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Shock: Blood studies as a guide to therapy
250
ORTHODONTIC
ABSTRACTS
AND
REVLEWS
occurring along a primary longitudinal axis with cephalic and caudal ends, and two secondary axes-dorsoventral and lateral-at right angles to each other. The work of Brodie, &hour and Massler is discussed. The present tendency in orthodontics toward extraction of teeth as a theraOne gathers from the papers discussed that early peutic measure is presented. supervision by the dentist of the developing dentition of the child, and timely extraction of deciduous teeth retained past their physiologic and developmental period, may be of great assistance in treating forward drift of the lateral series of teeth which frequently necessitates extraction of permanent teeth in treating malocclusion later in the life of the child. Moore objects to the statements made by Harriet Mitchell, a noted child psychologist, who sees in thumb-sucking a normal activity of the infant, which should never be directly interfered with. It is Moore’s contention that “Thumbsucking can be stopped in practically every instance without hazard to the child, but certainly with great saving of future worry and expense to the parent. ” Shock: Blood Studies as a Guide to Therapy: By John &udder, M.D., Med. Sc.D., F.A.C.S., from the Surgical Pathology Laboratory of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the Department of Surgery, the Presbyterian Hospital, New York City. 55 illustrations, 5 plates, Pp. 313, Price $5.50, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1940. Shock may arise as a result of burns, accidents, surgical operations, dehydration, trauma, and hemorrhage. In severely traumatized patients the correction of shock is the first therapeutic measure undertaken. This volume provides accurate, simple and efficacious methods for treating shock. Case histories are provided illustrating the various treatments available and the results are analyzed. A short laboratory manual is provided to enable the practitioner to employ tests for shock in his office and elsewhere. There are various theories on the causation of shock, among which are the following : (a) Toxemia-toxins from damaged tissue produce cellular disintegration and altered chemical composition of the blood. (b) Hemorrhagethe theory is that the fluid loss itself is the cause of shock. (c) Neurogenicnervous exhaustion and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system affects the blood chemistry and other body fluids. (d) Adrenal exhaustion-the adrenals are indispensable to life. Scudder analyzes the blood changes in shock in great detail. The action It is’ now generally agreed on the nervous and muscular systems is explained. t.hat shock is caused by an alteration in the potassium metabolism, a derangement which is an indication of profound cell injury. The treatment of shock is discussed in its various aspects. Among the therapeutic measures used are heat; the administration of fluids, transfusions, control of pain, oxygen administration, emetics and lavage. The application of heat tends to restore deficient body heat and lessens vasoconstriction. Since hyperpotassemia is present in shock, the administration of sodium solutions intravenously tends to maintain a normal balance between intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium. Control of pain, mainly by immobilization, is advocated.
ORTHODONTIC
ABSTRACTS
AXD
251
REVIEWS
This is an authoritative book based on clinical experience, as well as experimental and laboratory investigations. An exhaustive bibliography is appended. This book will be found indispensable by the practitioner who is called upon to treat shock. During these war days one can never tell when he may be called upon for such treatment. The book has an excellent index. J. A. S.
Active ImmuniUion 1941.
Against
Tetanus : By II. Gold, Ann. Surg. 114: 1061,
Ramon and others have proposed vaccination with tetanus toxoid as a routine public health measure to provide permanent immunity against tetanus and to overco’me the limitations of passive immunization. In the present communication, Gold reviews the recent publications of various research workers who have attempted to determine the optimum dosage and method of administration of tetanus toxoid which can be depended upon to obtain a permanent immunity against tetanus. The author feels that active immunization, to be of value, must engender a titer at least equivalent to that produced by the subcutaneous injection of 1500 units of tetanus antitoxin. As the result of his own clinical research, Gold concludes that the subject should show at least 0.10 units of tetanus antitoxin per CL of serum following the injection of a primary course or “repeat” dose of tetanus toxoid. The author further concludes t,hat active immunization against tetanus is both practical and safe. Two doses (051.0 cc.) of alum-precipitated or plain toxoid are given about three months apart in order to establish a basic (primary) immunity. A repeat injection of toxoid (1.0 cc.) should be given whenever an injury occurs. Topagen toxoid (0.1 cc. in each nostril, on three successive days) may be used in lieu of the “repeat” injections. It also seems that immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and typhoid fever may be accomplished simultaneously by the use of a mixed antigen. Harry
A. Salxntann, M.D.
El Pwadencio: Su Patdogia y Tratamiento (The Paradentium : Its Pathology and Treatment) : By Francisco M. Pucci, D.D.S., of Montevideo, Uruguay. Second edition, thoroughly revised, 698 pages, 764 text illustrations, 46 plates, 8 color plates, Price $14.00. Casa a Barreiro y Ramos, S. A., publishers. Montevideo, Uruguay, 1941. The second edition of Pucci’s work should be considered as one of the major contributions to dental literature. Dentistry, not only in South America, but throughout the world, may well feel proud of this publication. The wealth of illustrations makes this book valuable not only to those who have a reading knowledge of the Spanish language, but also to those whose knowledge of this language is limited. The author deserves the highest tribute ; he has completed Nowhere has this reviewer seen finer a Herculean task in an excellent manner. photomicrographs nor more complete bibliographic references than in this
volume.
ORTHODONTIC
ABSTRACTS
AND
REVLEWS
occurring along a primary longitudinal axis with cephalic and caudal ends, and two secondary axes-dorsoventral and lateral-at right angles to each other. The work of Brodie, &hour and Massler is discussed. The present tendency in orthodontics toward extraction of teeth as a theraOne gathers from the papers discussed that early peutic measure is presented. supervision by the dentist of the developing dentition of the child, and timely extraction of deciduous teeth retained past their physiologic and developmental period, may be of great assistance in treating forward drift of the lateral series of teeth which frequently necessitates extraction of permanent teeth in treating malocclusion later in the life of the child. Moore objects to the statements made by Harriet Mitchell, a noted child psychologist, who sees in thumb-sucking a normal activity of the infant, which should never be directly interfered with. It is Moore’s contention that “Thumbsucking can be stopped in practically every instance without hazard to the child, but certainly with great saving of future worry and expense to the parent. ” Shock: Blood Studies as a Guide to Therapy: By John &udder, M.D., Med. Sc.D., F.A.C.S., from the Surgical Pathology Laboratory of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the Department of Surgery, the Presbyterian Hospital, New York City. 55 illustrations, 5 plates, Pp. 313, Price $5.50, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1940. Shock may arise as a result of burns, accidents, surgical operations, dehydration, trauma, and hemorrhage. In severely traumatized patients the correction of shock is the first therapeutic measure undertaken. This volume provides accurate, simple and efficacious methods for treating shock. Case histories are provided illustrating the various treatments available and the results are analyzed. A short laboratory manual is provided to enable the practitioner to employ tests for shock in his office and elsewhere. There are various theories on the causation of shock, among which are the following : (a) Toxemia-toxins from damaged tissue produce cellular disintegration and altered chemical composition of the blood. (b) Hemorrhagethe theory is that the fluid loss itself is the cause of shock. (c) Neurogenicnervous exhaustion and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system affects the blood chemistry and other body fluids. (d) Adrenal exhaustion-the adrenals are indispensable to life. Scudder analyzes the blood changes in shock in great detail. The action It is’ now generally agreed on the nervous and muscular systems is explained. t.hat shock is caused by an alteration in the potassium metabolism, a derangement which is an indication of profound cell injury. The treatment of shock is discussed in its various aspects. Among the therapeutic measures used are heat; the administration of fluids, transfusions, control of pain, oxygen administration, emetics and lavage. The application of heat tends to restore deficient body heat and lessens vasoconstriction. Since hyperpotassemia is present in shock, the administration of sodium solutions intravenously tends to maintain a normal balance between intracellular potassium and extracellular sodium. Control of pain, mainly by immobilization, is advocated.
ORTHODONTIC
ABSTRACTS
AXD
251
REVIEWS
This is an authoritative book based on clinical experience, as well as experimental and laboratory investigations. An exhaustive bibliography is appended. This book will be found indispensable by the practitioner who is called upon to treat shock. During these war days one can never tell when he may be called upon for such treatment. The book has an excellent index. J. A. S.
Active ImmuniUion 1941.
Against
Tetanus : By II. Gold, Ann. Surg. 114: 1061,
Ramon and others have proposed vaccination with tetanus toxoid as a routine public health measure to provide permanent immunity against tetanus and to overco’me the limitations of passive immunization. In the present communication, Gold reviews the recent publications of various research workers who have attempted to determine the optimum dosage and method of administration of tetanus toxoid which can be depended upon to obtain a permanent immunity against tetanus. The author feels that active immunization, to be of value, must engender a titer at least equivalent to that produced by the subcutaneous injection of 1500 units of tetanus antitoxin. As the result of his own clinical research, Gold concludes that the subject should show at least 0.10 units of tetanus antitoxin per CL of serum following the injection of a primary course or “repeat” dose of tetanus toxoid. The author further concludes t,hat active immunization against tetanus is both practical and safe. Two doses (051.0 cc.) of alum-precipitated or plain toxoid are given about three months apart in order to establish a basic (primary) immunity. A repeat injection of toxoid (1.0 cc.) should be given whenever an injury occurs. Topagen toxoid (0.1 cc. in each nostril, on three successive days) may be used in lieu of the “repeat” injections. It also seems that immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and typhoid fever may be accomplished simultaneously by the use of a mixed antigen. Harry
A. Salxntann, M.D.
El Pwadencio: Su Patdogia y Tratamiento (The Paradentium : Its Pathology and Treatment) : By Francisco M. Pucci, D.D.S., of Montevideo, Uruguay. Second edition, thoroughly revised, 698 pages, 764 text illustrations, 46 plates, 8 color plates, Price $14.00. Casa a Barreiro y Ramos, S. A., publishers. Montevideo, Uruguay, 1941. The second edition of Pucci’s work should be considered as one of the major contributions to dental literature. Dentistry, not only in South America, but throughout the world, may well feel proud of this publication. The wealth of illustrations makes this book valuable not only to those who have a reading knowledge of the Spanish language, but also to those whose knowledge of this language is limited. The author deserves the highest tribute ; he has completed Nowhere has this reviewer seen finer a Herculean task in an excellent manner. photomicrographs nor more complete bibliographic references than in this
volume.