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Studies on Feeding Peanut Meal as a Protein Source For Broiler Chickens
Studies on Feeding Peanut Meal as a Protein Source For Broiler Chickens E. F. Costa,† B. R. Miller,† G. M. Pesti,‡,1 R. I. Bakalli,‡ and H. P. Ewing2 †Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7509; ‡Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2772
(Key words: broilers, soybean meal, peanut meal, threonine) 2001 Poultry Science 80:306–313
that PNM with amino acid supplements will become competitive with SBM in poultry feeds. Previous studies have examined the effects of varying the ratio of PNM and SBM in broiler diets. The ratio of 50:50 SBM to PNM was considered optimum by Heuser et al. (1946). They concluded there is very little difference between SBM and a 50:50 SBM:PNM mixture. Douglas and Harms (1959) showed that when 50% of the SBM was replaced by PNM, a significant reduction in growth rate occurred. They also showed that Lys is the first limiting amino acid in PNM diets used for broiler production. Addition of the amino acid supplements Lys, Met, and Gly to a diet formulated with 50:50 PNM:SBM produced a growth rate equal to that obtained from feeding all SBM. However, when Lys, Met, and Gly were added to a diet containing only PNM, growth was severely restricted. El Boushy and Raterink (1989) found that growth was depressed, and feed efficiency was poorer as the percentage of PNM in the diet increased from 5 to 15%, even with a slight excess of Lys and Met supplements. The PNM used in their study tested negative for aflatoxin but was high in iron. They concluded that the decrease in
INTRODUCTION In the United States, peanuts and peanut oil are used mainly for human consumption, whereas peanut meal (PNM) is considered a by-product for use in animal feed. The feed industry in the United States uses soybean meal (SBM) as the protein basis for broiler rations because peanut meal is considered an inferior protein supplement. Outside the United States, peanut meal is widely used as an inexpensive source of protein in animal rations (Anderson, 1982). Peanut-meal- and corn-based diets are deficient in at least three amino acids, Thr, Met, and Lys. These deficiencies may be overcome, however, by using purified synthetic forms of Thr, Met, and Lys that are now available commercially at prices that allow their use in livestock feeds. Met and Lys have been added to poultry diets for many years; Thr has only recently become economically available in synthetic form. Because PNM is generally lower in price than SBM, there is a possibility
Received for publication February 18, 2000. Accepted for publication October 26, 2000. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]. 2 Present address: Marshall Durbin Poultry Company, 329 Kewanee Lane, Talladega, AL 35160.
Abbreviation Key: BWG = BW gain; FCR = feed conversion ratio; PNM = peanut meal; SBM = soybean meal.
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0.521a vs. 0.458b kg, respectively) and FCR increased (1.72b vs. 1.71b vs. 1.79bc vs. 1.86c g/g, respectively). In Experiment 3, addition of Thr to a corn-PNM-based diet increased BWG (−Thr = 0.284c vs. +Thr = 0.397b kg) and decreased FCR (−Thr = 1.60b vs. +Thr = 1.54b g/g). The BWG and FCR were best for the corn-SBM-based control diet (0.499a kg and 1.38a g/g, respectively). In Experiment 4, during the growing period (18 to 42 d), significant interactions occurred between protein source (PNM vs. SBM) and protein level (16 and 20% vs. 24%) for BW and FCR but not for carcass, breast, or leg quarter yield or fat pad weights (P < 0.05) at 42 d of age. Technical (not economic) performance of birds fed PNM was similar to SBM at the highest protein levels fed. PNM could be used as a protein source for broilers under appropriate economic conditions.
ABSTRACT Four experiments were conducted to compare the performance of broilers fed soybean meal (SBM) versus peanut meal (PNM) as protein sources. Ross × Ross 208 broiler chickens were placed in battery brooders (Experiments 1 to 3, four replicates of 8 chicks per treatment) and floor pens (Experiment 4, four replicates of 34 chicks per treatment). In Experiment 1, addition of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% Thr to a corn-PNM-based diet increased 0 to 18 d BW gain (BWG; 0.374c vs. 0.495b vs. 0.508b vs. 0.508b kg, respectively) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR; 2.09c vs. 1.63b vs. 1.54b vs. 1.54b g/g, respectively) compared to the corn-SBM-based control diet (BWG = 0.593a and FCR = 1.36a). In Experiment 2, diets were formulated with the same amino acid minimums, and as the percentage of PNM increased in the diets (0, 10, 20, and 32%), BWG decreased (0.560a vs. 0.532a vs.
307
PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE
remainder of the protein could be provided by a mixture of PNM and SBM in a 65:35 ratio. This ratio not only achieved equal performance with a meat and bone meal:SBM diet, but it was found that the metabolizable energy of the diet increased linearly with inclusion of PNM. The series of experiments presented here was conducted to compare the performance of broilers fed diets based on corn, DL-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr and fortified PNM or SBM. The experimental designs sought to examine several questions: 1. What level of added Thr would optimize performance? 2. Can PNM be combined with SBM, and is age of the bird a factor in utilizing PNM? 3. What is the importance of Met and Lys as supplements with Thr? 4. What is the effect on growth of protein level using either SBM or PNM? The last experiment was designed to yield technical data for growth responses and maximum profit modeling. The present report presents only the technical performance data.
TABLE 1. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 1 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
E
(%) Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin BMD-603 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl L-Thr Composition by calculation4 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Lys, % Composition by analysis5 Protein, % Thr Met Cys Lys
55.53 31.15 ... 5.36 5.00 1.30 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.10 0.05 0.05 ... ...
54.93 ... 29.90 6.60 5.00 1.12 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 ...
55.02 ... 29.73 6.57 5.00 1.13 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.10
55.14 ... 29.56 6.53 5.00 1.13 0.83 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.20
55.26 ... 29.38 6.49 5.00 1.13 0.83 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.30
23.00 3.20 0.84 0.54 1.22
23.00 3.20 0.63 0.57 1.11
23.00 3.20 0.72 0.57 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.82 0.58 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.92 0.58 1.22
23.03 0.88 0.51 0.35 1.20
22.53 0.67 0.50 0.31 1.08
22.76 ... ... ... ...
22.01 ... ... ... ...
21.74 ... ... ... ...
1 Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyroxidine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables. 5 Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211.
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performance was due to the high iron content, which was 6.5 times the recommended level (National Research Council, 1994). Waldroup and Harms (1963) questioned the value of additional Gly for a PNM diet. Their results showed that a PNM diet already supplemented with Lys and Met was not improved by additional Gly. They also found that with amino acid supplementation, the performance of chickens on PNM was improved and concluded that the poor performance of chickens fed PNM was due to amino acid limitations because an increase in growth occurred when PNM diets were supplemented with amino acids. Carew et al. (1988) concluded from their studies that the performance of PNM-fed chicks was inferior to SBMfed chicks. They concluded that PNM diets were first limiting in Met and then in Lys, because supplementation with Met alone improved performance, whereas Lys improved performance only in the presence of supplemental Met. A more recent experiment by Suswanto and Jones (1996) demonstrated that if meat and bone meal is included in the diet to provide 43% of the protein, the
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COSTA ET AL. TABLE 2. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 2 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
(%)
Composition by analysis5 Protein, % Thr Met Cys Lys
54.46 33.73 ... 5.68 3.00 1.46 0.63 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.10 0.05 0.05 ... ...
54.06 23.57 10.00 6.15 3.00 1.40 0.70 0.40 0.25 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.02
54.02 12.94 19.97 6.52 3.00 1.34 0.77 0.40 0.25 0.24 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.10
53.99 ... 32.08 6.95 3.00 1.28 0.86 0.40 0.25 0.28 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.52 0.19
23.00 3.20 0.85 0.54 0.36 1.22
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.55 0.35 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.56 0.34 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.58 0.32 1.10
22.72 0.83 0.53 0.33 1.18
22.45 0.79 0.51 0.31 1.05
22.53 0.83 0.52 0.33 1.08
22.78 0.84 0.53 0.34 1.14
1 Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyrixodine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables. 5 Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211.
Recent studies (Smith and Pesti, 1998; Smith et al., 1998) with modern broiler genotypes demonstrated the influence of feeding grower diets with higher protein levels than typically fed in practice. To feed diets based on corn and SBM with 20 or 24% protein would increase diet costs compared to typical least-cost diets with 16% protein but would also increase returns through improved BW and feed conversion ratios (FCR). Therefore, optimizing profits is an exercise in finding the protein level with the greatest difference between costs and returns. The objective of the experiments described here was to quantify the response to dietary protein level in corn and PNM diets in an experiment similar to those of Smith and Pesti (1998) and Smith et al. (1998). The resulting data will be useful for economic analyses to determine the protein levels that maximize profits when using SBM or PNM
3
Seaboard Farms, Athens, GA 30601. Petersime Incubator Co., Gettysburg, OH 54238. 5 Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, MO 65211. 4
and to determine the relative value of PNM with respect to SBM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Day-old male broiler chicks (Ross × Ross 208) obtained from a local broiler producer3 were used in the experiments. The birds were randomly placed in Petersime electrically heated battery brooders4 with wire mesh floors except in Experiment 4 in which the birds were placed in floor pens (1.22m × 3.66m) on pine wood shavings. The birds were maintained on a 24-h light schedule. Feed and water were provided for consumption ad libitum. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the basal diets were formulated to meet the requirements (National Research Council, 1994) for all nutrients except Thr. Positive control diets were formulated with SBM as the primary protein source. Four replicate pens of eight birds each per treatment were started. Body weight and feed consumption of birds were measured at 9 and 18 d posthatching. A single sample of PNM was used in all four experiments. It contained5 (in %) crude protein, 44.89; moisture, 8.47; Asp, 4.87; Thr,
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Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin BMD-603 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl L-Thr Composition by calculation4 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Cys, % Lys, %
309
PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE
diets when necessary to meet nutrient requirements (National Research Council, 1994) for all nutrients with amino acid minimum requirements expressed on a percentage of protein basis (Table 4). Body weight and feed consumption were measured at Days 18, 35, and 42. At Days 35 and 42, three birds per pen were randomly chosen for processing. Carcass weight, breast muscle weight (pectoralis major plus pectoralis minor), leg quarter weight (drumstick plus thigh), and abdominal fat pad weight were measured. Data from all experiments were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance for randomized complete block designs. The experimental unit was the pen mean. Significant treatment effects were determined using ANOVA with mean separation by Duncan’s new multiple-range test when there were significant main effects (Steel and Torrie, 1960). In addition, regression analyses were used for the data in Experiment 4. Quadratic response models were fit to determine the behavior of the response variables to the set of independent factors. The models included linear and quadratic terms for protein level and pairwise cross products of linear terms for protein source and level. All analyses were conducted with the general linear models procedure of SAS威 (SAS Institute, 1985).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Experiment 1, supplementation of the basal PNM diet with 0.10% Thr resulted in an increased BW gain
TABLE 3. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 3 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
(%) Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin BMD-603 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl L-Thr Composition by calculation4 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Met + Cys, % Lys, %
54.79 31.40 ... 5.85 5.00 1.31 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.05 ... ...
54.63 ... 30.15 7.11 5.00 1.13 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.49 ...
54.38 ... 29.85 7.04 5.00 1.13 0.83 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.18
51.88 ... 31.54 7.42 5.00 1.11 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.37 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.81 0.20
23.00 3.20 0.84 0.54 0.90 1.20
23.00 3.20 0.63 0.57 0.90 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.58 0.90 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.83 0.67 1.00 1.35
1 Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyrixodine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables.
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1.14; Ser, 1.9; Glu, 7.56; Pro, 1.83; Gly, 2.50; Ala, 1.69; Cys, 0.60; Val, 1.71; Met, 0.47; Ile, 1.40; Leu, 2.73; Tyr, 1.54; Phe, 2.12; His, 1.01; Lys, 1.43; Arg, 5.14; and Trp, 0.42. In Experiment 1, four levels of Thr (0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3%) were added to PNM diets for comparison with a SBM control diet (Table 1). In Experiment 2, four different combinations of PNM and SBM were fed (Table 2). Thr, Lys, and Met were added when necessary to meet the requirements (National Research Council, 1994) for all nutrients. In addition to the four diets used in Experiment 2, four replicate pens were assigned to a diet change with SBM as a protein source (Diet A) for the first 9 d and PNM (Diet D) for the last 9 d (Table 2). In Experiment 3, an SBM control diet was compared to three PNM diets. The basal corn and PNM-based diet 1) unsupplemented, 2) supplemented with 0.2% thr, or 3) supplemented with 0.2% Thr, 0.1% Met, and 0.15% Lys (Table 3). In Experiment 4, a 23% protein starter diet, with SBM as the major protein source, was fed from 0 to 18 d posthatching. Four replicate pens of 36 birds each per treatment were started. At 18 d posthatching, four pens of 34 birds were randomly chosen per treatment to continue the experiment from 19 to 42 d posthatching. Three levels of protein (16, 20, and 24%) were fed to the chickens from 19 to 42 d with SBM or PNM as the source of supplemental protein. Thr, Met, and Lys were added to PNM and SBM
310
COSTA ET AL. TABLE 4. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 4 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
E
F
(%) 75.96 15.44 ... 2.36 3.00 1.59 0.64 0.40 0.25 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 ... ...
63.61 25.94 ... 4.28 3.00 1.52 0.63 0.40 0.25 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.05 ... 0.05 ... ...
51.33 36.35 ... 6.17 3.00 1.45 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.20 0.07 0.05 0.05 ... 0.05 ... ...
77.06 ... 11.97 2.46 5.00 1.36 0.72 0.40 0.25 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.05 0.01 0.09
63.34 ... 24.54 5.23 3.00 1.37 0.81 0.40 0.25 0.22 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.45 0.05 0.01 0.15
50.78 ... 34.61 7.57 3.00 1.24 0.88 0.40 0.25 0.30 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.54 0.05 ... 0.20
16.00 3.20 0.57 0.36 0.63 0.76
20.00 3.20 0.73 0.46 0.78 1.01
24.00 3.20 0.89 0.56 0.94 1.29
16.00 3.20 0.56 0.38 0.63 0.76
20.00 3.20 0.70 0.49 0.78 0.96
24.00 3.20 0.83 0.60 0.94 1.15
15.23
19.51
24.79
16.25
19.65
22.59
1
Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyrixodine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 North American Animal Health Division, Pfizer, Inc., Exton, PA 19341. 5 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables.
(BWG) and an improved (decreased) FCR compared to chicks fed the unsupplemented diet (P < 0.05, Table 5), but the response to higher Thr levels (0.20% and 0.30%) was similar to 0.10% (P > 0.05). Chicks fed the control SBM-based diet were superior in gain and feed conversion to those fed the diets based on PNM with added Thr (P < 0.05).
In Experiment 2, as the level of PNM to SBM increased in the diet, BWG decreased and FCR increased, although differences were only significant with the highest PNM addition at P < 0.05 (Table 6). These results confirmed, in part, those of Heuser et al. (1946), Douglas and Harms (1959), Waldroup and Harms (1963), and El Boushy and Raterink (1989) who observed reductions in performance
TABLE 5. Influence of Thr supplementation on the 0 to 18 d performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 11
TABLE 6. Influence of peanut meal levels as protein source on the performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 21
Protein source
Supplemental Thr (%)
BW gain (g)
Feed conversion ratio (g/g)
Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
(kg) 0.593 0.374 0.495 0.508 0.508
1.36 2.09 1.63 1.54 1.54
± ± ± ± ±
0.006a 0.001c 0.009b 0.021b 0.012b
± ± ± ± ±
0.037c 0.010a 0.041b 0.068b 0.040b
a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of eight cockerels each.
Days
Peanut meal (%)
0–18 0–18 0–18 0–18 0–9 9–18
0 10.00 19.97 32.08 0 32.08
BW gain (kg) 0.560 0.532 0.521 0.458
± ± ± ±
0.019a 0.006a 0.015a 0.017b
0.550 ± 0.023a
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) 1.72 1.71 1.79 1.86
± ± ± ±
0.012b 0.037b 0.017ab 0.031a
1.57 ± 0.072c
a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of eight cockerels each.
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Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin3 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl Aviax4 L-Tryptophan L-Thr Composition by calculation5 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Met + cys, % Lys, % Composition by analysis Protein, %
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PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE TABLE 7. Influence of Thr, Met, and Lys supplementation on the 0 to 18 d performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 31 Protein source
Thr (%)
Met (%)
Lys (%)
BW gain (kg)
Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal
0.84 0.63 0.80 0.83
0.54 0.57 0.58 0.67
1.22 1.10 1.10 1.35
0.499 0.284 0.397 0.417
± ± ± ±
0.016a 0.004c 0.012b 0.008b
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) 1.38 1.60 1.54 1.44
± ± ± ±
0.028b 0.016a 0.019a 0.036b
a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of eight cockerels each.
FCR decreased at a decreasing rate (negative linear and positive quadratic coefficients; P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). Protein source affected BW and FCR (P = 0.017 and P = 0.001 respectively), i.e., PNM-fed broilers had decreased BW and increased FCR compared to SBMfed broilers. However, with 24% protein in the diets, the FCR for SBM and PNM were very similar. Protein source did not have significant effects on weights of carcass, breast muscle, or leg quarter or percentage fat pad (Table 9), but protein level did. Therefore, when nutritionists consider feeding PNM, dietary protein level must be carefully considered for its effects on live weight gain, but no differences in yield should be expected. The protein level results of SBM-fed broilers are very similar to those of Smith and Pesti (1998). When the protein level of the diet increased, gains increased, and feed conversions and fat pad percentages decreased. When PNM was used to increase protein level, responses were qualitatively similar, but there was a quantitative difference causing a significant protein source by level interaction. At 16% protein the SBM-supplemented birds were ∼200 g superior to PNM-fed birds but were only ∼60 g superior when 24% protein was fed. Changes in carcass composition with changing protein level (for SBM and
TABLE 8. Influence of protein levels and source on the 0 to 42 d performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 41
Protein source Soybean meal Soybean meal Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Analysis of variance Source2 Intercept Protein source Protein level Level-squared Source × level Error
df
Protein level (%) 16 20 24 16 20 24
1 1 1 1 19
Feed conversion ratio (g/g)
BW (kg) 2.256 2.468 2.450 2.045 2.318 2.390 Estimate −0.382 −0.716 0.234 −0.006 0.027
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.048b 0.043a 0.033a 0.068c 0.046ab 0.065ab P > |T| 0.731 0.017 0.040 0.027 0.066
2.38 2.10 2.05 2.66 2.26 2.11 Estimate 4.009 1.159 −0.225 0.006 −0.049
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.023b 0.006d 0.008d 0.049a 0.057c 0.055d P > |T| 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001
a–d Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of 34 cockerels each. 2 Protein level in percentage; for protein source, soybean meal = 1 and peanut meal = 0.
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resulting from increasing PNM percentage in the diet in young birds. However, the diet change demonstrated that using SBM for the first 9 d and PNM for the last 9 d increased BWG to the same level of performance as the basal SBM-based diet during the 9- to 18-d period. Feed conversion ratio was best for chicks fed SBM and changed to PNM (P < 0.05, Table 6). The older birds were better able to perform with PNM, consistent with many other observations that amino acid requirements decrease with age (NRC, 1994). In addition to having lowered amino acid requirements, the older chicks may also be better able to digest the PNM or tolerate antinutritional or toxic factors present in the PNM. In Experiment 3, 0.20% Thr added to a PNM diet increased BWG and improved FCR (P < 0.05, Table 7). The control SBM-based diet was superior to those containing PNM. These results show that Thr supplementation is very important to improve the performance of broilers fed PNM, confirming the results of Douglas and Harms (1959). In Experiment 4, as higher levels of protein (from 16 to 20% and 24%) were fed, BW increased but at a decreasing rate (positive linear and negative quadratic coefficients, P = 0.040 and P = 0.027, respectively; Table 8) and
312
COSTA ET AL. TABLE 9. Influence of protein levels and source on the cut-up parts of 42-d-old broiler chickens, Experiment 41
Protein source
Protein level (%)
Soybean meal Soybean meal Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal
16 20 24 16 20 24
Analysis of variance Source2 Intercept Protein source Protein level Level-squared Source × level Error
df
1.552 1.670 1.704 1.453 1.677 1.725 df 1 1 1 1 19
Breast muscle weight (kg)
Carcass weight (kg)
Estimate −17.766 −303.857 165.790 −4.042 14.983
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.068 0.042ab 0.114a 0.054b 0.042ab 0.094a P > |T| 0.992 0.850 0.008 0.320 0.419
0.357 0.428 0.435 0.336 0.393 0.424 Estimate 0.019 −34.996 60.500 −1.294 1.086
Leg quarter weight (kg) ± ± ± ± ± ±
0.013b 0.009a 0.034a 0.020b 0.013ab 0.023a P > |T| 0.964 0.369 <0.001 0.266 0.836
0.457 0.494 0.512 0.426 0.488 0.513 Estimate 108.042 −87.220 36.419 −0.843 4.077
Abdominal fat pad (%) ± ± ± ± ± ±
0.022ab 0.014a 0.032a 0.018b 0.012ab 0.022a P > |T| 0.821 0.676 0.003 0.464 0.440
3.45 1.86 1.72 4.07 2.85 2.54 Estimate 78.039 −1.849 −0.349 0.001 0.091
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.203ab 0.243c 0.162c 0.513a 0.387b 0.242bc P > |T| <0.001 0.954 0.040 0.966 0.533
PNM) were similar to results of Smith and Pesti (1998) and Smith et al. (1998). The positive advantage in BW of SBM-fed broilers vs. PNM-fed broilers could be overcome by allowing the PNM-fed chickens a longer grow-out period. The extra time of feeding would increase total feed intake by PNMfed broilers to the same BW, which would raise feed and housing costs. Traditional feed formulation models assume perfect substitution of ingredients based on their nutritional content. A different approach, with an equation relating BW to time, would be necessary to model the imperfect substitution observed in Experiment 4. Previous research with PNM has been oriented toward substituting PNM for SBM at specific protein levels (Douglas and Harms, 1959; Carew et al., 1988; El Boushy and Raterink, 1989; Suswanto and Jones, 1996). The results of Experiment 4 are unique in that they can be used to determine the most profitable levels of SBM or PNM to feed to maximize profits, not just to minimize feed costs. If the producers’ goal is to produce 2.3 kg broilers, there are different amounts of corn and SMB or PNM that can be fed (depending on dietary protein level). The costs of the various diets, the amounts of each consumed, and the time to reach the desired weight will all be different, and they will all help determine the relative values of SBM and PNM. Present feed formulation models produce a simple shadow price for PNM compared to SBM based on ingredient composition and nutrient digestibilities (Pesti and Miller, 1993). When growth rates are different and profits may be maximized at different protein levels for SBM- or PNM-based diets, present linear models are inadequate. Much more complex, nonlinear models are necessary to compare ingredient prices when ingredients cause different growth rates.
When nonlinear models based on the concept of the law of diminishing returns are implemented, low (16%) protein diets may be profit maximizing when protein meal prices are very high. When protein meal prices are relatively low, the higher (24%) protein diets may be fed to maximize profits. These responses need to be known for producers to decide when PNM is inexpensive enough to feed. Further study is necessary to determine a broiler production maximum profit model that must go beyond minimum cost feed compositions given feed ingredient prices and include optimum time required for production, processing strategy, prices, and other economic variables. The technical data obtained in this study may be used as a basis for a production function analysis that will determine maximum profit broiler production with minimum feed cost.
REFERENCES Anderson, J. C., 1982. Food science considerations: Peanut processing and product development. World Peanut Production, Utilization and Research. Special publication 16, University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Stations, Athens, GA. Carew, S. N., J. M. Olomu and S. A. Offiong, 1988. Amino acid supplementation of groundnut meal protein in broiler diets. J. Trop. Agric. 65:329–332. Douglas, C. R., and R. H. Harms, 1959. Peanut oil meal as a source of protein in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 38:786–790. El Boushy, S. R., and R. Raterink, 1989. Replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal and peanut meal or both in low energy diets for broilers. Poultry Sci. 68:799–804. Heuser, G. F., L. C. Norris, and J. McGinnis, 1946. Vegetable protein concentrates fed alone and in combination with soybean oil meal as the chief supplementary protein in chick starting rations. Poultry Sci. 25:130–136.
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a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of 34 cockerels each. Samples of 3 birds per pen were pooled for carcass, breast muscle, leg quarters and fat pad determinations. Abdominal fat pads expressed as a percentage of live weight. 2 Protein level in %; for protein source, soybean meal = 1 and peanut meal = 0.
PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Pesti, G. M., and B. R. Miller, 1993. Animal Feed Formulation: Economic and Computer Applications. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS威 User’s Guide: Statistics. Version Five Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Smith, E. R., and G. M. Pesti, 1998. Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Sci. 77:276–281. Smith, E. R., G. M. Pesti, R. I. Bakalli, G. O. Ware, and J.F.M. Menten, 1998. Further studies on the influence of genotype
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and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Sci. 77:1678–1687. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. Suswanto, H., and G.P.D. Jones, 1996. The replacement of soybean meal with peanut meal in broiler diets containing animal protein concentrate. Page 211 in: Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium. World’s Poultry Science Association (Australian Branch), Sydney NSW, Australia. Waldroup, P. W., and R. H. Harms, 1963. Amino acid supplementation of peanut meal diets for broiler chick. Poultry Sci. 42:652–657.
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(Key words: broilers, soybean meal, peanut meal, threonine) 2001 Poultry Science 80:306–313
that PNM with amino acid supplements will become competitive with SBM in poultry feeds. Previous studies have examined the effects of varying the ratio of PNM and SBM in broiler diets. The ratio of 50:50 SBM to PNM was considered optimum by Heuser et al. (1946). They concluded there is very little difference between SBM and a 50:50 SBM:PNM mixture. Douglas and Harms (1959) showed that when 50% of the SBM was replaced by PNM, a significant reduction in growth rate occurred. They also showed that Lys is the first limiting amino acid in PNM diets used for broiler production. Addition of the amino acid supplements Lys, Met, and Gly to a diet formulated with 50:50 PNM:SBM produced a growth rate equal to that obtained from feeding all SBM. However, when Lys, Met, and Gly were added to a diet containing only PNM, growth was severely restricted. El Boushy and Raterink (1989) found that growth was depressed, and feed efficiency was poorer as the percentage of PNM in the diet increased from 5 to 15%, even with a slight excess of Lys and Met supplements. The PNM used in their study tested negative for aflatoxin but was high in iron. They concluded that the decrease in
INTRODUCTION In the United States, peanuts and peanut oil are used mainly for human consumption, whereas peanut meal (PNM) is considered a by-product for use in animal feed. The feed industry in the United States uses soybean meal (SBM) as the protein basis for broiler rations because peanut meal is considered an inferior protein supplement. Outside the United States, peanut meal is widely used as an inexpensive source of protein in animal rations (Anderson, 1982). Peanut-meal- and corn-based diets are deficient in at least three amino acids, Thr, Met, and Lys. These deficiencies may be overcome, however, by using purified synthetic forms of Thr, Met, and Lys that are now available commercially at prices that allow their use in livestock feeds. Met and Lys have been added to poultry diets for many years; Thr has only recently become economically available in synthetic form. Because PNM is generally lower in price than SBM, there is a possibility
Received for publication February 18, 2000. Accepted for publication October 26, 2000. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]. 2 Present address: Marshall Durbin Poultry Company, 329 Kewanee Lane, Talladega, AL 35160.
Abbreviation Key: BWG = BW gain; FCR = feed conversion ratio; PNM = peanut meal; SBM = soybean meal.
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0.521a vs. 0.458b kg, respectively) and FCR increased (1.72b vs. 1.71b vs. 1.79bc vs. 1.86c g/g, respectively). In Experiment 3, addition of Thr to a corn-PNM-based diet increased BWG (−Thr = 0.284c vs. +Thr = 0.397b kg) and decreased FCR (−Thr = 1.60b vs. +Thr = 1.54b g/g). The BWG and FCR were best for the corn-SBM-based control diet (0.499a kg and 1.38a g/g, respectively). In Experiment 4, during the growing period (18 to 42 d), significant interactions occurred between protein source (PNM vs. SBM) and protein level (16 and 20% vs. 24%) for BW and FCR but not for carcass, breast, or leg quarter yield or fat pad weights (P < 0.05) at 42 d of age. Technical (not economic) performance of birds fed PNM was similar to SBM at the highest protein levels fed. PNM could be used as a protein source for broilers under appropriate economic conditions.
ABSTRACT Four experiments were conducted to compare the performance of broilers fed soybean meal (SBM) versus peanut meal (PNM) as protein sources. Ross × Ross 208 broiler chickens were placed in battery brooders (Experiments 1 to 3, four replicates of 8 chicks per treatment) and floor pens (Experiment 4, four replicates of 34 chicks per treatment). In Experiment 1, addition of 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% Thr to a corn-PNM-based diet increased 0 to 18 d BW gain (BWG; 0.374c vs. 0.495b vs. 0.508b vs. 0.508b kg, respectively) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR; 2.09c vs. 1.63b vs. 1.54b vs. 1.54b g/g, respectively) compared to the corn-SBM-based control diet (BWG = 0.593a and FCR = 1.36a). In Experiment 2, diets were formulated with the same amino acid minimums, and as the percentage of PNM increased in the diets (0, 10, 20, and 32%), BWG decreased (0.560a vs. 0.532a vs.
307
PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE
remainder of the protein could be provided by a mixture of PNM and SBM in a 65:35 ratio. This ratio not only achieved equal performance with a meat and bone meal:SBM diet, but it was found that the metabolizable energy of the diet increased linearly with inclusion of PNM. The series of experiments presented here was conducted to compare the performance of broilers fed diets based on corn, DL-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr and fortified PNM or SBM. The experimental designs sought to examine several questions: 1. What level of added Thr would optimize performance? 2. Can PNM be combined with SBM, and is age of the bird a factor in utilizing PNM? 3. What is the importance of Met and Lys as supplements with Thr? 4. What is the effect on growth of protein level using either SBM or PNM? The last experiment was designed to yield technical data for growth responses and maximum profit modeling. The present report presents only the technical performance data.
TABLE 1. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 1 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
E
(%) Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin BMD-603 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl L-Thr Composition by calculation4 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Lys, % Composition by analysis5 Protein, % Thr Met Cys Lys
55.53 31.15 ... 5.36 5.00 1.30 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.10 0.05 0.05 ... ...
54.93 ... 29.90 6.60 5.00 1.12 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 ...
55.02 ... 29.73 6.57 5.00 1.13 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.10
55.14 ... 29.56 6.53 5.00 1.13 0.83 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.20
55.26 ... 29.38 6.49 5.00 1.13 0.83 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.30
23.00 3.20 0.84 0.54 1.22
23.00 3.20 0.63 0.57 1.11
23.00 3.20 0.72 0.57 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.82 0.58 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.92 0.58 1.22
23.03 0.88 0.51 0.35 1.20
22.53 0.67 0.50 0.31 1.08
22.76 ... ... ... ...
22.01 ... ... ... ...
21.74 ... ... ... ...
1 Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyroxidine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables. 5 Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211.
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performance was due to the high iron content, which was 6.5 times the recommended level (National Research Council, 1994). Waldroup and Harms (1963) questioned the value of additional Gly for a PNM diet. Their results showed that a PNM diet already supplemented with Lys and Met was not improved by additional Gly. They also found that with amino acid supplementation, the performance of chickens on PNM was improved and concluded that the poor performance of chickens fed PNM was due to amino acid limitations because an increase in growth occurred when PNM diets were supplemented with amino acids. Carew et al. (1988) concluded from their studies that the performance of PNM-fed chicks was inferior to SBMfed chicks. They concluded that PNM diets were first limiting in Met and then in Lys, because supplementation with Met alone improved performance, whereas Lys improved performance only in the presence of supplemental Met. A more recent experiment by Suswanto and Jones (1996) demonstrated that if meat and bone meal is included in the diet to provide 43% of the protein, the
308
COSTA ET AL. TABLE 2. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 2 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
(%)
Composition by analysis5 Protein, % Thr Met Cys Lys
54.46 33.73 ... 5.68 3.00 1.46 0.63 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.10 0.05 0.05 ... ...
54.06 23.57 10.00 6.15 3.00 1.40 0.70 0.40 0.25 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.02
54.02 12.94 19.97 6.52 3.00 1.34 0.77 0.40 0.25 0.24 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.10
53.99 ... 32.08 6.95 3.00 1.28 0.86 0.40 0.25 0.28 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.52 0.19
23.00 3.20 0.85 0.54 0.36 1.22
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.55 0.35 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.56 0.34 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.58 0.32 1.10
22.72 0.83 0.53 0.33 1.18
22.45 0.79 0.51 0.31 1.05
22.53 0.83 0.52 0.33 1.08
22.78 0.84 0.53 0.34 1.14
1 Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyrixodine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables. 5 Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211.
Recent studies (Smith and Pesti, 1998; Smith et al., 1998) with modern broiler genotypes demonstrated the influence of feeding grower diets with higher protein levels than typically fed in practice. To feed diets based on corn and SBM with 20 or 24% protein would increase diet costs compared to typical least-cost diets with 16% protein but would also increase returns through improved BW and feed conversion ratios (FCR). Therefore, optimizing profits is an exercise in finding the protein level with the greatest difference between costs and returns. The objective of the experiments described here was to quantify the response to dietary protein level in corn and PNM diets in an experiment similar to those of Smith and Pesti (1998) and Smith et al. (1998). The resulting data will be useful for economic analyses to determine the protein levels that maximize profits when using SBM or PNM
3
Seaboard Farms, Athens, GA 30601. Petersime Incubator Co., Gettysburg, OH 54238. 5 Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, MO 65211. 4
and to determine the relative value of PNM with respect to SBM.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Day-old male broiler chicks (Ross × Ross 208) obtained from a local broiler producer3 were used in the experiments. The birds were randomly placed in Petersime electrically heated battery brooders4 with wire mesh floors except in Experiment 4 in which the birds were placed in floor pens (1.22m × 3.66m) on pine wood shavings. The birds were maintained on a 24-h light schedule. Feed and water were provided for consumption ad libitum. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the basal diets were formulated to meet the requirements (National Research Council, 1994) for all nutrients except Thr. Positive control diets were formulated with SBM as the primary protein source. Four replicate pens of eight birds each per treatment were started. Body weight and feed consumption of birds were measured at 9 and 18 d posthatching. A single sample of PNM was used in all four experiments. It contained5 (in %) crude protein, 44.89; moisture, 8.47; Asp, 4.87; Thr,
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Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin BMD-603 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl L-Thr Composition by calculation4 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Cys, % Lys, %
309
PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE
diets when necessary to meet nutrient requirements (National Research Council, 1994) for all nutrients with amino acid minimum requirements expressed on a percentage of protein basis (Table 4). Body weight and feed consumption were measured at Days 18, 35, and 42. At Days 35 and 42, three birds per pen were randomly chosen for processing. Carcass weight, breast muscle weight (pectoralis major plus pectoralis minor), leg quarter weight (drumstick plus thigh), and abdominal fat pad weight were measured. Data from all experiments were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance for randomized complete block designs. The experimental unit was the pen mean. Significant treatment effects were determined using ANOVA with mean separation by Duncan’s new multiple-range test when there were significant main effects (Steel and Torrie, 1960). In addition, regression analyses were used for the data in Experiment 4. Quadratic response models were fit to determine the behavior of the response variables to the set of independent factors. The models included linear and quadratic terms for protein level and pairwise cross products of linear terms for protein source and level. All analyses were conducted with the general linear models procedure of SAS威 (SAS Institute, 1985).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Experiment 1, supplementation of the basal PNM diet with 0.10% Thr resulted in an increased BW gain
TABLE 3. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 3 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
(%) Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin BMD-603 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl L-Thr Composition by calculation4 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Met + Cys, % Lys, %
54.79 31.40 ... 5.85 5.00 1.31 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.05 ... ...
54.63 ... 30.15 7.11 5.00 1.13 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.49 ...
54.38 ... 29.85 7.04 5.00 1.13 0.83 0.40 0.25 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.49 0.18
51.88 ... 31.54 7.42 5.00 1.11 0.84 0.40 0.25 0.37 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.81 0.20
23.00 3.20 0.84 0.54 0.90 1.20
23.00 3.20 0.63 0.57 0.90 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.80 0.58 0.90 1.10
23.00 3.20 0.83 0.67 1.00 1.35
1 Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyrixodine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables.
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1.14; Ser, 1.9; Glu, 7.56; Pro, 1.83; Gly, 2.50; Ala, 1.69; Cys, 0.60; Val, 1.71; Met, 0.47; Ile, 1.40; Leu, 2.73; Tyr, 1.54; Phe, 2.12; His, 1.01; Lys, 1.43; Arg, 5.14; and Trp, 0.42. In Experiment 1, four levels of Thr (0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3%) were added to PNM diets for comparison with a SBM control diet (Table 1). In Experiment 2, four different combinations of PNM and SBM were fed (Table 2). Thr, Lys, and Met were added when necessary to meet the requirements (National Research Council, 1994) for all nutrients. In addition to the four diets used in Experiment 2, four replicate pens were assigned to a diet change with SBM as a protein source (Diet A) for the first 9 d and PNM (Diet D) for the last 9 d (Table 2). In Experiment 3, an SBM control diet was compared to three PNM diets. The basal corn and PNM-based diet 1) unsupplemented, 2) supplemented with 0.2% thr, or 3) supplemented with 0.2% Thr, 0.1% Met, and 0.15% Lys (Table 3). In Experiment 4, a 23% protein starter diet, with SBM as the major protein source, was fed from 0 to 18 d posthatching. Four replicate pens of 36 birds each per treatment were started. At 18 d posthatching, four pens of 34 birds were randomly chosen per treatment to continue the experiment from 19 to 42 d posthatching. Three levels of protein (16, 20, and 24%) were fed to the chickens from 19 to 42 d with SBM or PNM as the source of supplemental protein. Thr, Met, and Lys were added to PNM and SBM
310
COSTA ET AL. TABLE 4. Composition of the diets used in Experiment 4 Diets Ingredients and composition
A
B
C
D
E
F
(%) 75.96 15.44 ... 2.36 3.00 1.59 0.64 0.40 0.25 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 ... ...
63.61 25.94 ... 4.28 3.00 1.52 0.63 0.40 0.25 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.05 ... 0.05 ... ...
51.33 36.35 ... 6.17 3.00 1.45 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.20 0.07 0.05 0.05 ... 0.05 ... ...
77.06 ... 11.97 2.46 5.00 1.36 0.72 0.40 0.25 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.05 0.01 0.09
63.34 ... 24.54 5.23 3.00 1.37 0.81 0.40 0.25 0.22 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.45 0.05 0.01 0.15
50.78 ... 34.61 7.57 3.00 1.24 0.88 0.40 0.25 0.30 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.54 0.05 ... 0.20
16.00 3.20 0.57 0.36 0.63 0.76
20.00 3.20 0.73 0.46 0.78 1.01
24.00 3.20 0.89 0.56 0.94 1.29
16.00 3.20 0.56 0.38 0.63 0.76
20.00 3.20 0.70 0.49 0.78 0.96
24.00 3.20 0.83 0.60 0.94 1.15
15.23
19.51
24.79
16.25
19.65
22.59
1
Vitamin premix provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (as retinyl acetate), 9,920 IU; cholecalciferol, 3,300 IU; vitamin E (as dl-α-tocopherol acetate), 19.8 IU; menadione, 1.8 mg; vitamin B12, 16.5 µg; thiamin, 1.65 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; niacin, 58 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.5 mg; folic acid, 1.06 mg; pyrixodine, 2.88 mg; biotin, 0.08 mg. 2 Mineral premix provides per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Cu, 10 mg; I, 2.1 mg; Se, 0.1 mg. 3 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285-0002. 4 North American Animal Health Division, Pfizer, Inc., Exton, PA 19341. 5 Based on NRC (1994) feed composition tables.
(BWG) and an improved (decreased) FCR compared to chicks fed the unsupplemented diet (P < 0.05, Table 5), but the response to higher Thr levels (0.20% and 0.30%) was similar to 0.10% (P > 0.05). Chicks fed the control SBM-based diet were superior in gain and feed conversion to those fed the diets based on PNM with added Thr (P < 0.05).
In Experiment 2, as the level of PNM to SBM increased in the diet, BWG decreased and FCR increased, although differences were only significant with the highest PNM addition at P < 0.05 (Table 6). These results confirmed, in part, those of Heuser et al. (1946), Douglas and Harms (1959), Waldroup and Harms (1963), and El Boushy and Raterink (1989) who observed reductions in performance
TABLE 5. Influence of Thr supplementation on the 0 to 18 d performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 11
TABLE 6. Influence of peanut meal levels as protein source on the performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 21
Protein source
Supplemental Thr (%)
BW gain (g)
Feed conversion ratio (g/g)
Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
(kg) 0.593 0.374 0.495 0.508 0.508
1.36 2.09 1.63 1.54 1.54
± ± ± ± ±
0.006a 0.001c 0.009b 0.021b 0.012b
± ± ± ± ±
0.037c 0.010a 0.041b 0.068b 0.040b
a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of eight cockerels each.
Days
Peanut meal (%)
0–18 0–18 0–18 0–18 0–9 9–18
0 10.00 19.97 32.08 0 32.08
BW gain (kg) 0.560 0.532 0.521 0.458
± ± ± ±
0.019a 0.006a 0.015a 0.017b
0.550 ± 0.023a
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) 1.72 1.71 1.79 1.86
± ± ± ±
0.012b 0.037b 0.017ab 0.031a
1.57 ± 0.072c
a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of eight cockerels each.
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Ingredients Corn Soybean meal Peanut meal Poultry fat Poultry by-product meal Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Common salt Vitamin premix1 DL-Met Mineral premix2 Bacitracin3 CuSO4ⴢ5H2O L-Lys HCl Aviax4 L-Tryptophan L-Thr Composition by calculation5 Protein, % ME, kcal/g Thr, % Met, % Met + cys, % Lys, % Composition by analysis Protein, %
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PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE TABLE 7. Influence of Thr, Met, and Lys supplementation on the 0 to 18 d performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 31 Protein source
Thr (%)
Met (%)
Lys (%)
BW gain (kg)
Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal
0.84 0.63 0.80 0.83
0.54 0.57 0.58 0.67
1.22 1.10 1.10 1.35
0.499 0.284 0.397 0.417
± ± ± ±
0.016a 0.004c 0.012b 0.008b
Feed conversion ratio (g/g) 1.38 1.60 1.54 1.44
± ± ± ±
0.028b 0.016a 0.019a 0.036b
a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of eight cockerels each.
FCR decreased at a decreasing rate (negative linear and positive quadratic coefficients; P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively). Protein source affected BW and FCR (P = 0.017 and P = 0.001 respectively), i.e., PNM-fed broilers had decreased BW and increased FCR compared to SBMfed broilers. However, with 24% protein in the diets, the FCR for SBM and PNM were very similar. Protein source did not have significant effects on weights of carcass, breast muscle, or leg quarter or percentage fat pad (Table 9), but protein level did. Therefore, when nutritionists consider feeding PNM, dietary protein level must be carefully considered for its effects on live weight gain, but no differences in yield should be expected. The protein level results of SBM-fed broilers are very similar to those of Smith and Pesti (1998). When the protein level of the diet increased, gains increased, and feed conversions and fat pad percentages decreased. When PNM was used to increase protein level, responses were qualitatively similar, but there was a quantitative difference causing a significant protein source by level interaction. At 16% protein the SBM-supplemented birds were ∼200 g superior to PNM-fed birds but were only ∼60 g superior when 24% protein was fed. Changes in carcass composition with changing protein level (for SBM and
TABLE 8. Influence of protein levels and source on the 0 to 42 d performance of broiler chickens, Experiment 41
Protein source Soybean meal Soybean meal Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Analysis of variance Source2 Intercept Protein source Protein level Level-squared Source × level Error
df
Protein level (%) 16 20 24 16 20 24
1 1 1 1 19
Feed conversion ratio (g/g)
BW (kg) 2.256 2.468 2.450 2.045 2.318 2.390 Estimate −0.382 −0.716 0.234 −0.006 0.027
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.048b 0.043a 0.033a 0.068c 0.046ab 0.065ab P > |T| 0.731 0.017 0.040 0.027 0.066
2.38 2.10 2.05 2.66 2.26 2.11 Estimate 4.009 1.159 −0.225 0.006 −0.049
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.023b 0.006d 0.008d 0.049a 0.057c 0.055d P > |T| 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001
a–d Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple-range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of 34 cockerels each. 2 Protein level in percentage; for protein source, soybean meal = 1 and peanut meal = 0.
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resulting from increasing PNM percentage in the diet in young birds. However, the diet change demonstrated that using SBM for the first 9 d and PNM for the last 9 d increased BWG to the same level of performance as the basal SBM-based diet during the 9- to 18-d period. Feed conversion ratio was best for chicks fed SBM and changed to PNM (P < 0.05, Table 6). The older birds were better able to perform with PNM, consistent with many other observations that amino acid requirements decrease with age (NRC, 1994). In addition to having lowered amino acid requirements, the older chicks may also be better able to digest the PNM or tolerate antinutritional or toxic factors present in the PNM. In Experiment 3, 0.20% Thr added to a PNM diet increased BWG and improved FCR (P < 0.05, Table 7). The control SBM-based diet was superior to those containing PNM. These results show that Thr supplementation is very important to improve the performance of broilers fed PNM, confirming the results of Douglas and Harms (1959). In Experiment 4, as higher levels of protein (from 16 to 20% and 24%) were fed, BW increased but at a decreasing rate (positive linear and negative quadratic coefficients, P = 0.040 and P = 0.027, respectively; Table 8) and
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COSTA ET AL. TABLE 9. Influence of protein levels and source on the cut-up parts of 42-d-old broiler chickens, Experiment 41
Protein source
Protein level (%)
Soybean meal Soybean meal Soybean meal Peanut meal Peanut meal Peanut meal
16 20 24 16 20 24
Analysis of variance Source2 Intercept Protein source Protein level Level-squared Source × level Error
df
1.552 1.670 1.704 1.453 1.677 1.725 df 1 1 1 1 19
Breast muscle weight (kg)
Carcass weight (kg)
Estimate −17.766 −303.857 165.790 −4.042 14.983
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.068 0.042ab 0.114a 0.054b 0.042ab 0.094a P > |T| 0.992 0.850 0.008 0.320 0.419
0.357 0.428 0.435 0.336 0.393 0.424 Estimate 0.019 −34.996 60.500 −1.294 1.086
Leg quarter weight (kg) ± ± ± ± ± ±
0.013b 0.009a 0.034a 0.020b 0.013ab 0.023a P > |T| 0.964 0.369 <0.001 0.266 0.836
0.457 0.494 0.512 0.426 0.488 0.513 Estimate 108.042 −87.220 36.419 −0.843 4.077
Abdominal fat pad (%) ± ± ± ± ± ±
0.022ab 0.014a 0.032a 0.018b 0.012ab 0.022a P > |T| 0.821 0.676 0.003 0.464 0.440
3.45 1.86 1.72 4.07 2.85 2.54 Estimate 78.039 −1.849 −0.349 0.001 0.091
± ± ± ± ± ±
0.203ab 0.243c 0.162c 0.513a 0.387b 0.242bc P > |T| <0.001 0.954 0.040 0.966 0.533
PNM) were similar to results of Smith and Pesti (1998) and Smith et al. (1998). The positive advantage in BW of SBM-fed broilers vs. PNM-fed broilers could be overcome by allowing the PNM-fed chickens a longer grow-out period. The extra time of feeding would increase total feed intake by PNMfed broilers to the same BW, which would raise feed and housing costs. Traditional feed formulation models assume perfect substitution of ingredients based on their nutritional content. A different approach, with an equation relating BW to time, would be necessary to model the imperfect substitution observed in Experiment 4. Previous research with PNM has been oriented toward substituting PNM for SBM at specific protein levels (Douglas and Harms, 1959; Carew et al., 1988; El Boushy and Raterink, 1989; Suswanto and Jones, 1996). The results of Experiment 4 are unique in that they can be used to determine the most profitable levels of SBM or PNM to feed to maximize profits, not just to minimize feed costs. If the producers’ goal is to produce 2.3 kg broilers, there are different amounts of corn and SMB or PNM that can be fed (depending on dietary protein level). The costs of the various diets, the amounts of each consumed, and the time to reach the desired weight will all be different, and they will all help determine the relative values of SBM and PNM. Present feed formulation models produce a simple shadow price for PNM compared to SBM based on ingredient composition and nutrient digestibilities (Pesti and Miller, 1993). When growth rates are different and profits may be maximized at different protein levels for SBM- or PNM-based diets, present linear models are inadequate. Much more complex, nonlinear models are necessary to compare ingredient prices when ingredients cause different growth rates.
When nonlinear models based on the concept of the law of diminishing returns are implemented, low (16%) protein diets may be profit maximizing when protein meal prices are very high. When protein meal prices are relatively low, the higher (24%) protein diets may be fed to maximize profits. These responses need to be known for producers to decide when PNM is inexpensive enough to feed. Further study is necessary to determine a broiler production maximum profit model that must go beyond minimum cost feed compositions given feed ingredient prices and include optimum time required for production, processing strategy, prices, and other economic variables. The technical data obtained in this study may be used as a basis for a production function analysis that will determine maximum profit broiler production with minimum feed cost.
REFERENCES Anderson, J. C., 1982. Food science considerations: Peanut processing and product development. World Peanut Production, Utilization and Research. Special publication 16, University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Stations, Athens, GA. Carew, S. N., J. M. Olomu and S. A. Offiong, 1988. Amino acid supplementation of groundnut meal protein in broiler diets. J. Trop. Agric. 65:329–332. Douglas, C. R., and R. H. Harms, 1959. Peanut oil meal as a source of protein in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 38:786–790. El Boushy, S. R., and R. Raterink, 1989. Replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal and peanut meal or both in low energy diets for broilers. Poultry Sci. 68:799–804. Heuser, G. F., L. C. Norris, and J. McGinnis, 1946. Vegetable protein concentrates fed alone and in combination with soybean oil meal as the chief supplementary protein in chick starting rations. Poultry Sci. 25:130–136.
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a–c Values within column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05) when tested by Duncan’s new multiple range test following analysis of variance. 1 Values represent the mean ± SE of four replicate pens of 34 cockerels each. Samples of 3 birds per pen were pooled for carcass, breast muscle, leg quarters and fat pad determinations. Abdominal fat pads expressed as a percentage of live weight. 2 Protein level in %; for protein source, soybean meal = 1 and peanut meal = 0.
PEANUT MEAL PROTEIN SOURCE National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Pesti, G. M., and B. R. Miller, 1993. Animal Feed Formulation: Economic and Computer Applications. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS威 User’s Guide: Statistics. Version Five Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Smith, E. R., and G. M. Pesti, 1998. Influence of broiler strain cross and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Sci. 77:276–281. Smith, E. R., G. M. Pesti, R. I. Bakalli, G. O. Ware, and J.F.M. Menten, 1998. Further studies on the influence of genotype
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and dietary protein on the performance of broilers. Poultry Sci. 77:1678–1687. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. Suswanto, H., and G.P.D. Jones, 1996. The replacement of soybean meal with peanut meal in broiler diets containing animal protein concentrate. Page 211 in: Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium. World’s Poultry Science Association (Australian Branch), Sydney NSW, Australia. Waldroup, P. W., and R. H. Harms, 1963. Amino acid supplementation of peanut meal diets for broiler chick. Poultry Sci. 42:652–657.
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