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Site Selection, Power Load, and Power Generation Procedures
C H A P T E R
7 Site Selection, Power Load, and Power Generation Procedures 7.1 SITE SELECTION Compared with a photovoltaic system as a technical form of solar power generation, solar thermal power (also known as concentrating solar power, CSP) generation features steady power output, which is an important factor for the electricity grid. Furthermore, large-scale CSP plants have the potential to supply power for the basic-load power market. Thus CSP technology will occupy an important position in China’s future energy strategy. Site selection of CSP plants has a direct influence on generating costs, and therefore site selection is quite important. Siting of CSP plants shall consider various factors, including solar direct normal irradiation (DNI) resources, land and topography, local water resource conditions, and traffic and power grid coverage, for which solar DNI serves as the most basic and important reference for CSP plant site selection. The precision and reliability of data directly influences the generating costs of CSP generation. Earthquake probability, meteorology, topography, water sources, traffic and transportation, outgoing lines, the thermal supply pipeline, geology, hydrology, environmental protection, and comprehensive utilization are also site selection factors. Under the premise of considering solar irradiation as proposed in this section as the primary reference factor, areas in China currently appropriate for the construction of CSP plants have been screened.
7.1.1 Principles of Site Selection Sites for solar power plants shall be selected by integrating the national and local solar energy utilization scheme, land use plans, thermodynamic
Design of Solar Thermal Power Plants https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815613-1.00007-9
417
Copyright © 2019 Chemical Industry Press. Published by Elsevier, Inc. under an exclusive license with Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.
418
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
and power system plans, regional construction and planning, combined thermodynamic and power loads, and solar resource planning.
7.1.2 Macro Site Selection In terms of macro site selection, quicksand, swamps, forests, salt lake basins, and other inappropriate areas with a slope above 1% can be removed as possible sites by using a geographic information system while considering the distance between the power plant and power grid. A map of locations appropriate for CSP plant construction can then be obtained.
7.1.3 Ecological Protection In areas under land use control, both urban and rural, arrangement of the power plant’s concentration field shall consider plant growth and the migration paths of birds. Water used to clean heliostats shall be circulated or integrated with the spray or drip irrigation of ground-plant growth. Cleaning agents containing chemical detergents shall not be allowed.
7.1.4 Placing of Thermal Storage Tank The determination of high-temperature, high-pressure thermal-storage tank locations shall consider (1) the achievable minimum heat transfer distance and (2) their influence on plant area safety. Because thermal storage is a high-temperature process, long-distance thermal transmission features great thermal losses. Thus thermal storage tanks shall be located around the turbo-generator unit to the greatest extent possible.
7.1.5 Solar Resource and Site Selection The range of cumulative annual solar DNI during site selection is shown in Table 7.1.
TABLE 7.1 Annual Cumulative Solar Direct Normal Irradiance and Site Selection [49] Not Recommended
DNI < 1600 kWh/(m2$a)
Recommended
DNI ¼ 1600e2000 kWh/(m2$a)
Good
DNI > 2000 kWh/(m2$a)
7.1 SITE SELECTION
419
• During site selection, the concentration field shall be designed to avoid any light pollution toward the surrounding ground and atmosphere at any time. • During site selection, in order to determine the feedwater source as well as the water usage, consumption, and source for the design, the following requirements shall be satisfied. Unrecoverable water usage includes cooling tower evaporation loss, cooling tower waste discharge, domestic and firefighting water discharge, and mirror surface cleaning water. Cooling methods for CSP plants normally include two technical forms, namely water cooling and air cooling. According to data from the US Department of Energy (2007), when applying water-cooling techniques besides the disc-type Stirling power system [0.0757 m3/(MWh)], water usage for other technical forms is normally within 2.27e3.02 m3/(MWh), with water consumption by a tower power plant of about 2.27 m3/(MWh) and that of a parabolic trough power plant of about 3.02 m3/(MWh). When air cooling techniques are applied, water consumption by an CSP plant is greatly reduced and is about 0.299 m3/(MWh); meanwhile, this also results in increased investment cost and decreased generating capacity, with the former accounting for about 7%e9% and the latter accounting for about 5%. • The feedwater source must be reliable. When determining the feedwater capability of the source, local agricultural, industrial, and domestic water usage conditions as well as the influences of water conservancy planning and climate on water source variations must be determined. Potentially frozen water during winter in northwest areas shall be considered, and attention shall be paid to corrosion by the chemical components of water on absorber metals. • When using underground water sources, existing underground prospection data shall be fully utilized; when current data are insufficient, hydrogeological prospection shall be carried out while providing a hydrogeological prospection evaluation report in accordance with relevant regulatory requirements for hydrogeological prospection.
7.1.6 Selection of Land The following requirements shall be satisfied: • In terms of selecting land to construct CSP generation projects, under the premise of being in line with the overall land utilization plan, priority shall be given to the usage of barren mountains, wastelands, deserts, and other land that is difficult to utilize and is inappropriate
420
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
for agricultural, ecological, and industrial development; efforts shall be made to not occupy farmland, or if that is not possible, to occupy less farmland. CSP generation companies are encouraged to utilize roofs or land with underlying mineral reserves to construct photovoltaic power generation projects. The relationship between CSP generation project construction and the natural environment, ecological protection, military facilities, mineral resource exploitation, and land for the construction of other industrial projects shall be coordinated on a reasonable basis. Instead of occupying fertile farmland, the project shall save land or occupy less fertile farmland as well as striving to utilize wasteland and scabland. In terms of the tower power plant, mountain slopes also can be utilized. High mountains or slopes to the south and north of a solar tower, when present, may facilitate a reduction in system costs. • The land-use range of the power plant shall be determined according to planned capacity while offering a map of phased land expropriation or leasing based on the requests of housing and construction. Land for constructing CSP generation projects includes land for the solar collector field, the power generation production area, the domestic area, and permanent roads. • The nature of land use for CSP generation, because CSP plants typically have large land coverage, is an important element in government approval. Currently, the nature of land use for CSP generation has not been specified in any government files, especially the nature of and calculation methods for land coverage of the collector field. Referring to land use calculation principles used photovoltaic power generation projects, some local regulations have proposed that “as for the photovoltaic power generation project being supplied with land in the form of allocation, land between its solar panel arrays shall maintain the original type without any change, and shall not be transformed into construction land” [50].
7.1.7 Determination of Site Elevation The following requirements shall be satisfied: • The site elevation shall exceed the level of the hundred-year flood. If lower than this, the plant area shall be equipped with reliable floodcontrol facilities and be fully completed during the initial stages of construction. When implementing flood-control measures in the concentration field, attention shall be paid to ground surface protection. Because the concentration field area is large and the ground ecology in northwest areas is fragile, recovery costs that result from significant ground surface damage are also large.
7.1 SITE SELECTION
421
• The outdoor floor elevation design around the main powerhouse shall exceed the level of the hundred-year flood by 0.5 m, and the concentration field area shall be large. The concentration field floor elevation for a power plant built in South China shall satisfy the foregoing requirements, whereas for a power plant built in the arid areas of the northwest, waterproof drainage ditches shall be designed. • For a power plant located on a riverside, next to a riverbank, or next to a lakeside, the crown elevation of the flood protection embankment shall exceed the level of the hundred-year flood by 0.5 m. When operating an CSP plant in combination with a seawater desalination system, if the power plant is located next to the ocean, the stability of the designed foundation of the solar concentration field must be considered. In the event of foundation shaking or sinking, the entire concentration field would be damaged. • For a power plant located on a riverside, the crown elevation of the flood protection embankment shall be determined as the sum of the 50-year high-water or sea level, the wave run-up corresponding to 1% of the cumulative frequency of the 50-year return period, and the safety elevation of 0.5 m. • When constructing a power plant in an area where waterlogging is dominant, the crown elevation of the waterlogging harnessing embankment shall be determined as the sum of the maximum waterlogging level in history and the safety elevation of 0.5 m. If waterlogging harnessing facilities are present, it can be determined as the sum of the designed waterlogging level and the safety elevation of 0.5 m. An embankment shall be fully completed during the initial stage. As the concentration field has large land coverage, the economy of the embankment shall be considered; adding a protecting embankment for each foundation shall also be considered. • Flood control standards for the company’s self-owned power plant shall be consistent with those of the company. • During site selection, geological engineering data and regional geological site conditions must be determined. Where local geological conditions are appropriate, it is suggested that buildings and structures be built on natural foundations; considering the stability requirement, the foundation of the concentrator must be made of reinforced concrete.
7.1.8 Seismic Intensity at the Power Plant Site Seismic intensity shall be determined according to the Earthquake Intensity Zoning Map of China released by the China Earthquake Administration. Considering that the concentrators cannot be used after
422
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
an earthquake due to displacement and minor deformation, the CSP plant shall not be built on an active seismic zone.
7.1.9 Determination of Site Location The following requirements shall be satisfied [51]: • The power plant site shall be selected according to the range of annual cumulative solar DNI recommended in Table 7.1. • The power plant site shall not be located on dangerous rocks, landslide sections, karst development areas, mudslide sections, seismic fracture zones; not be located in sections with landslide, avalanche, and subsidence during earthquakes; and shall avoid quicksand, swamps, forests, salt lake basins, and other inappropriate areas. • The power plant site shall avoid cultural relics and scenic spots under special protection. It is suggested that it not be located in densely populated residential areas or on promising deposits; and shall avoid areas with military purposes and those that require the demolition of numerous buildings. The heliostat concentration field of a high solar tower shall avoid mutual interference with aircraft routes. • A power plant site selected in a mountainous area on a hillside or hilly land shall not ruin natural terrain. In addition, the site will require a large area of flat ground for installing collectors, mirrors, and the like. Such a plant requires sufficiently broad ground for the layout of all equipment and shall be very flat with few slopes; the allowable slope technical standard is 3% or less so that both the oblique sunlight loss and the ground leveling workload can be reduced. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is hoped that the sloped site faces south so that losses related to incident angle can be reduced. Low latitudes shall be selected to reduce incident angle losses as much as possible. It is recommended that the latitude does not exceed 42 degrees. • The power plant shall be located in an area with low wind speeds so as to reduce concentrator costs. • Efforts shall be made to avoid locating a power plant in an area with frequent hailstorms or sandstorms. Hailstorm impacts may damage mirrors, and sandstorm sands cover mirror surfaces, thus making sunlight concentration on the collection tubes more difficult. In such a case, the cleaning frequency of mirror surfaces will rise, and maintenance costs will increase accordingly. • During site selection, construction and installation fields shall be planned, including concentrators, thermal storage facilities, and concentration field lightning protection.
7.2 POWER LOAD AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
423
• In addition to power-generating equipment, the power plant shall be equipped with a large-span high-rise assembly workshop. Dimensions of the building shall be determined in accordance with the dimensions of the concentrator, whereas gate dimensions shall satisfy the traffic requirements of vehicles that transport concentrators. • During site selection, according to meteorological and topographic factors, the influences of wastewater, waste oil, and waste thermal storage materials discharged by the power plant into the ambient environment shall be in line with the relevant regulations of existing national environmental protection standards.
7.1.10 Location Selection of Power Plant Residential Area The following requirements shall be satisfied: • The location of the power plant residential area shall be determined in accordance with the facilitation of production and life while being in line with the relevant regulations of existing national hygienic standards. • The residential area is best located on the windward side of the plant in the area that experiences the minimum wind direction frequency throughout the year. • The residential area of the company’s self-owned power plant shall be planned in a unified manner with the residential area of the company. • When planning a residential area, it must avoid the influences of harmful substances discharged by surrounding industrial companies.
7.2 POWER LOAD AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES 7.2.1 Power Load Data The construction unit shall offer the design unit the short-term and long-term annual power load data for the construction area. • Power load data shall include the following: • Major power users’ existing and new production scales, main products and output, power consumption, power load constitution and properties, maximum power load and respective utilization hours, first-level power load proportion, and other details;
424
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
• The annual power load of industrial production and development in the area to be supplied with power; • The annual power load of agricultural production, irrigation, and water conservancy construction and development in the area to be supplied with power; • The annual power load of municipal life development in the area to be supplied with power. • Power load data shall specify load distribution. • Power load data shall be reviewed; users with large power loads shall be analyzed and verified.
7.2.2 Power Load Plan According to the power supply development scheme and power load data of the construction area, short-term and long-term power for the area shall be balanced; if necessary, power capacity shall be balanced as well.
7.2.3 Time Selection of Power Output Overall procedures for CSP generation shall be designed by following technical and economic principles. For a peak-regulation power plant, the layout of the concentration field shall satisfy the peak power load requirement, which might vary by season. For a basic-load power plant, the layout of the concentration field shall satisfy the requirement of achieving maximum mean annual efficiency. The range of steam turbine parameters for an CSP plant shall be determined according to the concentration ratio and type of heat transfer media, while the thermal storage capacity and working temperature shall be determined based on the requirements of the steam turbine. For a hybrid power plant with both fossil fuel and CSP generation, the ratio of fossil fuels to total energy shall be in line with national laws and regulations.
7 Site Selection, Power Load, and Power Generation Procedures 7.1 SITE SELECTION Compared with a photovoltaic system as a technical form of solar power generation, solar thermal power (also known as concentrating solar power, CSP) generation features steady power output, which is an important factor for the electricity grid. Furthermore, large-scale CSP plants have the potential to supply power for the basic-load power market. Thus CSP technology will occupy an important position in China’s future energy strategy. Site selection of CSP plants has a direct influence on generating costs, and therefore site selection is quite important. Siting of CSP plants shall consider various factors, including solar direct normal irradiation (DNI) resources, land and topography, local water resource conditions, and traffic and power grid coverage, for which solar DNI serves as the most basic and important reference for CSP plant site selection. The precision and reliability of data directly influences the generating costs of CSP generation. Earthquake probability, meteorology, topography, water sources, traffic and transportation, outgoing lines, the thermal supply pipeline, geology, hydrology, environmental protection, and comprehensive utilization are also site selection factors. Under the premise of considering solar irradiation as proposed in this section as the primary reference factor, areas in China currently appropriate for the construction of CSP plants have been screened.
7.1.1 Principles of Site Selection Sites for solar power plants shall be selected by integrating the national and local solar energy utilization scheme, land use plans, thermodynamic
Design of Solar Thermal Power Plants https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815613-1.00007-9
417
Copyright © 2019 Chemical Industry Press. Published by Elsevier, Inc. under an exclusive license with Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.
418
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
and power system plans, regional construction and planning, combined thermodynamic and power loads, and solar resource planning.
7.1.2 Macro Site Selection In terms of macro site selection, quicksand, swamps, forests, salt lake basins, and other inappropriate areas with a slope above 1% can be removed as possible sites by using a geographic information system while considering the distance between the power plant and power grid. A map of locations appropriate for CSP plant construction can then be obtained.
7.1.3 Ecological Protection In areas under land use control, both urban and rural, arrangement of the power plant’s concentration field shall consider plant growth and the migration paths of birds. Water used to clean heliostats shall be circulated or integrated with the spray or drip irrigation of ground-plant growth. Cleaning agents containing chemical detergents shall not be allowed.
7.1.4 Placing of Thermal Storage Tank The determination of high-temperature, high-pressure thermal-storage tank locations shall consider (1) the achievable minimum heat transfer distance and (2) their influence on plant area safety. Because thermal storage is a high-temperature process, long-distance thermal transmission features great thermal losses. Thus thermal storage tanks shall be located around the turbo-generator unit to the greatest extent possible.
7.1.5 Solar Resource and Site Selection The range of cumulative annual solar DNI during site selection is shown in Table 7.1.
TABLE 7.1 Annual Cumulative Solar Direct Normal Irradiance and Site Selection [49] Not Recommended
DNI < 1600 kWh/(m2$a)
Recommended
DNI ¼ 1600e2000 kWh/(m2$a)
Good
DNI > 2000 kWh/(m2$a)
7.1 SITE SELECTION
419
• During site selection, the concentration field shall be designed to avoid any light pollution toward the surrounding ground and atmosphere at any time. • During site selection, in order to determine the feedwater source as well as the water usage, consumption, and source for the design, the following requirements shall be satisfied. Unrecoverable water usage includes cooling tower evaporation loss, cooling tower waste discharge, domestic and firefighting water discharge, and mirror surface cleaning water. Cooling methods for CSP plants normally include two technical forms, namely water cooling and air cooling. According to data from the US Department of Energy (2007), when applying water-cooling techniques besides the disc-type Stirling power system [0.0757 m3/(MWh)], water usage for other technical forms is normally within 2.27e3.02 m3/(MWh), with water consumption by a tower power plant of about 2.27 m3/(MWh) and that of a parabolic trough power plant of about 3.02 m3/(MWh). When air cooling techniques are applied, water consumption by an CSP plant is greatly reduced and is about 0.299 m3/(MWh); meanwhile, this also results in increased investment cost and decreased generating capacity, with the former accounting for about 7%e9% and the latter accounting for about 5%. • The feedwater source must be reliable. When determining the feedwater capability of the source, local agricultural, industrial, and domestic water usage conditions as well as the influences of water conservancy planning and climate on water source variations must be determined. Potentially frozen water during winter in northwest areas shall be considered, and attention shall be paid to corrosion by the chemical components of water on absorber metals. • When using underground water sources, existing underground prospection data shall be fully utilized; when current data are insufficient, hydrogeological prospection shall be carried out while providing a hydrogeological prospection evaluation report in accordance with relevant regulatory requirements for hydrogeological prospection.
7.1.6 Selection of Land The following requirements shall be satisfied: • In terms of selecting land to construct CSP generation projects, under the premise of being in line with the overall land utilization plan, priority shall be given to the usage of barren mountains, wastelands, deserts, and other land that is difficult to utilize and is inappropriate
420
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
for agricultural, ecological, and industrial development; efforts shall be made to not occupy farmland, or if that is not possible, to occupy less farmland. CSP generation companies are encouraged to utilize roofs or land with underlying mineral reserves to construct photovoltaic power generation projects. The relationship between CSP generation project construction and the natural environment, ecological protection, military facilities, mineral resource exploitation, and land for the construction of other industrial projects shall be coordinated on a reasonable basis. Instead of occupying fertile farmland, the project shall save land or occupy less fertile farmland as well as striving to utilize wasteland and scabland. In terms of the tower power plant, mountain slopes also can be utilized. High mountains or slopes to the south and north of a solar tower, when present, may facilitate a reduction in system costs. • The land-use range of the power plant shall be determined according to planned capacity while offering a map of phased land expropriation or leasing based on the requests of housing and construction. Land for constructing CSP generation projects includes land for the solar collector field, the power generation production area, the domestic area, and permanent roads. • The nature of land use for CSP generation, because CSP plants typically have large land coverage, is an important element in government approval. Currently, the nature of land use for CSP generation has not been specified in any government files, especially the nature of and calculation methods for land coverage of the collector field. Referring to land use calculation principles used photovoltaic power generation projects, some local regulations have proposed that “as for the photovoltaic power generation project being supplied with land in the form of allocation, land between its solar panel arrays shall maintain the original type without any change, and shall not be transformed into construction land” [50].
7.1.7 Determination of Site Elevation The following requirements shall be satisfied: • The site elevation shall exceed the level of the hundred-year flood. If lower than this, the plant area shall be equipped with reliable floodcontrol facilities and be fully completed during the initial stages of construction. When implementing flood-control measures in the concentration field, attention shall be paid to ground surface protection. Because the concentration field area is large and the ground ecology in northwest areas is fragile, recovery costs that result from significant ground surface damage are also large.
7.1 SITE SELECTION
421
• The outdoor floor elevation design around the main powerhouse shall exceed the level of the hundred-year flood by 0.5 m, and the concentration field area shall be large. The concentration field floor elevation for a power plant built in South China shall satisfy the foregoing requirements, whereas for a power plant built in the arid areas of the northwest, waterproof drainage ditches shall be designed. • For a power plant located on a riverside, next to a riverbank, or next to a lakeside, the crown elevation of the flood protection embankment shall exceed the level of the hundred-year flood by 0.5 m. When operating an CSP plant in combination with a seawater desalination system, if the power plant is located next to the ocean, the stability of the designed foundation of the solar concentration field must be considered. In the event of foundation shaking or sinking, the entire concentration field would be damaged. • For a power plant located on a riverside, the crown elevation of the flood protection embankment shall be determined as the sum of the 50-year high-water or sea level, the wave run-up corresponding to 1% of the cumulative frequency of the 50-year return period, and the safety elevation of 0.5 m. • When constructing a power plant in an area where waterlogging is dominant, the crown elevation of the waterlogging harnessing embankment shall be determined as the sum of the maximum waterlogging level in history and the safety elevation of 0.5 m. If waterlogging harnessing facilities are present, it can be determined as the sum of the designed waterlogging level and the safety elevation of 0.5 m. An embankment shall be fully completed during the initial stage. As the concentration field has large land coverage, the economy of the embankment shall be considered; adding a protecting embankment for each foundation shall also be considered. • Flood control standards for the company’s self-owned power plant shall be consistent with those of the company. • During site selection, geological engineering data and regional geological site conditions must be determined. Where local geological conditions are appropriate, it is suggested that buildings and structures be built on natural foundations; considering the stability requirement, the foundation of the concentrator must be made of reinforced concrete.
7.1.8 Seismic Intensity at the Power Plant Site Seismic intensity shall be determined according to the Earthquake Intensity Zoning Map of China released by the China Earthquake Administration. Considering that the concentrators cannot be used after
422
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
an earthquake due to displacement and minor deformation, the CSP plant shall not be built on an active seismic zone.
7.1.9 Determination of Site Location The following requirements shall be satisfied [51]: • The power plant site shall be selected according to the range of annual cumulative solar DNI recommended in Table 7.1. • The power plant site shall not be located on dangerous rocks, landslide sections, karst development areas, mudslide sections, seismic fracture zones; not be located in sections with landslide, avalanche, and subsidence during earthquakes; and shall avoid quicksand, swamps, forests, salt lake basins, and other inappropriate areas. • The power plant site shall avoid cultural relics and scenic spots under special protection. It is suggested that it not be located in densely populated residential areas or on promising deposits; and shall avoid areas with military purposes and those that require the demolition of numerous buildings. The heliostat concentration field of a high solar tower shall avoid mutual interference with aircraft routes. • A power plant site selected in a mountainous area on a hillside or hilly land shall not ruin natural terrain. In addition, the site will require a large area of flat ground for installing collectors, mirrors, and the like. Such a plant requires sufficiently broad ground for the layout of all equipment and shall be very flat with few slopes; the allowable slope technical standard is 3% or less so that both the oblique sunlight loss and the ground leveling workload can be reduced. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is hoped that the sloped site faces south so that losses related to incident angle can be reduced. Low latitudes shall be selected to reduce incident angle losses as much as possible. It is recommended that the latitude does not exceed 42 degrees. • The power plant shall be located in an area with low wind speeds so as to reduce concentrator costs. • Efforts shall be made to avoid locating a power plant in an area with frequent hailstorms or sandstorms. Hailstorm impacts may damage mirrors, and sandstorm sands cover mirror surfaces, thus making sunlight concentration on the collection tubes more difficult. In such a case, the cleaning frequency of mirror surfaces will rise, and maintenance costs will increase accordingly. • During site selection, construction and installation fields shall be planned, including concentrators, thermal storage facilities, and concentration field lightning protection.
7.2 POWER LOAD AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
423
• In addition to power-generating equipment, the power plant shall be equipped with a large-span high-rise assembly workshop. Dimensions of the building shall be determined in accordance with the dimensions of the concentrator, whereas gate dimensions shall satisfy the traffic requirements of vehicles that transport concentrators. • During site selection, according to meteorological and topographic factors, the influences of wastewater, waste oil, and waste thermal storage materials discharged by the power plant into the ambient environment shall be in line with the relevant regulations of existing national environmental protection standards.
7.1.10 Location Selection of Power Plant Residential Area The following requirements shall be satisfied: • The location of the power plant residential area shall be determined in accordance with the facilitation of production and life while being in line with the relevant regulations of existing national hygienic standards. • The residential area is best located on the windward side of the plant in the area that experiences the minimum wind direction frequency throughout the year. • The residential area of the company’s self-owned power plant shall be planned in a unified manner with the residential area of the company. • When planning a residential area, it must avoid the influences of harmful substances discharged by surrounding industrial companies.
7.2 POWER LOAD AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES 7.2.1 Power Load Data The construction unit shall offer the design unit the short-term and long-term annual power load data for the construction area. • Power load data shall include the following: • Major power users’ existing and new production scales, main products and output, power consumption, power load constitution and properties, maximum power load and respective utilization hours, first-level power load proportion, and other details;
424
7. SITE SELECTION, POWER LOAD, AND POWER GENERATION PROCEDURES
• The annual power load of industrial production and development in the area to be supplied with power; • The annual power load of agricultural production, irrigation, and water conservancy construction and development in the area to be supplied with power; • The annual power load of municipal life development in the area to be supplied with power. • Power load data shall specify load distribution. • Power load data shall be reviewed; users with large power loads shall be analyzed and verified.
7.2.2 Power Load Plan According to the power supply development scheme and power load data of the construction area, short-term and long-term power for the area shall be balanced; if necessary, power capacity shall be balanced as well.
7.2.3 Time Selection of Power Output Overall procedures for CSP generation shall be designed by following technical and economic principles. For a peak-regulation power plant, the layout of the concentration field shall satisfy the peak power load requirement, which might vary by season. For a basic-load power plant, the layout of the concentration field shall satisfy the requirement of achieving maximum mean annual efficiency. The range of steam turbine parameters for an CSP plant shall be determined according to the concentration ratio and type of heat transfer media, while the thermal storage capacity and working temperature shall be determined based on the requirements of the steam turbine. For a hybrid power plant with both fossil fuel and CSP generation, the ratio of fossil fuels to total energy shall be in line with national laws and regulations.