and his colleagues expressedcell surface markers. consider the effects of carbon tetrachloride on liver A well-planned section on the preparation and testnuclear-protein kinases and RNA polymerases, whilst ing of antisera includes the methodology for produo C. S. Lieber’s group discussesthe microsomal and ing antisera to T cell surface antigens and to immunomitochondrial responses associated with the acceler- globulins, as well as the purification of these sera by ated ethanol metabolism and enhanced acetaldehyde affinity chromatography and procedures for preparing production that results from chronic ethanol con- fluorescent and other such detector-coupled antisumption by rats. bodies. The production of monoclonal antibodies The range of this volume is illustrated by the using cell-fusion techniques is also described in a diverse section headings: (I) Chemical and biochemi- lucid step-wise fashion. cal models, (II) In vitro and in viuo systems in the This book is a fine laboratory guide; all the study of xenobiotic metabolism, (III) Occupational methods are fully described and are up-to-date. It also and environmental aspects of xenobiotic metabolism provides essential background and reference material and (IV) Mechanisms of toxic action. In all it is a and, whilst concentrating on murine cells, will be exstimulating book-not light reading, although per- tremely helpful to all immunologists who wish to haps at times a little too brief, but none-the-less an apply cellular immunological methods to their work. excellent conference record and a welcome attempt to focus multidisciplinary attention on the ultimate toxicological problem, namely the successful extrapolaInbred Strains in Biomedical Research. By M. F. W. tion of in vitro data to man and animals. I just wish the print size and type didn’t vary so Festing. The Macmillan PressLtd, London, 1979. pp. xii + 483. f25.00. much! The use of inbred strains is increasing rapidly at present as biomedical research workers become more familiar with the methodology and strategy involved in their usage. Inbred strains have often been maligned as a poor For the experimental immunologist this is a most model of genetically outbred populations such as useful handbook. It includes lucid and comprehensive man. However as Michael Festing mentions “the descriptions of all the in vitro laboratory techniques modern ‘albino’ laboratory mouse or rat maintained currently in use, and in addition discussesnew areas in a plastic cage, fed a standard pelleted diet in consuch as immunoglobulin-produQng hybrid cell lines trolled environmental conditions, often housed in and solid-phase radioimmune assays. single-sex groups and protected from disease, can The first section discussesthe various assaysystems hardly be called ‘natural”‘. These outbred animals are now used to evaluate in uitro immune responses.The valuable in research because so many variables are introductory chapter describesthe preparation of cell controlled to eliminate their possible influence on exsuspensionssuch as those of spleen, lymph node and perimental outcome. The fact that in addition individthymocyte cells, the determination of cell viability and uals of an inbred strain are genetically identical conthe execution of other procedures that must be car- trols another experimental variable. Section 1 of the book contains a comprehensive ried out before the assayscan be undertaken. Systems for studying the generation and regulation of immune review of inbreeding and its consequencesand of the responses in vitro are discussed in another chapter. history of inbred strains, including the development of Such culture systemsare particularly useful for com- the alloantigen hypothesis, and research into the H-2 paring the effects of immunoregulatory substances, histocompatibility complex and cell-mediated imbecause both the control and experimental cells are mune responses. The techniques used in genetic derived from one cell suspension. These methods are quality control are extremely well documented, but it especially well suited to the study of how macro- is a pity that the quality of the photfwaphic plates is phages function. Other systems described include the so poor. haemolytic plaque assayswhich measure the number The text is written with a commt~~dable economy of cells secreting IgM and IgG antibodies, and the of words and each chapter has a brief but informative extension of these techniques to the detection of cells introductory section together with a full description secreting antibodies to polysaccharides, haptens or of each photomicrograph. Some orgi. systems are heterologous proteins. Elsewhere, culture methods for given better treatment than others,’ ihe emphasis the generation and estimation of cytolytic T lympho- probably reflecting the individual preferences of the cytesare described, as well as procedures for inducing authors. However, this criticism is equally true of and measuring proliferation in response to mitogens more standard histology texts illustrated by photoand antigens, particular attention being paid to the micrographs taken using light or transmission elecvariables inherent in these methods. tron microscopy. SelectedMethods in Cellular Immunology. Edited by B. B. Mishell & S. M. Shiigi. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1980. pp. xxix + 486. f17.70.