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Shotcrete for tunnel linings. 7F, 13R
159A
when under a contracting load and that about 95 per cent of subsidence was cansed by a deformation of the stratification cracks filler and not by that of the rock. The effect of the stratification cracks on the subsidence of laminated rock base was shown to increase under the influence of the cross fractures that separate the base from the rock mass.
Temporary and permanent supports 1603 GHABOUSS I, J RANKFLN,RE Tunnel design considerations.Analysis of mediumsupport interaction.Report .20F, 2T,19R. DEPT. C IV. ENGNG, UNIV. ILLINOIS ~hRBANA- CHAMPA IGN, FRA_ ORD AND D 75-24,NOV.1974,77P. Practlcal '~spects of the application of analytical techniques to geotechnical problems are reviewed with emphasis on medium-support interaction problems in underground structttres. It is recognized that the analysis should be carried out in several stages, reflecting the initial state of stress in the medium 3 the construction process and the period of operation. A finite element program called GEOSYS that is capable of performing this type of analysis is described. The capabilities and the limitations of this and other current analytical techniques in ~egard to the ~alti stage analysis are discussed. The results from a series of two-dlmensional~ plane-strain, finite element analyses of medlum-liner interaction for a circular tunnel S~e presented. Three types of medium properties are considered, n~mely, linearly elastic, elasto-plastic and time-dependent. Also considered in these analyses is a simple sequence of excavation and liner placement. A comparative study of the effect of the material properties on the liner forces is made. 1604 HHRGET, G DEFf. EN. MIN .RES. ELLIOT LAKE, ONT. CDN UNRUG, K DEPT. EN.MIN .RES. ELLIOT LAKE, ONT. CDN In-situ strength prediction of mine pillars based on laboratory tests. Conference. 6F,10R. PROC .THIRD CONGRESS, INT .SOC .ROCK MECH. ,DENVER,1974, V2, PART A, 1975,P150-155.
anchored rockbolts and the other half by mechanically anchored rockbolts. The section reinforced by resin anchored bolts showed somewhat less vertical subsidence than the wall reinforced by mechanically anchored bolts. In both cases, the amount of horizontal movement was similar. In this situation, with relatively poor quality chalk reinforced by rockbolts, the shaft was stable as the tunnel was driven past, only 1.75 m away at the closest point. Auth. 1607 GULLA_N,GT Shotcrete for tunnel linings .7F,13R. TUNN. TUNNID, V7, N5, SEPT- OCT .1975,P37-47. This brief state-of-the art report provides a convenient summary of the use of shotcrete in providing primary and secondary tunnel support. The principles, material properties, mix design, methods of application and difficulties associated with the use of shotcrete for tunnel lining are discussed.
Geological factors of importance in underground excavations 1608 MCCUIX~CH, CM JERAN, PW ST~IIVAN, CD Geologic investigations of undsrground coal mining prob lens .Report. 27F. US BUR.MINES,RI 8022,1975,30P. A series of geological surveys were completed in six coal mines in connection with a Bureau of Mimes research program on methane control. The aim of these surveys was twofold: First, to study the overall g e o l o ~ of the eoalbed, and second, to use the resulting data to evaluate the influence of the geological characteristics of the coalbed on safe and efficient coal extraction. This report explains the advantages of geologic maps and fence diagrams in coal mining and how the knowledge gained from such geologic investigations of mines can help control many underground problems.
Construction methods
16o5 AFROUZ,A NAT. IRAN .STEEL CO .TEHRAN, IR Floor behaviour along longwall roadways.10F,iT,llR. INT.J .ROCK MECH .MIN. SC I. GEOMECH .ABSTR .VI2, N5, AUG. 1975, P229-240. 1606 HUDSON, JA TRRL, CROWTHORNE, BERKS. GB MC CAUL, C TRRL, CRO'#I"HORNE,B ERKS. GB The influence of tunnel excavation on an adjacent shaft in chalk. Report. 14F,IT, 9R. TRANS .ROAD RES .LAB. DEPT. ENVIRONMENT, GB, SUPPL.REPORT 161 UC, ISSN 0305-1315,1975. Ground movement studies carried out during the tunnelling trials in Lower Chalk at Chinnor, Oxfordshire, included measurements of the influence of tunnel excavation on an adjacent shaft. Vertical movement of the shaft wall was measured using a multlwlre bore-hole extensometer mounted on the shaft parapet. Horizontal movement was measured by sighting targets attached to rockbolts in the shaft using a precise optical plummet mounted on the shaft parapet. One half of the shaft wall was reinforced by resin
See abstract: 1676.
Groundwater problems 1609 SPAUN, G ING .BUR .TURN. FELSBAU, KARLSRUHE, D On the causes of heaving of the floor in tunnels in the Gipskeuper strata. In German. 8F,IT,15R. L . ~ 65 ANNIV.PUBLICATION,UNIV.KARLSRUHE,GERMANY, 1974, P265- 260. The special properties of the Gipskeuper (containing calcium sulphate) cause heaving due to: low strength of the rock mass; the ability of the gypsum to deform by creeping under load; the presence of squeezing materials like anhydrite and different clay minerals; and the fact that the strength is lowered under the influence of water. A model is developed to show the sequence in which these properties become effective after the excavation of an underground opening° The model is used to establish an appropriate excavation method and support system.
when under a contracting load and that about 95 per cent of subsidence was cansed by a deformation of the stratification cracks filler and not by that of the rock. The effect of the stratification cracks on the subsidence of laminated rock base was shown to increase under the influence of the cross fractures that separate the base from the rock mass.
Temporary and permanent supports 1603 GHABOUSS I, J RANKFLN,RE Tunnel design considerations.Analysis of mediumsupport interaction.Report .20F, 2T,19R. DEPT. C IV. ENGNG, UNIV. ILLINOIS ~hRBANA- CHAMPA IGN, FRA_ ORD AND D 75-24,NOV.1974,77P. Practlcal '~spects of the application of analytical techniques to geotechnical problems are reviewed with emphasis on medium-support interaction problems in underground structttres. It is recognized that the analysis should be carried out in several stages, reflecting the initial state of stress in the medium 3 the construction process and the period of operation. A finite element program called GEOSYS that is capable of performing this type of analysis is described. The capabilities and the limitations of this and other current analytical techniques in ~egard to the ~alti stage analysis are discussed. The results from a series of two-dlmensional~ plane-strain, finite element analyses of medlum-liner interaction for a circular tunnel S~e presented. Three types of medium properties are considered, n~mely, linearly elastic, elasto-plastic and time-dependent. Also considered in these analyses is a simple sequence of excavation and liner placement. A comparative study of the effect of the material properties on the liner forces is made. 1604 HHRGET, G DEFf. EN. MIN .RES. ELLIOT LAKE, ONT. CDN UNRUG, K DEPT. EN.MIN .RES. ELLIOT LAKE, ONT. CDN In-situ strength prediction of mine pillars based on laboratory tests. Conference. 6F,10R. PROC .THIRD CONGRESS, INT .SOC .ROCK MECH. ,DENVER,1974, V2, PART A, 1975,P150-155.
anchored rockbolts and the other half by mechanically anchored rockbolts. The section reinforced by resin anchored bolts showed somewhat less vertical subsidence than the wall reinforced by mechanically anchored bolts. In both cases, the amount of horizontal movement was similar. In this situation, with relatively poor quality chalk reinforced by rockbolts, the shaft was stable as the tunnel was driven past, only 1.75 m away at the closest point. Auth. 1607 GULLA_N,GT Shotcrete for tunnel linings .7F,13R. TUNN. TUNNID, V7, N5, SEPT- OCT .1975,P37-47. This brief state-of-the art report provides a convenient summary of the use of shotcrete in providing primary and secondary tunnel support. The principles, material properties, mix design, methods of application and difficulties associated with the use of shotcrete for tunnel lining are discussed.
Geological factors of importance in underground excavations 1608 MCCUIX~CH, CM JERAN, PW ST~IIVAN, CD Geologic investigations of undsrground coal mining prob lens .Report. 27F. US BUR.MINES,RI 8022,1975,30P. A series of geological surveys were completed in six coal mines in connection with a Bureau of Mimes research program on methane control. The aim of these surveys was twofold: First, to study the overall g e o l o ~ of the eoalbed, and second, to use the resulting data to evaluate the influence of the geological characteristics of the coalbed on safe and efficient coal extraction. This report explains the advantages of geologic maps and fence diagrams in coal mining and how the knowledge gained from such geologic investigations of mines can help control many underground problems.
Construction methods
16o5 AFROUZ,A NAT. IRAN .STEEL CO .TEHRAN, IR Floor behaviour along longwall roadways.10F,iT,llR. INT.J .ROCK MECH .MIN. SC I. GEOMECH .ABSTR .VI2, N5, AUG. 1975, P229-240. 1606 HUDSON, JA TRRL, CROWTHORNE, BERKS. GB MC CAUL, C TRRL, CRO'#I"HORNE,B ERKS. GB The influence of tunnel excavation on an adjacent shaft in chalk. Report. 14F,IT, 9R. TRANS .ROAD RES .LAB. DEPT. ENVIRONMENT, GB, SUPPL.REPORT 161 UC, ISSN 0305-1315,1975. Ground movement studies carried out during the tunnelling trials in Lower Chalk at Chinnor, Oxfordshire, included measurements of the influence of tunnel excavation on an adjacent shaft. Vertical movement of the shaft wall was measured using a multlwlre bore-hole extensometer mounted on the shaft parapet. Horizontal movement was measured by sighting targets attached to rockbolts in the shaft using a precise optical plummet mounted on the shaft parapet. One half of the shaft wall was reinforced by resin
See abstract: 1676.
Groundwater problems 1609 SPAUN, G ING .BUR .TURN. FELSBAU, KARLSRUHE, D On the causes of heaving of the floor in tunnels in the Gipskeuper strata. In German. 8F,IT,15R. L . ~ 65 ANNIV.PUBLICATION,UNIV.KARLSRUHE,GERMANY, 1974, P265- 260. The special properties of the Gipskeuper (containing calcium sulphate) cause heaving due to: low strength of the rock mass; the ability of the gypsum to deform by creeping under load; the presence of squeezing materials like anhydrite and different clay minerals; and the fact that the strength is lowered under the influence of water. A model is developed to show the sequence in which these properties become effective after the excavation of an underground opening° The model is used to establish an appropriate excavation method and support system.