Studies on Manganese Requirement and Interactions in the Diet of Young Turkeys12

1352

L. R. BERG

1. Growth depression of 25-30% with a corn-soybean meal ration but only 3-7% with a corn-herring fish meal diet. 2. Growth depression of 35-40% with a semi-purified sucrose-soybean meal diet and approximately 50% with a diet of sucrose and herring fish meal. 3. Adding graded levels of corn to the sucrose-fish meal ration and fish meal to the corn-soybean meal ration reduced vanadium toxicity. 4. The corn fractions, ash, oil, starch, zein and gluten did not reduce vanadium toxicity. 5. Removing the added magnesium (300 p.p.m.) and potassium (2000 p.p.m.) from the sucrose-fish meal ration did not affect growth rate or mortality. However removal of these materials from the basal ration increased growth depression due to added

vanadium from 43-56% and increased mortality from 10-80%. 6. Increasing the protein level of the sucrose-fish meal ration containing no added magnesium or potassium from 18-30% decreased chick mortality caused by vanadium from 65-0%. REFERENCES Berg, L. R., 1963. Evidence of vanadium toxicity resulting from the use of certain commercial phosphorus supplements in chick rations. Poultry Sci. 42: 766-769. Hathcock, J. N., C. H. Hill and G. Matrone, 1964. Vanadium toxicity and distribution in chicks and rats. J. Nutrition, 82 : 106-110. Nelson, T. S., M. B. Gillis and H. T. Peeler, 1962. Studies of the effect of vanadium on chick growth. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 519-522. Romoser, G. L., W. A. Dudley, L. J. Machlin and L. Loveless, 1961. Toxicity of vanadium and chromium for the growing chick. Poultry Sci. 10: 1171-1173.

Studies on Manganese Requirement and Interactions in the Diet of Young Turkeys1'2 R. D. KEALY3 AND T. W. SULLIVAN Department of Poultry Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. 68503 (Received for publication April 27, 1966)

limited data have been published ONLY concerning the young turkey's dietary manganese requirement. Mussehl and Ackerson (1939) fed poults a basal diet containing 35 parts per million (p.p.m.) of this element. Manganese carbonate and manganese sulfate were added in quantities to provide 35 and 350 p.p.m. of the ele1

Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 1896, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 From a thesis submitted by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. 'Present address: Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

ment, respectively. There was no significant improvement in the growth rate in lots receiving added manganese; in addition, there were no observable cases of perosis. Poults tolerated 350 p.p.m. of added manganese without negative response. Ringrose et al. (1939) supplemented a low-manganese (10 p.p.m. or less) basal diet with 20, 40, 60 and 80 p.p.m. of the element as manganese sulfate. The experiment was conducted with Bronze poults from day-old to eight weeks of age. The incidence of perosis was gradually lowered and growth rate was increased with 20 p.p.m. or more of added manganese. Perosis was not entirely prevented with any of

M N REQUIREMENT OF POULTS

the treatments; however, normal growth rate was obtained with the higher levels of manganese. The National Research Council (1960) recommends 25 mg. of manganese per pound of diet (55 p.p.m.) for both starting chickens and poults. A few studies have concerned the interrelationship of manganese and other nutrients. Caskey and Norris (1938) showed that raising the calcium and phosphorus content in. the diet increased the manganese requirement of chicks. The data of Slinger et al. (1950) indicated that added sodium chloride increased the dietary manganese requirement for perosis prevention. Slinger (1950), as cited by Heuser (1952), also observed that both manganese and phosphorus have a sparing effect on the salt (NaCl) requirement of chicks for growth promotion. This investigation was conducted to determine the minimum dietary manganese requirement of young turkeys. Possible interactions of manganese with zinc and sodium chloride were also studied. EXPERIMENTAL Four experiments of 28 days duration and one experiment of 56 days duration were conducted with Broad Breasted Bronze poults. Straight-run (unsexed) poults were used in experiments 1, 3 and 5; female poults were used in experiments 2 and 4. In each experiment day-old poults were selected at random, wing-banded and assigned to dietary treatments. All poults were maintained to four weeks of age in electrically heated battery brooders on raised wire floors. In experiment 3 poults were continued to eight weeks of age in unheated growing batteries. The appropriate experimental diet and water were supplied ad libitum. Distilled water was provided, except in experiment 5 and the final four weeks of experiment 3. All poults were weighed individually at weekly intervals;

1353

the feed consumption of each treatment group was recorded at the termination of experiments 1, 3, 4 and 5. The incidence of hock disorders (enlargement or swelling of the hock or tibial-metarsal joint; twisting or bending of the distal end of the tibia or the proximal end of the metatarsus; slipping of the gastrocnemius tendon) was recorded at the end of experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Samples of each basal diet were chemically analyzed for manganese content. Basal diets used in experiments 4 and 5 were also analyzed for zinc and sodium content, respectively. Manganese and zinc were determined both colorimetrically and with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. After wet ashing with nitric and perchloric acids, sodium was determined with a Perkin-Elmer flame photometer, Model 520, by the direct reading method. All four and eight-week body weight data were subjected to analyses of variance (Snedecor, 1956). Duncan's (1955) multiple range test was used to compare treatment means when significant differences were detected by the analysis of variance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiments 1 and 2. The purified basal diet used in experiment 1 was composed largely of dextrose sugar and isolated soybean protein. Composition of this diet, which contained 9 p.p.m. of manganese by analysis, is presented in Table 1. Appropriate quantities of MnS0 4 -7H 2 0 were added to the basal diet to provide six graded levels (9, 24, 39, 54, 69, and 84 p.p.m.) of manganese. Data pertaining to body weight, percent survival and percent hock disorders are presented in Table 2. The average four-week body weights of poults receiving 9 and 69 p.p.m. of manganese were significantly (P <0.05) less than the weights of poults receiving 24, 54 and 84 p.p.m. The lower body weight

1354

R. D. KEALY AND T. W. SULLIVAN

TABLE 1.—Composition of purified basal diets Expts.

Expt.

Ingredient Per kilogram diet Dextrose sugar (Cerelose)1 Isolated soybean protein Dried skim milk Purified casein Cellulose (Solka floe)'! Corn oil Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 NaCl KC1 MgSCV7H 2 0 FeC 6 H 5 0 7 -5H 2 0 CuSCV5H 2 0 ZnSCv7H 2 0 KI Methionine-hydroxy- analog3 Glycine Arginine-HCl Choline chloride (25%) Vitamin A premix (5, 000 U.S.P. units/gm.) Vitamin D 3 premix (3,000 I.C. units/gm.) Myvamix (441.U. vit . E/gm.) Pro-Strep (penicillin-;;treptomycin, 1:3)4 Vitamin premix (B-vitamins)5 1

grams 467 370

grams 206 600 100

40 45 34.3 5.0 8.0 4.8 0.6 0.04 0.43 0.04 5.0 2.0

50 15.0 4.0 0.6 0.04 0.43 0.08

8.0

6.0 8.0

3.0

3.0

1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0

0.5 5.0

0.5 5.0

Provided by Corn Products Co., Argo, Illinois. Manufactured by the Brown Company, Chicago 90, Illinois. 3 Provided by E. I. DuPont DeNemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington 98, Delaware. 4 Contains 44 mg. of a 1:3 combination of procaine penicillin and streptomycin per gram; provided by Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey. 6 Sullivan (1961). Poultry Sci. 40:334-340. 2

marized data relative to body weight, percent survival, and the incidence of hock disorders. The body weight of poults fed 2 p.p.m. (the unsupplemented basal diet) of manganese was significantly (P < 0.01) less than the weights of poults fed the five higher levels. Percent survival was lower than in experiment 1, but no consistent differences among treatments were evident. Manganese levels of 22 p.p.m. and higher completely prevented hock disorders. Data from experiments 1 and 2 clearly indicated that diet composition influenced the manganese requirement of poults. With a dextrose-isolated soybean protein diet, 24 and 54 p.p.m. of manganese, respectively, were required for maximum body weight gain and minimum hock disorders. Maximum body weight gain and minimum hock disorders were obtained with only 12 and 22 p.p.m. of manganese, respectively, when the dextrose-dried skim milk-casein diet was fed. Manganese was apparently less available from the isolated soybean protein diet. This could have been due to an interaction between phytic acid, calcium and manganese. O'Dell et al. (1961) reported that such an interaction reduced the availability of zinc.

Experiment 3. Experiment 3 was conduct(486 grams) of one replicate group of ed to study the need for supplemental manpoults fed 69 p.p.m. of manganese was ganese in a practical, corn-soybean meal apparently due to an unknown experimen- diet. Composition of this diet containing no tal error. The incidence of hock disorders animal origin ingredients was reported by was completely eliminated with 54 p.p.m. Kumpost and Sullivan (1966). Chemical of manganese. Percent survival was appar- analysis indicated that the unsupplemented ently not influenced by the manganese basal diet furnished 32 p.p.m. of mangalevels fed in this experiment. nese. Six graded levels of MnSCv7H 2 0 The purified, dextrose-dried skim milk- were added to provide 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and casein diet used in experiment 2 contained 50 p.p.m. of supplemental manganese. 2 p.p.m. of manganese by analysis. Com- Eight-week data relative to body weight position of this diet is presented in Table gain, percent survival and percent hock dis1. The basal diet was supplemented with 0, orders are presented in Table 2. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 p.p.m. of manganese There were no significant body weight from MnS0 4 • 7H 2 0. Table 2 contains sum- differences among treatments at eight

1355

M N REQUIREMENT OF POULTS TABLE 2.—Response of young turkeys to graded levels of manganese in different basal diets1 Experiment 1 (Dextrose-isolated soybean protein diet) Manganese, p.p.m. Av. 4-week body wt., gm. Survival at 4 weeks, % Hock disorders, %

9 528a 100 20.0

24 618b 95 10.5

39 572ab 95 15.8

54 607b 90 0.0

69 530a 100 0.0

84 610b 100 0.0

42 455b 90 0.0

52 433b 90 0.0

72 2,131a 96.7 0.0

82 2,168a 100 3.3

Experiment 2 (Dextrose-dried skim milk-casein diet) Manganese, p.p.m. Av. 4-week body wt., gm. Survival at 4 weeks, % Hock disorders, %

2 370a 85 82.3

12 443b 85 11.8

22 439b 90 0.0

32 424b 80 0.0

Experiment 3 (Ground corn-soybean meal diet) Manganese, p.p.m. Av. 8-week body wt., gm. Survival at 8 weeks, % Hock disorders, %

32 2,220a 90 18.5

42 2,211a 100 0.0

52 2,154a 96.7 10.4

62 2,181a 100 20.0

1 Within the same experiment body weight values followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P<0.05). Each body weight value is the average for 16 to 20 surviving poults (two groups of 10) in experiments 1 and 2, and 29 or 30 poults (three groups of 10) in experiment 3.

weeks. No hock defects or disorders were evident at four weeks. Hock disorder incidence at eight weeks was apparently unrelated to levels of dietary manganese. Eight weeks of rearing on raised wire floors probably contributed to these hock disorders. Percent survival was lowest in groups fed the lowest level of manganese; however, this difference was not significant. The composite results from experiment 3 showed no positive response to supplemental manganese. The 32 p.p.m. of manganese furnished by the basal ingredients appeared sufficiently available and adequate for maximum body weight gain and normal hock development in poults. These results are not sufficient evidence for recommending the omission of supplemental manganese from turkey starter feeds. However, supplemental manganese appears less critical in practical feeding than previously believed. Experiment 4. This experiment was conducted to study the possible interaction between manganese and zinc in the diet of young turkeys. A 4 X 4 factorial design

involving all combinations of four manganese and four zinc levels was employed. The dextrose-isolated soybean protein basal diet (Table 1) was used. This basal diet contained 18 p.p.m. of zinc; ZnS0 4 -7H 2 0 was the source of added zinc. Manganese level was 7 p.p.m. in the basal diet; MnS0 4 • 7H 2 0 provided supplemental manganese. Data pertaining to body weight, percent hock disorders and percent survival are presented in Table 3. There was no significant interaction between manganese and zinc levels with regard to body weight gain. However, there were significant differences in body weight due to manganese levels (P < 0.05), and zinc levels (P < 0.01). Distinctly different deficiency symptoms were evident for manganese and for zinc. Poults fed low zinc levels showed stunted growth, shortened leg bones, enlarged hocks and extremely poor feathering. These symptoms were quite similar to those reported by Sullivan (1961). Poults fed the lower manganese levels showed near normal body weight gain and linear bone growth; however, in many instances their hocks were flattened

1356

R. D. KEALY AND T. W. SULLIVAN

TABLE

3.-—Effect of graded levels of manganese and zinc on body weight gain, the incidence of hock disorders and survival in young turkeys (Expt. 4) Zn levels, p.p.m.

Av. body wt. at four weeks, gm.1

Percent hock disorders at 4 weeks

Percent survival at 4 weeks

18

38

58

108

M n levels p.p.m. 7 17 37 87

222 252 261 233

464 443 462 446

430 469 502 501

468 497 520 471

Av.

242a

454b

476bc

489c

7 17 37 87 Av.

50 89 83 67 72.2

70 20 0 0 22.5

7 17 37 87

100 90 60 90

100 100 100 100

Av.

85

100

30 0 0 0 7.5 100 100 100 90 97.5

10 0 0 0 2.5 100 90 80 90

Av.

396a 415ab 436b 412ab

40.0 27.2 20.8 16.8 100 95 85 92.5

90

1

Each individual body weight value is the mean for survivors in one group of ten poults initially assigned to each treatment. For either manganese or zinc levels, composite average values followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P<0.05). Mean squares from analysis of variance of body weight data are listed below. Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Mean squares

159 3 3 9 144

109.0* 5,409.0** 36.3 35.3

Total Between Mn levels Between Zn levels Mn levelsXZn levels Within or error * Exceeds F-value at 0.05 level of probability. ** Exceeds F-value at 0.01 level of probability.

and enlarged on the dorsal side. Poults fed diets containing at least 38 p.p.m. of zinc and 37 p.p.m. of manganese showed no deficiency symptoms. Data from experiment 4 provided no evidence for an interaction between manganese and zinc. These essential trace elements appeared to function independently of each other. Minimum levels of 37-38 p.p.m. of each were required for normal body weight gain, bone development, and feathering in young turkeys. Experiment 5. The fifth experiment was conducted to study the interaction between

dietary sodium chloride and manganese. The experiment consisted of a 4 X 4 factorial design with all combinations of four levels of dietary manganese and four levels of sodium chloride. The same practical-type, corn-soybean meal diet employed in experiment 3 was used. This unsupplemented basal diet contained 32 p.p.m. of manganese and 0.05 percent of sodium. Supplemental manganese levels as MnSO4.7H20 were 0, 10, 20 and 40 p.p.m.; levels of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 percent of sodium chloride were added. Summarized data are presented in Table 4. The interaction between manganese and

1357

M N REQUIREMENT OF POULTS TABLE 4.—Ejfect of graded levels of manganese and sodium chloride on body weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival in young turkeys (Expt. 5) NaCl levels, %

Av. body wt. at four weeks, gm.

1

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Av.

535 535 582 624

562 572 574 602

577 510 536 569

560 549 606 577

558ab 542a 574bc 593c

Av.

569a

578a

548a

572a

32 42 52 72

1.70 1.73 1.62 1.57

1.69 1.61 1.61 1.56

1.46 1.57

1.62 1.55 1.65 1.57

Av.

1.66

1.62

1.61

1.60

Mn levels p.p.m. 32 42 52 72

Feed/gain at 4 weeks

Percent survival at 4 weeks

32 42 52 72 Av.

100 100 100 100

95 100 100 95 97.5

100

.74 .67

100 95 90 95

100 90 100 100 97.5

1.62 1.66 1.64 1.57

98.8 96.2 97.5 97.5

95

1

Each individual body weight value is the mean for survivors in two replicate groups of ten poults initially assigned to each treatment. For either manganese or sodium chloride levels, composite average values followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P<0.05). Mean squares from analysis of variance of body weight data are listed below: Source of variation Total Between Mn levels Between NaCl levels Between replications Mn levels X NaCl levels Mn levels X replications NaCl levelsX replications Mn levelsXNaCl levelsXreps Within or error

Degrees of Freedom

Mean squares

310 3 3 1 9 3 3 9 288

373 7*** 129 .7 222.0* 121 .4* 213 o** 65 .7 74.4 55 .6

* Exceeds F-value at 0.10 level of probability. ** Exceeds F-value at 0.05 level of probability. *** Exceeds F-value at 0.01 level of probability.

sodium chloride relative to body weight gain was significant (P < 0.10). The greatest body weight gain was exhibited in poults receiving the two higher manganese levels with the two lower levels of sodium chloride. Body weight gain was clearly less in poults fed the two lower levels of manganese than in poults fed the two higher levels. These results tend to confirm the observations of Slinger (19S0) as cited by Heuser (1952). The efficiency of feed utili-

zation appeared to be improved with high manganese and low sodium chloride levels. There were no significant differences or trends in hock disorders or percent survival with regard to dietary treatments. SUMMARY

Five experiments were conducted to study the manganese requirement and interactions in the diet of young turkeys. Data relative to body weight gain, the inci-

1358

R. D. KEALY AND T. W. SULLIVAN

dence of hock disorders, percent survival and feed efficiency indicated the following: 1. The manganese requirement was greatly influenced by diet composition. With a dextrose-isolated soybean protein diet, 24 and 54 p.p.m. of manganese, respectively, were required for maximum body weight gain and minimum hock disorders. Maximum body weight gain and minimum hock disorders were obtained with only 12 and 22 p.p.m., respectively, in a dextrose-dried skim milk-casein diet. A practical-type, corn-soybean meal diet with no protein of animal origin was used in two experiments. Maximum body weight gain was obtained with 32 p.p.m. of manganese in one experiment and 52 or 72 p.p.m. in the other. 2. There was no significant interaction between graded levels of manganese and graded levels of zinc fed in a dextrose-isolated soybean protein diet. Supplemental zinc did not alter the manganese requirement; added manganese did not reduce or increase the zinc requirement. Symptoms of manganese and zinc deficiencies were different. 3. An interaction between dietary manganese and sodium chloride relative to body weight gain was significant (P < 0.10). Poults receiving the higher levels of manganese combined with the lower levels

of sodium chloride showed the greatest body weight gain. REFERENCES Caskey, C. D., and L. C. Norris, 1938. Further studies on the role of manganese in poultry nutrition. Poultry Sci. 17 : 433. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Heuser, G. F., 1952. Salt additions to chick rations. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 85-88. Kumpost, H. E., and T. W. Sullivan, 1966. Minimum sodium requirement and interaction of potassium and sodium in the diet of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 45: 1334-1339. Mussehl, F. E., and C. W. Ackerson, 1939. Effect of adding manganese to a specific ration for growing poults. Poultry Sci. 18: 408. National Research Council, 1960. Nutrient requirements for domestic animals. No. 1, Publication 827, Nutrient requirements for poultry. O'Dell, B. L., J. M. Yohe and J. E. Savage, 1961. Interaction of calcium and phytic acid on zinc availability. Poultry Sci. 40: 1438. Ringrose, A. T., J. H. Martin and W. M. Insko, 1939. Manganese requirements of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 18 : 409-410. Slinger, S. J., W. F. Pepper and I. Motzok, 1950. Factors affecting the salt requirements of chickens. Poultry Sci. 29 : 780-781. Slinger, S. J., 1950. Manganese interrelationships in chick nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Sth ed. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Sullivan, T. W., 1961. The zinc requirement of Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 40: 334-340.

NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1345) Charles City, Iowa, has been made to Iowa State the Fact Finding Conference of the Institute of American Poultry Industries. It is conducted by the University for blackhead disease studies. The study, Institute, the National 4-H Service Committee, the extending over a two-year period, will center on Cooperative Extension Service, and the Office of dimetridazole, one of the drugs effective against the Education, Vocational Agricultural Branch. disease. J. Burkeholder, University of Missouri, is ChairMICHIGAN NOTES man of the Steering Committee which is planning The National Turkey Federation has made a the Conference for next year, to be held in Kansas grant to Michigan State University to study manCity, February 9-12. agement techniques aimed at improving efficiency of breeder toms. R. K. Ringer and E. Bixler of the IOWA NOTES Department of Poultry Science are conducting the research. A research grant from Salsbury Laboratories, (Continued on page 1404)