- Email: [email protected]
Study and Comparison of Clinical Profiles and Indices of Criminal and Normal Adolescence of Tabriz Prison
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
Procedia - Social and Procedia Behavioral Sciences (2011) 1840 – 184200 (2011) 000–000 - Social and30 Behavioral Sciences
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCPCG-2011
Study and Comparison of Clinical Profiles and Indices of Criminal and Normal Adolescence of Tabriz prison Mehdi Aghapoora * a
Department of psychology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
1
Abstract The purpose of present research is to study and compare clinical profiles and indices of criminal and normal adolescents of Tabriz. Research method is of descriptive type. Sample size in this research is 40 criminal and 40 normal people which have been selected through method of sampling availability. The obtained data and information was analyzed through t-test of two independent groups. The obtained results indicate that there is difference between criminal and normal youth in terms of depression, hypochondria, social psychological aberrations, paranoia, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia. In addition, the results showed that between manic and hysteric there is significant difference in two groups. © Published Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference © 2011 2011 Elsevier Ltd.byAll rights reserved.
on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance.
Keywords: clinical indices, MMPI, criminal and normal adolescence
1. Introduction The issue of children and juveniles criminality is one of intricate social issues which has kept public attention intensively busy with itself. From beginning of twentieth century the issue of criminality among adolescence, especially in industrial countries has attracted attention of psychologists, sociologists, criminologists, psychiatrists and pedagogical experts to itself in order by adopting measures to prevent its growth and spreading. Results from previous research have shown that age, gender, race, residence, intelligence, education, and economical and social status all are in relation with Minnesota Multi-polygonal Inquiry (MNPI). When a correction is made to demographical variables, relatively equal elevation of MMPI profiles may have different meanings. One of the most important cases resulted from the researches is that usually in case of more aged normal populations it is seen in scales of elevation hypochondria and hysteria, but degree of hysteria between abnormal and normal people does not differ significantly. However, degree of hypochondria in abnormal people is more seen than in normal people (Leon, Guillume, Guz, 1980: 400). Research results by Ghafouri (1980) under title of “Behavioral and Criminal Abnormalities of Adolescents” through which 3183 criminals were investigated showed that children of most families which have low education have more behavioral abnormality. Fakhraee (1992) in a research shows that no significant difference has been found between two criminal and normal groups in any MMPI personality dimensions. In results which Kaplan (2000) obtained from his studies in rehabilitation center of criminal youth, it is seen that most of the juveniles suffer from depression and psychastenia. 1
- Mehdi Aghapoor , tel: +989148897622 Email: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.355
Mehdi Aghapoor / Procedia - Social andand Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 1840000–000 – 1842 Mehdi Aghapoor ./ Procedia – Social Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011)
1841
In following of his studies, Kaplan concluded that these people should first be helped in order to get freed from ailments such as depression and psychasthenia (Kaplan, 2000; translation by Pour Afkari, 2005). Bayern (2002) in a research done on 200 criminal individuals came to the conclusion that all of them possess a kind of talent in criminality and perversion which later on is expressed by criminal behavioral aspects. These people mostly have clinical indices of social digression, depression and psychasthenia (Bayern, 2002). Esmali Couraneh (2000) in a research under title of “Comparison of personality Traits and Confrontation styles between Criminals and Normal People” concluded that criminals to lesser degree have positive and normal personality dimension and have shown stronger abnormal patterns and clinical symptoms of personality disorders and hypochondria amongst criminal juveniles is more than normal adolescents. Gart (2002) in a research on two groups of criminals and normal individuals has concluded that criminal people are much more depressed than normal people so as 91% of the criminal group participating in the study were depressed. Considering the above points, present research intends to answer this question that whether there is any difference between clinical indices of criminal and normal adolescence. Methodology . Method of present research is of descriptive type. Sampling Statistical society of present research includes all the arrested adolescent criminals in Prison of Tabriz from which 40 persons with middle school education were selected through the method of availability and together with the same number from among normal adolescence were studied Instrument In this research, for measurement of individuals’ clinical indices it is made use of a shortened 71-question form of standardized test of MMPI. MMPI was developed by Hateh Wee and McCain Lee (1943) (Graham, 2006; translation by Kafi Masouleh & Yaghoubi, 2009). MMPI in 1967 was reduced to 71 questions. He claimed these items can have the very diagnostic power of main test. Okhovat, Braheni, Shamlu and Noparast (1975) by considering Iranian culture and values, normalized this test on male and female students. Validity median of main test’s scales through method of halving is between 70% and 80%. However, some of these coefficients are equal to 99% but some others are far less that that. Median of scales correlation coefficients through retesting is between 50% and 90% (with median of 80%) (Fathi Ashtiani & Dastani, 2009). Results and discussion Results showed that mean hypochondria, depression, social-psychological aberration, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia of the criminal youth are significantly greater and differ from those of normal youth. Based on the research’s results, there is difference between hypochondria of criminal youth and that of normal youth. Results of present research are consistent with results of research by Leon, Guilume and Guz (1980), Esmali Kouraneh (2000). According to results of present research there is difference between depression of criminal youth and that of normal youth. Results of present research are consistent with research by Sarmast (1998). Research’s results showed that there is difference between social digression of criminal youth and normal youth. Result of the present research is consistent with results found by Farahani (1986). There is difference between paranoia of criminal youth and normal youth. The obtained result in this regard is consistent with results obtained by Rahnama (1993). There is a difference between psychasthenia of criminal youth and normal youth. These results are consistent results obtained by Rahnama (1993). Based on results of present research, there is difference between schizophrenia of criminal youth and normal youth. These results indicating difference of schizophrenia of these two groups is consistent with research results found by Ali Madadi (2000). Manic of criminal youth and normal youth does not differ from each other. This result is consistent with results obtained by Ali Madadi (2000). Psychological-social, cognitive and biological changes in adolescence period provide numerous developmental opportunities for juveniles in order to get involved in behaviors which implicitly are important in adopting a life style together with health or endangering health (Harris et al, 2002). Therefore, given the results of present research
1842
Mehdi Aghapoor / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (2011) 1840 – 1842 Mehdi Aghapoor ./ Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 0030 (2011) 000–000
and similar researches, one can by providing suitable trainings such as instruction of correct inter-personal relationships, effective communication skills, daring behavior, control of anger and aggression, life skills training and instruction of problem solving to prevent the youth from appealing to misdemeanor and crimes and to reduce their psychological problems in order through this way to both improve people’s psychological hygiene and reduce costs of treatments and rehabilitation and damages resulting from criminality. References - Rahnama, A .(1372). [ بررسي تحٌل اخالقي نٌجٌانان بسىكار پسر ً مقايسو آن با نٌجٌانان عادي پسرStudy of Moral Development of Male Criminal Youth and its Comparison with Male Normal youth], master thesis, Tehran Teachers Training University, Faculty of Educational Sciences. - Sarmast, H. et al. (1998). ستان يسد [ بررسي شيٌع افسردگي در زنذانيان نٌجٌان نذامتگاه تاديبي شيرStudy of Depression Outbreak among Young Prisoners of Yazd Penitentiary], PhD thesis, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences of Yazd, Faculty of Medicine. - Fathiashtiani, A .(2009).) آزمٌنيای رًان شناختی (ارزشيابی شخصيت ًسالمت رًان [Psychological Tests (Evaluation of Personality and Psychological Health)], Tehran: Besat Publication Institute. - Fakhraee, Z.(1992). سالو در شير تيران18-16 مقايسو ًيژگيياي شخصيتي نٌجٌانان بسىكار ً عادي پسران [Comparison of Personalities Traits of Male Criminal and Normal Adolescence of 16-18 Years Old in Tehran], University of Allameh Tabatabai’i, Unpublished Master Thesis. - Kaplan, H & Sadock, V.(2003).) رًانپسشکی بالينی-[ خالصو رًانپسشکی (علٌم رفتاریA Summary of Psychiatry (Behavioural Sciences-Clinical Psychiatry)], Translation by Pour Afkari (2003), Tehran, Shahr-e-Ab. - Graham, J. R.(2006). [ ارزيابی شخصيت ًآسيب شناسی رًانیEvaluation of Personality and Psychological Pathology], Translation of Kaffi Masouleh & Yaghoubi (2009), Tehran: Nasl-e-Farda, Arjmand. - Gary Gruth, Marnat .(2003).) [ راىنمای سنجش رًانی (چاپ سٌمA guide to Psychological Measurement], third edition, translation by Hassan Pasha Sharifi (2008), Tehran: Rosh Publication. - Byrne D.F. (2002).The Development of Role Taking in Adolescence”, Dissertation abstract, 34, vol.11, 5647 B. - Harris, K., Mullan, Duncan, G., Boisjoly .(2002).[Evaluation of the Role of “Nothing to Lose” Attitudes on Risky Behaviors in Adolescence], Social Forces, vol.1180 (3). - Kaplan & Sadock .(2007). Synapsis of Psychiatry; Behavioral Sciences / Clinical Psychiatry”, ninth edition, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins. - Stansfield, K.H. & Kirsteim C.L. (2005).Neuro-Chemical Effect of Cocaone in Adolescence Compared to Adulthood]”, Developmental Brain Research, vol.159 (2), p.119.
Procedia - Social and Procedia Behavioral Sciences (2011) 1840 – 184200 (2011) 000–000 - Social and30 Behavioral Sciences
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
WCPCG-2011
Study and Comparison of Clinical Profiles and Indices of Criminal and Normal Adolescence of Tabriz prison Mehdi Aghapoora * a
Department of psychology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
1
Abstract The purpose of present research is to study and compare clinical profiles and indices of criminal and normal adolescents of Tabriz. Research method is of descriptive type. Sample size in this research is 40 criminal and 40 normal people which have been selected through method of sampling availability. The obtained data and information was analyzed through t-test of two independent groups. The obtained results indicate that there is difference between criminal and normal youth in terms of depression, hypochondria, social psychological aberrations, paranoia, psychasthenia, and schizophrenia. In addition, the results showed that between manic and hysteric there is significant difference in two groups. © Published Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference © 2011 2011 Elsevier Ltd.byAll rights reserved.
on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance.
Keywords: clinical indices, MMPI, criminal and normal adolescence
1. Introduction The issue of children and juveniles criminality is one of intricate social issues which has kept public attention intensively busy with itself. From beginning of twentieth century the issue of criminality among adolescence, especially in industrial countries has attracted attention of psychologists, sociologists, criminologists, psychiatrists and pedagogical experts to itself in order by adopting measures to prevent its growth and spreading. Results from previous research have shown that age, gender, race, residence, intelligence, education, and economical and social status all are in relation with Minnesota Multi-polygonal Inquiry (MNPI). When a correction is made to demographical variables, relatively equal elevation of MMPI profiles may have different meanings. One of the most important cases resulted from the researches is that usually in case of more aged normal populations it is seen in scales of elevation hypochondria and hysteria, but degree of hysteria between abnormal and normal people does not differ significantly. However, degree of hypochondria in abnormal people is more seen than in normal people (Leon, Guillume, Guz, 1980: 400). Research results by Ghafouri (1980) under title of “Behavioral and Criminal Abnormalities of Adolescents” through which 3183 criminals were investigated showed that children of most families which have low education have more behavioral abnormality. Fakhraee (1992) in a research shows that no significant difference has been found between two criminal and normal groups in any MMPI personality dimensions. In results which Kaplan (2000) obtained from his studies in rehabilitation center of criminal youth, it is seen that most of the juveniles suffer from depression and psychastenia. 1
- Mehdi Aghapoor , tel: +989148897622 Email: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 2nd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.355
Mehdi Aghapoor / Procedia - Social andand Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 1840000–000 – 1842 Mehdi Aghapoor ./ Procedia – Social Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011)
1841
In following of his studies, Kaplan concluded that these people should first be helped in order to get freed from ailments such as depression and psychasthenia (Kaplan, 2000; translation by Pour Afkari, 2005). Bayern (2002) in a research done on 200 criminal individuals came to the conclusion that all of them possess a kind of talent in criminality and perversion which later on is expressed by criminal behavioral aspects. These people mostly have clinical indices of social digression, depression and psychasthenia (Bayern, 2002). Esmali Couraneh (2000) in a research under title of “Comparison of personality Traits and Confrontation styles between Criminals and Normal People” concluded that criminals to lesser degree have positive and normal personality dimension and have shown stronger abnormal patterns and clinical symptoms of personality disorders and hypochondria amongst criminal juveniles is more than normal adolescents. Gart (2002) in a research on two groups of criminals and normal individuals has concluded that criminal people are much more depressed than normal people so as 91% of the criminal group participating in the study were depressed. Considering the above points, present research intends to answer this question that whether there is any difference between clinical indices of criminal and normal adolescence. Methodology . Method of present research is of descriptive type. Sampling Statistical society of present research includes all the arrested adolescent criminals in Prison of Tabriz from which 40 persons with middle school education were selected through the method of availability and together with the same number from among normal adolescence were studied Instrument In this research, for measurement of individuals’ clinical indices it is made use of a shortened 71-question form of standardized test of MMPI. MMPI was developed by Hateh Wee and McCain Lee (1943) (Graham, 2006; translation by Kafi Masouleh & Yaghoubi, 2009). MMPI in 1967 was reduced to 71 questions. He claimed these items can have the very diagnostic power of main test. Okhovat, Braheni, Shamlu and Noparast (1975) by considering Iranian culture and values, normalized this test on male and female students. Validity median of main test’s scales through method of halving is between 70% and 80%. However, some of these coefficients are equal to 99% but some others are far less that that. Median of scales correlation coefficients through retesting is between 50% and 90% (with median of 80%) (Fathi Ashtiani & Dastani, 2009). Results and discussion Results showed that mean hypochondria, depression, social-psychological aberration, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia of the criminal youth are significantly greater and differ from those of normal youth. Based on the research’s results, there is difference between hypochondria of criminal youth and that of normal youth. Results of present research are consistent with results of research by Leon, Guilume and Guz (1980), Esmali Kouraneh (2000). According to results of present research there is difference between depression of criminal youth and that of normal youth. Results of present research are consistent with research by Sarmast (1998). Research’s results showed that there is difference between social digression of criminal youth and normal youth. Result of the present research is consistent with results found by Farahani (1986). There is difference between paranoia of criminal youth and normal youth. The obtained result in this regard is consistent with results obtained by Rahnama (1993). There is a difference between psychasthenia of criminal youth and normal youth. These results are consistent results obtained by Rahnama (1993). Based on results of present research, there is difference between schizophrenia of criminal youth and normal youth. These results indicating difference of schizophrenia of these two groups is consistent with research results found by Ali Madadi (2000). Manic of criminal youth and normal youth does not differ from each other. This result is consistent with results obtained by Ali Madadi (2000). Psychological-social, cognitive and biological changes in adolescence period provide numerous developmental opportunities for juveniles in order to get involved in behaviors which implicitly are important in adopting a life style together with health or endangering health (Harris et al, 2002). Therefore, given the results of present research
1842
Mehdi Aghapoor / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (2011) 1840 – 1842 Mehdi Aghapoor ./ Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 0030 (2011) 000–000
and similar researches, one can by providing suitable trainings such as instruction of correct inter-personal relationships, effective communication skills, daring behavior, control of anger and aggression, life skills training and instruction of problem solving to prevent the youth from appealing to misdemeanor and crimes and to reduce their psychological problems in order through this way to both improve people’s psychological hygiene and reduce costs of treatments and rehabilitation and damages resulting from criminality. References - Rahnama, A .(1372). [ بررسي تحٌل اخالقي نٌجٌانان بسىكار پسر ً مقايسو آن با نٌجٌانان عادي پسرStudy of Moral Development of Male Criminal Youth and its Comparison with Male Normal youth], master thesis, Tehran Teachers Training University, Faculty of Educational Sciences. - Sarmast, H. et al. (1998). ستان يسد [ بررسي شيٌع افسردگي در زنذانيان نٌجٌان نذامتگاه تاديبي شيرStudy of Depression Outbreak among Young Prisoners of Yazd Penitentiary], PhD thesis, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences of Yazd, Faculty of Medicine. - Fathiashtiani, A .(2009).) آزمٌنيای رًان شناختی (ارزشيابی شخصيت ًسالمت رًان [Psychological Tests (Evaluation of Personality and Psychological Health)], Tehran: Besat Publication Institute. - Fakhraee, Z.(1992). سالو در شير تيران18-16 مقايسو ًيژگيياي شخصيتي نٌجٌانان بسىكار ً عادي پسران [Comparison of Personalities Traits of Male Criminal and Normal Adolescence of 16-18 Years Old in Tehran], University of Allameh Tabatabai’i, Unpublished Master Thesis. - Kaplan, H & Sadock, V.(2003).) رًانپسشکی بالينی-[ خالصو رًانپسشکی (علٌم رفتاریA Summary of Psychiatry (Behavioural Sciences-Clinical Psychiatry)], Translation by Pour Afkari (2003), Tehran, Shahr-e-Ab. - Graham, J. R.(2006). [ ارزيابی شخصيت ًآسيب شناسی رًانیEvaluation of Personality and Psychological Pathology], Translation of Kaffi Masouleh & Yaghoubi (2009), Tehran: Nasl-e-Farda, Arjmand. - Gary Gruth, Marnat .(2003).) [ راىنمای سنجش رًانی (چاپ سٌمA guide to Psychological Measurement], third edition, translation by Hassan Pasha Sharifi (2008), Tehran: Rosh Publication. - Byrne D.F. (2002).The Development of Role Taking in Adolescence”, Dissertation abstract, 34, vol.11, 5647 B. - Harris, K., Mullan, Duncan, G., Boisjoly .(2002).[Evaluation of the Role of “Nothing to Lose” Attitudes on Risky Behaviors in Adolescence], Social Forces, vol.1180 (3). - Kaplan & Sadock .(2007). Synapsis of Psychiatry; Behavioral Sciences / Clinical Psychiatry”, ninth edition, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins. - Stansfield, K.H. & Kirsteim C.L. (2005).Neuro-Chemical Effect of Cocaone in Adolescence Compared to Adulthood]”, Developmental Brain Research, vol.159 (2), p.119.