- Email: [email protected]
Stand Alone Water Wheel Low Speed Surface Aerator Chaipattana RX-2-3, Controller System
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2017) 000–000 751–755 EnergyProcedia Procedia138 00 (2017)
2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries andwww.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Emerging Economies 2017 AEDCEE, 25 26 May 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies 2017 AEDCEE, 26 May 2017, Bangkok, Thailand Stand Alone Water Wheel Low25Speed Surface Aerator Chaipattana RX-2-3,
Controller SystemAerator Chaipattana RX-2-3, Stand Alone The Water Low Speed Surface 15thWheel International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling System Snidvongs Suravut*1, 2 JongjitController Hirunlabh1, Joseph Khedari2, and Kunagone Kiddee1
Assessing the feasibility using the heat Faculty of Engineering,of Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand.demand-outdoor temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Faculty of Engineering, Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand. 1
1, 2 1 2 Snidvongs Suravut* , Joseph Khedari , and Kunagone Kiddee1 Faculty ofJongjit TechnologyHirunlabh and Innovation, Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand. 2
1
Abstract
2
Faculty of Technology and Innovation, Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand.
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Watera wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 was the 9th patented aerator in the world. The patent was granted to the late king of Abstract nd IN+King Center for Innovation, Technology andNo. Policy Técnico, Rovisco 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal , 1993,Superior Water wheel low Av. speed surfacePais aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2. Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, with Patent 3127Research February- 2Instituto b & Innovation, Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, Limay, France This model powered by inductionVeolia motor Recherche 2 HP (1.5 kW) 380 VAC 291 50 Hz 1,450 RPM with warm 78520 gear and sprockets. Water wheel low speed surface th Water wheel lowcDépartement speed surfaceSystèmes aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 was the- 9IMT patented aerator in the world. The patent was granted to the late king of Énergétiques et Environnement Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, Nantes, .kWh-1. However in aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 widely used in Kingdom of Thailand with standard aeration efficiencies (SAE) 44300 of 0.7-1.2 kgO2France Thailand, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, with Patent No. 3127 February 2nd, 1993, Water wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2. many instances it had no access to conventional power. Rural people could not afford for electical bills. Solar powered aeration would meet these This model powered by induction motor 2 HP (1.5 kW) 380 VAC 50 Hz 1,450 RPM with warm gear and sprockets. Water wheel low speed surface requirements, without a battery powered storage, lower power consumption, longer operation time, low cost, easy to operate, lighter, and easy to aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 widely used in Kingdom of Thailand with standard aeration efficiencies (SAE) of 0.7-1.2 kgO2.kWh-1. However in transportation. The aim of this project was to develop a system that has lower power consumption, 0.25 HP (200 W) operate with solar power without many instances it had no access to conventional power. Rural people could not afford for electical bills. Solar powered aeration would meet these battery. It could operate at least 8 hours. Water wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-3 was developed. This model is capable of Abstract requirements, without a battery powered storage, lower power consumption, longer operation time, low cost, easy to operate, lighter, and easy to transferring oxygen at SAE up to 1.5-2.1 kgO2.kWh-1. This new design was developed a solar controller that match motor with solar cell for optimum transportation. The aim of this project was to develop a system that has lower power consumption, 0.25 HP (200 W) operate with solar power without performance. battery. It could operate at least 8are hours. Water wheel low speedinsurface aerator Chaipattana RX-2-3effective was developed. This for model is capable of District heating networks commonly addressed the literature as one ofModel the most solutions decreasing the -1 transferring oxygen at SAE up to 1.5-2.1 kgO 2.kWh . This new design was developed a solar controller that match motor with solar cell for optimum gas emissions the building ©greenhouse 2017 The Authors. Publishedfrom by Elsevier Ltd. sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat performance. sales. Dueunder to the changed of climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, Peer-review responsibility the Organizing Committee of 2017 AEDCEE. ©prolonging 2017 The Authors. Publishedreturn by Elsevier Ltd. the investment period. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility ofisWater the committee of the 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Keywords: Water Wheel Solar Wheel the Low Speed Surface Aerator .the heat demand The main scope of Aerator, this paper to scientific assess feasibility of 2017 using – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of AEDCEE. D eveloping Countries and Emerging Economies.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.Introduction The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Normally water wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 used 3 phase, 380V, 50Hz, 2HP (1,500W) 1.Introduction scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). induction motor. To operate induction motor with solar cell is very hard as solar cell produce direct current voltage while The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the induction motor usedwheel alternatingspeed current. Standard solarChaipattana cell voltage Model was 12,RX-2-2 24, 36, 48 Volts, direct 380V, current.50Hz, To get2HP 100,(1,500W) 220, 380 Normally water surface aerator used 3 phase, decrease in the number oflow heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Volts, direct current, we must induction connect themotor solar with cell insolar series. We must use inverter to convert direct direct currentcurrent to altenating current. induction motor. To operate cell is very hard as solar cell produce voltage renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending while on the Standard solar cell hasalternating power 60, 100, 200, 250, 300 W. Tovoltage get 1,500 W connect solar cell inTo parallel. To220, operate induction used Standard cell wasthe 12,we 24,must 36, 48 Volts,the direct getconsidered, 100, 380 coupled motor scenarios). The valuescurrent. suggested could solar be used to modify function parameters for current. the scenarios and solar cell withcurrent, 1,500W induction motorthe 220V, 50Hz, 3 series. phasesWe we must use connect solartocell inserie and current parallel.toThis is verycurrent. hard to Volts, direct we must connect solar cell in inverter convert direct altenating improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. match andsolar findcell the has solar cell size with200, induction motor. Until it still notmust economy to the run solar watercell wheel low speed surface Standard power 60, 100, 250, 300 W. To getnow 1,500 W we connect in parallel. To operate aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 with 220V, solar cell. solar cell with 1,500W induction motor 50Hz, 3 phases we must connect solar cell inserie and parallel. This is very hard to © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. In this wheel speed surfacemotor. aeratorUntil Chaipattana Model used phase, 10,000surface RPM match andresearch, find the Water solar cell sizelow with induction now it still notRX-2-3 economy to 1run water100V, wheel150W, low speed Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Thesolar 15thcell International Symposium on District Heating andsingle universal motor with higher reduction gear ratio. Instead to connect in serie and parallel on this research we used aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 with solar cell. Cooling. solar mono crystalline, 300 W, Voltssurface connected withChaipattana DC-to-DC converter 150 W, 1001VDC, A. 150W, 10,000 RPM In cell, this research, Water wheel low36speed aerator Model RX-2-3 used phase,1.5 100V, On realmotor operation, we found that thegear solar cell Instead voltage to notconnect at 36 VDC itcell could go upand to parallel 42 Volts. Itthis damaged thewe power universal with higher reduction ratio. solar in serie on research usedsupply single Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change of the controller system and also supplies voltage of DC-to-DC converters. solar cell, mono crystalline, 300 W, 36 Volts connected with DC-to-DC converter 150 W, 100 VDC, 1.5 A. On real operation, we found that the solar cell voltage not at 36 VDC it could go up to 42 Volts. It damaged the power supply 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. by Elsevier Ltd. of DC-to-DC converters. of the controller system andPublished also supplies voltage Keywords: Water Solar Water Wheel Low Speed Surface Aerator Three . buildings thatWheel varyAerator, in both construction period and typology.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2017 AEDCEE.
1876-6102 © 2017 TheThe Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2017 Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of theof Organizing Committee of 2017ofAEDCEE. Peer-review under responsibility the Scientific Committee The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.214
Snidvongs Suravut et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 751–755
752 2
Suravut Snidvongs/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
In this research, new supply voltage and control voltage of the controller system was redesigned. It could operate on input voltage 100 VDC and supply regulated voltage 9 VDC 1 A. The supply voltage, and control voltage of the power DC-to-DC converters by conventional linear methods has frequently be based on linearization and state-space averaging model regarding an operating point to achieve a small-signal transfer function which is around usable over a limit operating state[1]. In the instance of boost configuration, the transfer function usually consist at least one zero in the right half-plane (RHP)[1]. Which the design for complicates controller. When the transfer function of system rapidly varies through circuit operating situation, large-signal response cannot be certain construction the control system design still less convenient. On the other hand, while a switched-method of DC-to-DC converter is able to a variable configuration a sliding-mode control system approach for variable- systems can be utilized which provided the DC-to-DC converter system exceeds large-signal immovability and strength to consideration variation. In the paper, developed power DC-to-DC converter utilized through strategy of sliding-mode control, pulse width modulation (PWM) is utilized to hysteresis control of variable-frequency current, so gives excellent dynamic performance in excess of a wide input voltage range of 15 V to 55 V while transfer an output of approximately 100 V, 1.6 A. It also seen the of-harmonic instability to occurs at duty ratios greater than 70%[2] in traditional power DC-to-DC converters retain usual PWM fixed-frequency currentcontrol, which desire the further complexity of slope damages to resolution. 2.Methodology Bidirectional boost half bridge converter model and Sliding Mode controller. Figure (1) show the half-bridge converter topology is improved. The output voltage is controlled variable Vo and Vo* as the control reference voltage. VSO and Vst are DC voltage sources and R as series resistance with the source Vst. Since, in the condition of a simplified load model, R represents the internal series resistance and Vst as the internal voltage source which is dependent on SOC. This model and the following investigation possibly will also be applied to a uni-directional converter with determine Vst to zero. Figure (1) Shows Defining u and ū as the gate-drive logic position, the equations (1), and (2) describing this structure are as follows: _ (1) LdiL = vso u – vou = u(vso + vo) - vo dt _ (2) C dvo = iLu – vo – vst = iL(1 – u) – vo - vso Dt R R
Figure 1. Bidirectional DC/DC half bridge buck/boost converter with sliding logic. The output voltage control, a sliding defined logic in conditions of the variable controlled, Vo, and derived, dVo/dt are used in is not practicable, while this imitative is discontinuous. as a substitute, a sliding surface, σ, is defined in terms error of output voltage and current can be written as equation (3):
[5]
∆ voesr = ∆ lC rC = l Lmax rC
(3)
3. Results and Discussion To consider the systemic bidirectional DC/DC converter operation, a model was improved initially appropriate switching on a low frequency of approximately 10 kHz. The operation of converter is optimized by dropping the hysteresis to increase the
Snidvongs Suravut et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 751–755
Suravut Snidvongs/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3
753
frequency switching and reduce the ripple current. The voltage source Vst in Figure (1) is a lithium ion battery by open-circuit of 20Vdc and the resistor R is set to 30 Ω for the principle of this proposed. Matlab/Simulink is utilized to model for the same converter [5] using components from the power Toolbox; in that case, the dynamic equations are utillize to form an average model of the converter. The results are shown in Figure (2), and both the bursting order measured results and switching simulation can be seen to confirm the averaged model, the predicted response of time constant is 6.2 x 10-4 s which is in excellent agreement by the time constant of the measured response as shown in Figure (2(c)). An improvement to the average model possibly will be to model the swing rate of the current of inductor current,
(a)
(b)
Fig 2. a) Experimental setup b) Chaipattana Aerator Model RX-2-3 (c) Simulated switching response.
(c)
(d) (e) Figure 3 d) Filter cut off frequency. e) Input voltage Vg = 5 Vdc (Yellow trace = Output Voltage 2 V / division. Cyan trace = Inductor current 2 A / division).
4 754
Suravut Snidvongs/ Procedia (2017)Procedia 000–000 138 (2017) 751–755 SnidvongsEnergy Suravut et al. /00 Energy
Subsequently the cut off frequency filter is returned to the optimal value and bidirectional DC/DC the converter is experimentation in various input voltage rates. At input voltage, 36V, the shape of the response can be seen to be reliable by the response at the nominal input voltage, 36V. At 3 V the delay input voltage in the tracking of current error due to the swing rate of the inductor starts to turn into significant and refer to the operation at this voltage rate the inductance should be decreased. Final the converter response to change from step load 0.8Ω to 10Ω represents that from state of operation to the other effectively. Subsequently the connection of power DC/DC boost converter in the total harmonic distortion on the current and output voltage is less than bidirectional DC/DC converter. Table (1) shows the current in each case expending the phase voltage and phase current. Comparison between input and output voltage of converter, torque, speed and efficiency under load condition are shown in Table (1).
a)
No Load
b) Full Load
Figure 4 a) Comparison between input and output voltage of converter With comparing the Power and efficiency in single unit and the speed improve and the efficiency as well. The current reduced to be less than 4.5% for the current and the voltage. The power capability of the DC/DC boost converter system will be greater through connecting the converter in bidirectional. Table 1: Comparison between input and output voltage of converter, torque, speed and efficiency under load condition with battery.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Battery Converter V Vin Vout Vin Vout Vin Vout V V V V V V 24 23.83 30.21 27.02 24 23.83 40.14 36.82 24 23.23 50.00 46.68 24 23.02 60.30 56.83 24 22.84 70.62 66.48 24 22.77 80.19 76.07
Full Load Converter Iin Iout A A 0.850 0.590 1.183 0.608 1.583 0.613 1.934 0.613 2.222 0.603 2.650 0.595
Speed r/min 232 398 545 685 811 947
Torque Nm 0.175 0.198 0.214 0.226 0.235 0.245
Pin W 20.25 28.19 36.77 44.52 52.75 60.34
Converter Pout W 17.82 24.40 30.65 36.96 42.62 47.71
n % 88.00 86.55 83.35 83.01 80.79 79.06
4. Conclusion A bidirectional DC/DC converter is utilized through current-control with sliding mode voltage strategy and limiting of input and output current are improved. A straightforward and cost effective hardware realization using typical logic gates is represented. A procedure for off frequency current filter selection has been obtain that provide the implementation of hardware result to closely around to the theoretical in condition of a reduced arrange response previously the system refer to sliding mode. The system reaction is shown comparatively robust and has a comparable form over a wide input voltage range circumstances. The system composes of energy storage systems, power supply systems, Water wheel low speed surface aerator with energy storage systems, Management system of battery charge and discharge and control circuits include variable voltage source is interfaced to an additional. In the supercapacitor (SC) module which the voltage of SC can be maintain higher or lower than the necessary output voltage, this converter configuration can be utilize to effectively charge and discharge of the SC and used to the filled energy stored due to its wide input voltage range acceptance.
Snidvongs Suravut et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 751–755
Suravut Snidvongs/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
5
755
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Bureau of the Royal Household, Chaipattana Foundation, Royal Irrigation Department, and Bangkokthonburi University. We thank our colleagues from the Faculty of Engineering, Bangkok Thonburi University, and Faculty of Technology and Innovation, Bangkok Thonburi University who provided warm encoragement to conduct this research. Special thanks to Mr. Panomkorn Thaisantisuk, Mechanical engineer specialist, Royal Irrigation Department for technical assistance and useful comments. We would also like to show our gratitude to Mr. Phol Polsen for his continous support during the course of this research. References [1] Ci-Ming Hong; Lung-Sheng Yang; TsorngJuu Liang; Jiann-Fuh Chen; , "Novel bidirectional DC-DC converter with high step-up/down voltage gain," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009. ECCE 2009. IEEE , vol., no., pp.60- 66, 20-24 Sept. 2009. [2] Lung-Sheng Yang; Tsorng-Juu Liang; , "Analysis and Implementation of a Novel Bidirectional DC–DC Converter," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.59, no.1, pp.422-434, Jan. 2012. [3] Kuiyuan Wu; de Silva, C.W.; Dunford, W.G.; , "Stability Analysis of Isolated Bidirectional Dual Active Full-Bridge DC– DC Converter With Triple PhaseShift Control," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.27, no.4, pp.2007- 2017, April 2012 [4] Tsai, J.-F. and Chen, Y.P., Sliding mode control and stability analysis of buck DC-DC converter. International Journal of Electronics, 2007. 94(3): pp. 209 222. [5] Kurokawa, F.; Ishibashi, T.; Komichi, Y.; Babasaki, T.; "A new high performance auto-tuning digital control circuit for buckboost converter," Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE & ECCE), 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on , vol., no., pp.2023-2028, May 30 2011-June 3 2011. [6] Yi-Ping Hsieh, Lung-Sheng Yang, TsorngJuu Liang, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, “A Novel High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for a Microgrid System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp.1127-1136, April 2011. [7] Alvarez-Ramirez, J., Cervantes, I., Espinosa-Perez, G., Maya, P. and Morales, A., A stable design of PI control for DC-DC converters with an RHS zero. Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on, 2001. 48(1): pp. 103-106. [8] Liao, W.C.; Liang, T.J.; Liang, H.H.; Liao, H.K.; Yang, L.S.; Juang, K.C.; Chen, J.F.; , "Study and implementation of a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter with high conversion ratio," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2011 IEEE , vol., no., pp.134-140, 17-22 Sept. 2011. [9] Fainan A. Magueed, and Jan Svensson, “Control of VSC connected to the grid through LCL filter to achieve balanced currents,” in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting 2005, vol. 2, pp. 572-578 [10]Yi-Ping Hsieh, Lung-Sheng Yang, TsorngJuu Liang, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, “A Novel High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for a Microgrid System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp.1127-1136, April 2011.
ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2017) 000–000 751–755 EnergyProcedia Procedia138 00 (2017)
2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries andwww.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Emerging Economies 2017 AEDCEE, 25 26 May 2017, Bangkok, Thailand 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies 2017 AEDCEE, 26 May 2017, Bangkok, Thailand Stand Alone Water Wheel Low25Speed Surface Aerator Chaipattana RX-2-3,
Controller SystemAerator Chaipattana RX-2-3, Stand Alone The Water Low Speed Surface 15thWheel International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling System Snidvongs Suravut*1, 2 JongjitController Hirunlabh1, Joseph Khedari2, and Kunagone Kiddee1
Assessing the feasibility using the heat Faculty of Engineering,of Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand.demand-outdoor temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Faculty of Engineering, Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand. 1
1, 2 1 2 Snidvongs Suravut* , Joseph Khedari , and Kunagone Kiddee1 Faculty ofJongjit TechnologyHirunlabh and Innovation, Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand. 2
1
Abstract
2
Faculty of Technology and Innovation, Bangkok Thonburi University, Thailand.
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Watera wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 was the 9th patented aerator in the world. The patent was granted to the late king of Abstract nd IN+King Center for Innovation, Technology andNo. Policy Técnico, Rovisco 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal , 1993,Superior Water wheel low Av. speed surfacePais aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2. Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, with Patent 3127Research February- 2Instituto b & Innovation, Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, Limay, France This model powered by inductionVeolia motor Recherche 2 HP (1.5 kW) 380 VAC 291 50 Hz 1,450 RPM with warm 78520 gear and sprockets. Water wheel low speed surface th Water wheel lowcDépartement speed surfaceSystèmes aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 was the- 9IMT patented aerator in the world. The patent was granted to the late king of Énergétiques et Environnement Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, Nantes, .kWh-1. However in aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 widely used in Kingdom of Thailand with standard aeration efficiencies (SAE) 44300 of 0.7-1.2 kgO2France Thailand, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, with Patent No. 3127 February 2nd, 1993, Water wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2. many instances it had no access to conventional power. Rural people could not afford for electical bills. Solar powered aeration would meet these This model powered by induction motor 2 HP (1.5 kW) 380 VAC 50 Hz 1,450 RPM with warm gear and sprockets. Water wheel low speed surface requirements, without a battery powered storage, lower power consumption, longer operation time, low cost, easy to operate, lighter, and easy to aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 widely used in Kingdom of Thailand with standard aeration efficiencies (SAE) of 0.7-1.2 kgO2.kWh-1. However in transportation. The aim of this project was to develop a system that has lower power consumption, 0.25 HP (200 W) operate with solar power without many instances it had no access to conventional power. Rural people could not afford for electical bills. Solar powered aeration would meet these battery. It could operate at least 8 hours. Water wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-3 was developed. This model is capable of Abstract requirements, without a battery powered storage, lower power consumption, longer operation time, low cost, easy to operate, lighter, and easy to transferring oxygen at SAE up to 1.5-2.1 kgO2.kWh-1. This new design was developed a solar controller that match motor with solar cell for optimum transportation. The aim of this project was to develop a system that has lower power consumption, 0.25 HP (200 W) operate with solar power without performance. battery. It could operate at least 8are hours. Water wheel low speedinsurface aerator Chaipattana RX-2-3effective was developed. This for model is capable of District heating networks commonly addressed the literature as one ofModel the most solutions decreasing the -1 transferring oxygen at SAE up to 1.5-2.1 kgO 2.kWh . This new design was developed a solar controller that match motor with solar cell for optimum gas emissions the building ©greenhouse 2017 The Authors. Publishedfrom by Elsevier Ltd. sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat performance. sales. Dueunder to the changed of climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, Peer-review responsibility the Organizing Committee of 2017 AEDCEE. ©prolonging 2017 The Authors. Publishedreturn by Elsevier Ltd. the investment period. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility ofisWater the committee of the 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Keywords: Water Wheel Solar Wheel the Low Speed Surface Aerator .the heat demand The main scope of Aerator, this paper to scientific assess feasibility of 2017 using – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of AEDCEE. D eveloping Countries and Emerging Economies.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.Introduction The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Normally water wheel low speed surface aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 used 3 phase, 380V, 50Hz, 2HP (1,500W) 1.Introduction scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). induction motor. To operate induction motor with solar cell is very hard as solar cell produce direct current voltage while The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the induction motor usedwheel alternatingspeed current. Standard solarChaipattana cell voltage Model was 12,RX-2-2 24, 36, 48 Volts, direct 380V, current.50Hz, To get2HP 100,(1,500W) 220, 380 Normally water surface aerator used 3 phase, decrease in the number oflow heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Volts, direct current, we must induction connect themotor solar with cell insolar series. We must use inverter to convert direct direct currentcurrent to altenating current. induction motor. To operate cell is very hard as solar cell produce voltage renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending while on the Standard solar cell hasalternating power 60, 100, 200, 250, 300 W. Tovoltage get 1,500 W connect solar cell inTo parallel. To220, operate induction used Standard cell wasthe 12,we 24,must 36, 48 Volts,the direct getconsidered, 100, 380 coupled motor scenarios). The valuescurrent. suggested could solar be used to modify function parameters for current. the scenarios and solar cell withcurrent, 1,500W induction motorthe 220V, 50Hz, 3 series. phasesWe we must use connect solartocell inserie and current parallel.toThis is verycurrent. hard to Volts, direct we must connect solar cell in inverter convert direct altenating improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. match andsolar findcell the has solar cell size with200, induction motor. Until it still notmust economy to the run solar watercell wheel low speed surface Standard power 60, 100, 250, 300 W. To getnow 1,500 W we connect in parallel. To operate aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 with 220V, solar cell. solar cell with 1,500W induction motor 50Hz, 3 phases we must connect solar cell inserie and parallel. This is very hard to © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. In this wheel speed surfacemotor. aeratorUntil Chaipattana Model used phase, 10,000surface RPM match andresearch, find the Water solar cell sizelow with induction now it still notRX-2-3 economy to 1run water100V, wheel150W, low speed Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Thesolar 15thcell International Symposium on District Heating andsingle universal motor with higher reduction gear ratio. Instead to connect in serie and parallel on this research we used aerator Chaipattana Model RX-2-2 with solar cell. Cooling. solar mono crystalline, 300 W, Voltssurface connected withChaipattana DC-to-DC converter 150 W, 1001VDC, A. 150W, 10,000 RPM In cell, this research, Water wheel low36speed aerator Model RX-2-3 used phase,1.5 100V, On realmotor operation, we found that thegear solar cell Instead voltage to notconnect at 36 VDC itcell could go upand to parallel 42 Volts. Itthis damaged thewe power universal with higher reduction ratio. solar in serie on research usedsupply single Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change of the controller system and also supplies voltage of DC-to-DC converters. solar cell, mono crystalline, 300 W, 36 Volts connected with DC-to-DC converter 150 W, 100 VDC, 1.5 A. On real operation, we found that the solar cell voltage not at 36 VDC it could go up to 42 Volts. It damaged the power supply 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. by Elsevier Ltd. of DC-to-DC converters. of the controller system andPublished also supplies voltage Keywords: Water Solar Water Wheel Low Speed Surface Aerator Three . buildings thatWheel varyAerator, in both construction period and typology.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2017 AEDCEE.
1876-6102 © 2017 TheThe Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2017 Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of theof Organizing Committee of 2017ofAEDCEE. Peer-review under responsibility the Scientific Committee The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.214
Snidvongs Suravut et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 751–755
752 2
Suravut Snidvongs/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
In this research, new supply voltage and control voltage of the controller system was redesigned. It could operate on input voltage 100 VDC and supply regulated voltage 9 VDC 1 A. The supply voltage, and control voltage of the power DC-to-DC converters by conventional linear methods has frequently be based on linearization and state-space averaging model regarding an operating point to achieve a small-signal transfer function which is around usable over a limit operating state[1]. In the instance of boost configuration, the transfer function usually consist at least one zero in the right half-plane (RHP)[1]. Which the design for complicates controller. When the transfer function of system rapidly varies through circuit operating situation, large-signal response cannot be certain construction the control system design still less convenient. On the other hand, while a switched-method of DC-to-DC converter is able to a variable configuration a sliding-mode control system approach for variable- systems can be utilized which provided the DC-to-DC converter system exceeds large-signal immovability and strength to consideration variation. In the paper, developed power DC-to-DC converter utilized through strategy of sliding-mode control, pulse width modulation (PWM) is utilized to hysteresis control of variable-frequency current, so gives excellent dynamic performance in excess of a wide input voltage range of 15 V to 55 V while transfer an output of approximately 100 V, 1.6 A. It also seen the of-harmonic instability to occurs at duty ratios greater than 70%[2] in traditional power DC-to-DC converters retain usual PWM fixed-frequency currentcontrol, which desire the further complexity of slope damages to resolution. 2.Methodology Bidirectional boost half bridge converter model and Sliding Mode controller. Figure (1) show the half-bridge converter topology is improved. The output voltage is controlled variable Vo and Vo* as the control reference voltage. VSO and Vst are DC voltage sources and R as series resistance with the source Vst. Since, in the condition of a simplified load model, R represents the internal series resistance and Vst as the internal voltage source which is dependent on SOC. This model and the following investigation possibly will also be applied to a uni-directional converter with determine Vst to zero. Figure (1) Shows Defining u and ū as the gate-drive logic position, the equations (1), and (2) describing this structure are as follows: _ (1) LdiL = vso u – vou = u(vso + vo) - vo dt _ (2) C dvo = iLu – vo – vst = iL(1 – u) – vo - vso Dt R R
Figure 1. Bidirectional DC/DC half bridge buck/boost converter with sliding logic. The output voltage control, a sliding defined logic in conditions of the variable controlled, Vo, and derived, dVo/dt are used in is not practicable, while this imitative is discontinuous. as a substitute, a sliding surface, σ, is defined in terms error of output voltage and current can be written as equation (3):
[5]
∆ voesr = ∆ lC rC = l Lmax rC
(3)
3. Results and Discussion To consider the systemic bidirectional DC/DC converter operation, a model was improved initially appropriate switching on a low frequency of approximately 10 kHz. The operation of converter is optimized by dropping the hysteresis to increase the
Snidvongs Suravut et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 751–755
Suravut Snidvongs/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3
753
frequency switching and reduce the ripple current. The voltage source Vst in Figure (1) is a lithium ion battery by open-circuit of 20Vdc and the resistor R is set to 30 Ω for the principle of this proposed. Matlab/Simulink is utilized to model for the same converter [5] using components from the power Toolbox; in that case, the dynamic equations are utillize to form an average model of the converter. The results are shown in Figure (2), and both the bursting order measured results and switching simulation can be seen to confirm the averaged model, the predicted response of time constant is 6.2 x 10-4 s which is in excellent agreement by the time constant of the measured response as shown in Figure (2(c)). An improvement to the average model possibly will be to model the swing rate of the current of inductor current,
(a)
(b)
Fig 2. a) Experimental setup b) Chaipattana Aerator Model RX-2-3 (c) Simulated switching response.
(c)
(d) (e) Figure 3 d) Filter cut off frequency. e) Input voltage Vg = 5 Vdc (Yellow trace = Output Voltage 2 V / division. Cyan trace = Inductor current 2 A / division).
4 754
Suravut Snidvongs/ Procedia (2017)Procedia 000–000 138 (2017) 751–755 SnidvongsEnergy Suravut et al. /00 Energy
Subsequently the cut off frequency filter is returned to the optimal value and bidirectional DC/DC the converter is experimentation in various input voltage rates. At input voltage, 36V, the shape of the response can be seen to be reliable by the response at the nominal input voltage, 36V. At 3 V the delay input voltage in the tracking of current error due to the swing rate of the inductor starts to turn into significant and refer to the operation at this voltage rate the inductance should be decreased. Final the converter response to change from step load 0.8Ω to 10Ω represents that from state of operation to the other effectively. Subsequently the connection of power DC/DC boost converter in the total harmonic distortion on the current and output voltage is less than bidirectional DC/DC converter. Table (1) shows the current in each case expending the phase voltage and phase current. Comparison between input and output voltage of converter, torque, speed and efficiency under load condition are shown in Table (1).
a)
No Load
b) Full Load
Figure 4 a) Comparison between input and output voltage of converter With comparing the Power and efficiency in single unit and the speed improve and the efficiency as well. The current reduced to be less than 4.5% for the current and the voltage. The power capability of the DC/DC boost converter system will be greater through connecting the converter in bidirectional. Table 1: Comparison between input and output voltage of converter, torque, speed and efficiency under load condition with battery.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Battery Converter V Vin Vout Vin Vout Vin Vout V V V V V V 24 23.83 30.21 27.02 24 23.83 40.14 36.82 24 23.23 50.00 46.68 24 23.02 60.30 56.83 24 22.84 70.62 66.48 24 22.77 80.19 76.07
Full Load Converter Iin Iout A A 0.850 0.590 1.183 0.608 1.583 0.613 1.934 0.613 2.222 0.603 2.650 0.595
Speed r/min 232 398 545 685 811 947
Torque Nm 0.175 0.198 0.214 0.226 0.235 0.245
Pin W 20.25 28.19 36.77 44.52 52.75 60.34
Converter Pout W 17.82 24.40 30.65 36.96 42.62 47.71
n % 88.00 86.55 83.35 83.01 80.79 79.06
4. Conclusion A bidirectional DC/DC converter is utilized through current-control with sliding mode voltage strategy and limiting of input and output current are improved. A straightforward and cost effective hardware realization using typical logic gates is represented. A procedure for off frequency current filter selection has been obtain that provide the implementation of hardware result to closely around to the theoretical in condition of a reduced arrange response previously the system refer to sliding mode. The system reaction is shown comparatively robust and has a comparable form over a wide input voltage range circumstances. The system composes of energy storage systems, power supply systems, Water wheel low speed surface aerator with energy storage systems, Management system of battery charge and discharge and control circuits include variable voltage source is interfaced to an additional. In the supercapacitor (SC) module which the voltage of SC can be maintain higher or lower than the necessary output voltage, this converter configuration can be utilize to effectively charge and discharge of the SC and used to the filled energy stored due to its wide input voltage range acceptance.
Snidvongs Suravut et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 751–755
Suravut Snidvongs/ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
5
755
Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Bureau of the Royal Household, Chaipattana Foundation, Royal Irrigation Department, and Bangkokthonburi University. We thank our colleagues from the Faculty of Engineering, Bangkok Thonburi University, and Faculty of Technology and Innovation, Bangkok Thonburi University who provided warm encoragement to conduct this research. Special thanks to Mr. Panomkorn Thaisantisuk, Mechanical engineer specialist, Royal Irrigation Department for technical assistance and useful comments. We would also like to show our gratitude to Mr. Phol Polsen for his continous support during the course of this research. References [1] Ci-Ming Hong; Lung-Sheng Yang; TsorngJuu Liang; Jiann-Fuh Chen; , "Novel bidirectional DC-DC converter with high step-up/down voltage gain," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009. ECCE 2009. IEEE , vol., no., pp.60- 66, 20-24 Sept. 2009. [2] Lung-Sheng Yang; Tsorng-Juu Liang; , "Analysis and Implementation of a Novel Bidirectional DC–DC Converter," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.59, no.1, pp.422-434, Jan. 2012. [3] Kuiyuan Wu; de Silva, C.W.; Dunford, W.G.; , "Stability Analysis of Isolated Bidirectional Dual Active Full-Bridge DC– DC Converter With Triple PhaseShift Control," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.27, no.4, pp.2007- 2017, April 2012 [4] Tsai, J.-F. and Chen, Y.P., Sliding mode control and stability analysis of buck DC-DC converter. International Journal of Electronics, 2007. 94(3): pp. 209 222. [5] Kurokawa, F.; Ishibashi, T.; Komichi, Y.; Babasaki, T.; "A new high performance auto-tuning digital control circuit for buckboost converter," Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE & ECCE), 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on , vol., no., pp.2023-2028, May 30 2011-June 3 2011. [6] Yi-Ping Hsieh, Lung-Sheng Yang, TsorngJuu Liang, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, “A Novel High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for a Microgrid System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp.1127-1136, April 2011. [7] Alvarez-Ramirez, J., Cervantes, I., Espinosa-Perez, G., Maya, P. and Morales, A., A stable design of PI control for DC-DC converters with an RHS zero. Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on, 2001. 48(1): pp. 103-106. [8] Liao, W.C.; Liang, T.J.; Liang, H.H.; Liao, H.K.; Yang, L.S.; Juang, K.C.; Chen, J.F.; , "Study and implementation of a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter with high conversion ratio," Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2011 IEEE , vol., no., pp.134-140, 17-22 Sept. 2011. [9] Fainan A. Magueed, and Jan Svensson, “Control of VSC connected to the grid through LCL filter to achieve balanced currents,” in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting 2005, vol. 2, pp. 572-578 [10]Yi-Ping Hsieh, Lung-Sheng Yang, TsorngJuu Liang, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, “A Novel High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for a Microgrid System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp.1127-1136, April 2011.