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Study Of Interior Temperature Distribution And Implementation Of Smart Materials In The Truck Cabin During Summer Conditions
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAMME-2018
Study Of Interior Temperature Distribution And Implementation Of Smart Materials In The Truck Cabin During Summer Conditions SujithBobbaa*, Z. Lemana,b, E.S. Zainuddina and S.M. Sapuana,b a
b
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
Abstract
Temperature in the inner part of the automotive vehicle compartment is very important to provide affluent state to the passengers. Temperature in the interiorpart of the chamberwill be improve, when the automobile is parked right underneaththe sunlight. The radiation episode to the surface varies from second to secondbased upon its geographical position (latitude and longitude of the place), orientation, season, time of the day and atmospheric conditions. Inadvertence of clouds, the daily average illumination for the Earth is nearly230 W/m2 .Major 13 hottest cities in these four zones were considered to study interior temperature and heat contents in the truck cabin. The data of temperatures in these cities at the interval of 11 am to 2 pm were collected for month of March to Mid of June for 2010 to 2017, and average max temperature and Relative Humidity (RH) were identified for these years .These values are further used for the calculations of Zenith (altitude) angle, azimuth (longitudinal) angle, and Sky temperature. In the mathematical modelling, CFD analysis, and heat transfer mechanism – equations for conduction, convention and radiation through vehicle body and window glasses is important to determine interior truck cabin temperature, distribution and heat, then changing the material of the truck depending upon the CFD analysis done. Materials such as thermo electric materials, phase change materials and solar cells are implemented with electrical integration system. This research proposes a new perspective that by implementing these materials reduce of cabin internal temperature to a larger extent can be done and increase the fuel efficiency during summer.All in all, it can be terminated that by switch of the materials is the best method in reducing the interior temperature inside the truck cabin © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engi- neering, ICAMME-2018. Keywords: Thermal Analysis;CFD, thermo electric materials;Phase change materials;solar cells;electrical integration system
2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, ICAMME-2018.
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SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
NOMENCLATURE du/dtinternal energy macabin air mass cv specific heat of air at constant volume, Tscabin air temperature Tf Average temperature inside the vehicle Tmaxmaximum Temperature in the truck Tminminimum Temperature in the truck Rrcombined thermal resistance(steel and plaster) Xi / kiAr Thermal resistance of steel Xp/ kpAr Thermal resistance of plaster on the roof ReReynold number NuNusselt number PrPrandtl number ρFluidDensity umean fluid velocity. μ fluid viscosity L Characteristic length 1.
INTRODUCTION
Even in motion or stationary, the truck is always exposed to the sun, when vehicle is in motion, the heat will be reduced by cooling systems or air conditioning, but when stationary heat entry will be trapped and will increase in temperature, the heat can cause damage to materials inside the cabin and even can arise due to toxic chemicals or materials upholstery perfume evaporates due to the heat. Many people who are often waiting in the vehicle in the parking lot for a long time, to dissipate heat, the driver tends to turn the truck cooling system at its maximum, which would certainly make a lot of wasted fuel consumption. According to the sources about 55% of solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface of which 51% is absorbed by the surface, 4% gets reflected from the surface, 19% of solar radiation is absorbed by the clouds & atmosphere, 20% is reflected from the clouds, and only 6% is reflected from the atmosphere[1]. In the recent case study done, when temperatures outside range from 80 degrees to 100 degrees, the temperature inside a car parked in direct sunlight can quickly climb to between 130 to 172[2].So the temperature rise depend on various factors such as geographical location (latitude and longitude) of the place, time of duration during parking.
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Figure 1: Representation of temperature rise on the surface and on the truck cabin If the sensible energy balance is dominated by the incoming solar radiation, the temperature inside the vehicle stabilizes within a range between 20 and 35 K above the outside temperature(Figure 1). Various Researcher such as Gibbs et al[3] has worked on result of heat exposure in an enclosed automobile, Gregory and Constantine[4] has studied and analyzed the Hyperthermia in dogs left in cars in certain parts of the world. Researchers Jascha and Keck [5] have worked how to transport veterinary drugs in insulated boxes to avoid thermal damage by heating or freezing, King et al[6]and his companions have analyzed the heat stress in Motor Vehicles to prevent the death of infants in the vehicle cabin during summer. Unlike other researchers McLaren et al [7] have worked to reduce heat stress from enclosed vehicles and also found out that moderate ambient temperatures cause significant temperature rise in enclosed vehicles. Roberts and Roberts [8] have done work to reduce the heat stress in automobile cabins and finally Surpure[9] predicted the illness that can be caused due to temperature rise in the Car cabin and the side effects that would result in the health issues in the human being. Grundstein et al [10] developed simple models to calculate the equilibrium temperature of vehicles as a function of the outside air temperature, the irradiance of solar radiation, as well as cloud cover. In the majority of cases, a value close to the equilibrium temperature is reached about 20–60 min after the cessation of ventilation. The caustic environment in the inner part of the stationary automobile can be the origin of heat stroke as a life warningsymptom noticed in human and animals. It may result from exposure to environmental heat stress and is characterized by body core temperatures of >50 °C in a human beings. The aim of this paper was the enhancement of a dynamic structure for the cabin temperature run by the three meteorological parameters: outdoor temperature, solar radiation and wind velocity, all of which are available on an hourly basis at standard meteorological stations.In the study(Table1) 13 major hottest cities in these four zones(Figure 2) were considered to study interior temperature and heat contents in the truck cabin.
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Table1: Cities with study of interior temperature and heat contents City New Delhi Calcutta Chennai Mumbai Ahmadabad Hyderabad Pune Jaipur Akola Hissar Jabalpur Kota Bhuj
2010 46 40 41 39 42 42 39 43 45 44 46 40 41
2012 46 40 41 40 42 42 39 42 45 44 47 40 40
2014 47 41 42 39 42 42 40 42 46 45 45 41 42
2015 46 42 40 39 40 42 39 43 44 44 46 40 41
2016 47 41 42 41 41 42 40 43 45 46 45 40 40
2017 45 40 41 39 41 42 41 43 45 44 45 41 41
Avg. Temp 46 41 41 40 41 42 40 43 45 45 46 40 41
Figure 2 :Climate zone map of India[11]
Avg. RH 54 71 70 75 55 56 59 64 49 60 76 44 63
Heat Index 82.7 78 77 77 62.3 67.2 61.8 80.4 72.2 85.6 116 50.7 69.7
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365
CABIN AIR TEMPERATURE MODEL
The cabin air heating rate, or rate at which the internal energy of the cabin air ΔUt with time t, is dU/dt = ma cv
T
[1]
where ma is the cabin air mass, cv is the specific heat of air at constant volume, and Ts(t) is the cabin air temperature. The cabin air is transparent to both sunlight and thermal radiation, but exchanges haet with the air conditioner and the cabin surface. If the air is welled mixed, a simple model for the variation of cabin air temperature with time is given by[12] dTs/dt =α[Tv(t)-Ts(t)] + β[Ts(t)-Ts(t)] 3.
[2]
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT INSIDE TRUCK CABIN
Average temperature inside the vehicle is measured by[12] Tf=
(TMAX TMIN)
[3]
Where, Tmax=maximum Temperature in the truck Tmin=minimum Temperature in the truck The heat transfer into a vehicle is assumed to be one dimensional and steady heat conduction. The roof is made of steel and plaster and their combined thermal resistance (combination of steel & plaster) can be written as[12]
Rr
=
kpAr[4]
Where, Xi / kiAris the thermal resistance of steel and Xp/ kpAris the thermal resistance of plaster on the roof 4.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT INSIDE TRUCK CABIN
The thermal resilience of the roof coverrely on the structure and the thermaleffects of the roof materials. The transition from laminar and turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry, surface roughness, free-stream velocity, surface temperature, and the type of fluid. The flow system rests largely on the proportion of inertia intensity to viscous intensity in fluid. This ratio is called the Reynold number, which is a dimensionless quantity, and can be expressed[13]for external flow as Re = (ρ u2) / (μ u / L) =ρuL/μ
[5]
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When the Reynold number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and when the Reynold number is greater than 2000, the turbulent flow will occur, Nusselt number at a location for laminar flow over a flat plate (truck roof surface consider flat) has been defined as(Gengel, 2004)[14] Nu=hl/ka = 0.332 Re0.5 Pr1/3
[6]
Where Pr is Prandtl number The temperature inside the compartment is shown in Figure 3.The Figure 3 shows that the most heated parts of the truck body is the roof because most of the incident sunlight is absorbed by the roof materials(Table 2). This heat is transferred(Figure 4) from the roof to the plaster by conduction and then from the plaster to the inside environment by convection(Table 3). The temperature on the glass is the lowest because the incident radiation from the sun passes through the glass into the inside compartment of the truck.
. Figure3: Representation of temperature measurement inside truck cabin and Thermal processes between a tractor cab and hot environment[15]
Figure-4:(a)Solar energy transmission through glass[15]
(b) fluid nodes, solid nodes by radiation
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367
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CAB MATERIALS:
Table 2:Thermal characteristics of Truck cab materials S.N o
Item
Solar Absorptivity(αs)
1
Plastic,white
0.23-0.49[16]
2
Tempered single glass, Clear
0.08[19]
3
Tempered single glass, green tinted
0.45[19]
4
metal, painted white
0.210.25[19][16][17]
5
Meatl, painted black
0.80[18]
Surface Emissivity,ε 0.900.97[17][18][16] 0.80.95[19][16][17] [18] 0.80.95[20][16][17] [18] 0.850.96[20][17][18] 0.970.80.95[19][18][17]
Thermal Conductivity k(W/Mk)
Normal solar transmissvity,t
0.12[18]
-
0.8[19]
0.84.0.90[20][18]
0.8[19]
0.49[19]
40-45[18][21]
-
40-45[18][21]
-
5.1 Available Material Properties Table 3 :Available Material properties for Thermal analysis[22]
6.
Substance
Density
Specific heat
Conductivity
Diffusivity
Aluminium
2700
896
204
0.8*10-4
Steel
7833
465
54
1.5*10-4
Glass
2600
800
0.81
Concrete
2000
900
1.3
0.7*10-6
Air
1
1000
0.026
2.6*10-5
DRAWINGS PROVIDED FOR TRUCK CABIN DESIGN:
Figure5 :Drawings provided for Truck cabin design in Catia V7
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Figure6 : HDT Sleeper Cab interior dimension
Figure 7 : HDT Sleeper Cab interior Volume details - Volume = 3.95 m³ approx
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369
Table 4 : Material details for cab interior part S No 1
2
Part Description
Material details
Remarks
PP+T20
Injection molded parts
Instrument panel / Door Trims / Pillar and Floor Trims Side Trims /Rear Wall Trim
Carrier : PP+ Jute
( Soft Trims)
Top layer – Stitch bond fabric
Thermoformed
Carrier : Foam + glass strands + PE 3
Headliner
film
Thermoformed
Top Layer – Stitch bond fabric
4
Floor Mat
5
Seats
Top Layer : TPO+TPE Bottom layer : PU Foam Fabric + PU foam
Required Drawings(Figure5, Figure6 & Figure 7) & Specifications; Material Data(Table 4): Required Dimensions to calculate Area Windshield (Glass): Lx W x t Windows: (Glass) L x W x t Door and seeping chamber(Figure8) Dimensions L x W x t 7.
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Figure8 : Design parameter for truck cabin Glass and roof [11]
Thermoformed
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Total Area of Glass Windows [24]: (Fig. A – C) Ag = 1/2(A+C)(B) +1/2(G+I)(H) + 2(1/2)(D+F)(E)
[9]
Total Area of Roof [24]: (Fig. d) Ar = (J*K)
[10]
Where 1/2(A+C)(B) is the area of front window, 1/2(G+I)(H) is the area of back window 2(1/2)(D+F)(E) is the total area of side window, and (J*K) is total area of roof 8.
IMPLEMENTAION OF SMART MATERAILS IN THE TRUCK CABIN TO REDUCE THE TEMPAPARTURE: Smart materials are poised to make this difference for Vehicle manufacturers by replacing conventional
components with ones providing better quality of performance and higher levels of comfort. As per our research we suggested some smart materials in the truck cabin such as Phase change materials, Proposed Solar cell system, Thermo electric material and Finally IR and UV cut Automotive Glass. The Figure9 show the places where the smart materials are paced in the truck cabin.
Figure9 : Implementation of smart materials in the prefined locations in the truck cabin 9.
THERMAL ANALYSIS
By implementing the proposed smart materials thermal analysis was perfomed with parameters such as convection, Temparature and radiation taken into consideration(Figure 10).
SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
CONVECTION
TEMPARATURE
RADIATION
MESHING
Figure 10:Thermal analysis perfomed with parameters such as convection, Temparature and radiation Two samples of Acetic acid and bismuth tellidrium were taken for thermal analysis(Figure11& Figure12) for research work. 9.1 Phase Change Materail-Acetic Acid
Figure 11: Thermal analysis of Phase Change Materail(Acetic Acid)
371
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9.2 Thermoelectric Materail-Bismuth Tellidrium
Figure-12:Thermal analysis of Thermoelectric Materail(Bismuth Tellidrium) 10. RESULT Study was done of different truck available in the company with the dimensions of the truck provide and material basically used for the construction of the truck cabin , materials which are suitable for controlling the cabin internal temperature and finally suggesting which materials should be implemented where is done on the basis of the thermal analysis done in CFD ANSYS with material properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, enthalpy, emissivity, absorption etc, Integration of these materials in the truck cabin at various location depending on the hot spot locations, dimensions given by the company and designing the truck cabin in CATIA ,Analysis was done for different materials in CFD by convection, radiation, transparency as show above in the project by Screenshots provided, By this research we can reduce the internal temperature of the cabin during summer to an extent of 60% to the existing one, Fuel efficiency of the vehicle can also be improved to 20% tot the existing one, The flow rate of the improved materials was 5.5 times much higher than the existing one and finally in the glance by the results obtained by analysis we implemented materials at different locations in the truck cabin and integrate them together. 11. CONCLUSION In this work the existing material is modified with different materials to increase the flow rate and decrease the steady state temperature inside the truck cabin compartment. Different materials are suggested at different location by the CFD analysis done on the truck cabin by the materials properties available. In our research materials provide more comfort level higher than the pre-existing one available. The flow arte is increased by 5.5
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times of the existing one. The thermal conductivity, density, absorption vale are much higher the existing material used in construction of these materials. Different suppliers in the industries are provide in our project along with materials they have and those materials properties are also provide in detail The reduction of temperature will reduce the energy consumption of the AC system and also reduce the fuel consumption to little extent than the existing one .More ever, the reduced temperature will increase the attractive glance of the internal parts ACKNOWLEGMENT We would like to thank the team of Daimler India Private Limited for providing us help regarding the dimensions of the truck cabin and proceeding the further work in the industry. REFERENCES 1.
A Sunawar, I Garniwa, Maximum Potential of the Car Cabin Temperature in the Outdoor Parking Conditions as a Source of Energy in Thermoelectric Generator, 1st Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 180 (2017) 012104
2.
http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92943&page=1, retrieved on 22 November 2017.
3.
Gibbs LI, Lawrence DW, Kohn MA , Heat exposure in an enclosed automobile. J La State Med Soc Off Organ La State Med Soc 147:545–546,1995
4.
Gregory NG, Constantine E , Hyperthermia in dogs left in cars. Vet Rec 139:349–350,1996
5.
Jascha I, Keck G ,KlimaimPersonenkraftwagen – einBeitragzumTierschutz. Wien TierärztlMonatschr 71:227– 237,1984
6.
King K, Negus K, Vance JC , Heat stress in motor vehicles: a problem in infancy. Pediatrics 68:579–582,1981
7.
McLaren C, Null J, Quinn J,Heat stress from enclosed vehicles: moderate ambient temperatures cause significant temperature rise in enclosed vehicles. Pediatrics 116:e109–e112,2005
8.
Roberts KB, Roberts EC , The automobile and heat stress. Pediatrics 58:101–104,1976
9.
SurpureJS , Heat-related illness and the automobile. Ann Emerg Med 11:263–265,1982
10. Grundstein A, Meentemeyer V, Dowd J (2009) Maximum vehicle cabin temperatures under different meteorological conditions. Int J Biometeorol. doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0211-x 11. http://high-performancebuildings.org/climate-zone.php retrieved on 23 August 2017 12. R. Saidur, H. H. Masjuki and M. Hasanuzzaman, University of Malaya, Perfromance of an Improved Solar Car Ventilator, International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 4 (2009), No. 1, 24 34.
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13. Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Pollution Control Handbook for Oil and Gas Engineering,ScrivernerPubliaction LLC, Salem, Massachusetts,2016 14. Daniel
W.
Mackowski,
Conduction
Heat
Transfer,Mechanical
Engineering
Department
Auburn
University,retrived on 12 september 2016 15. YunusA.Gengel. (2004). Heat Transfer-A practical approach, McGrawHill Publishers, New York.358. 16. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (1997). Chapter 3 – Heat transfer, ASHRAE 17. Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P. (1981). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, New York: John Wiley & Sons 18. Karlsson, Anika (2007). Simulation of Cooling Demand in a Truck Compartment, Master thesis, Uppsala Universitet 19. Saint-Gobain Sekurit, Glazing Manual, 2003. 20. ASHRAE Applications Handbook (1999). Chapter 32 – Solar Energy Use, ASHRAE. 21. Kozić, Đ., Vasiljević B., Bekavac V. (1994). Priručnikzatermodinamiku, Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Mašinskifakultet 22. MrDraganRužić*, DrFerencČasnji, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Science, Agricultural Tractor Cab Characteristics Relevant for Microclimatic Conditions, Journal of Applied Engineering Science 9(2011)2,198.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAMME-2018
Study Of Interior Temperature Distribution And Implementation Of Smart Materials In The Truck Cabin During Summer Conditions SujithBobbaa*, Z. Lemana,b, E.S. Zainuddina and S.M. Sapuana,b a
b
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
Abstract
Temperature in the inner part of the automotive vehicle compartment is very important to provide affluent state to the passengers. Temperature in the interiorpart of the chamberwill be improve, when the automobile is parked right underneaththe sunlight. The radiation episode to the surface varies from second to secondbased upon its geographical position (latitude and longitude of the place), orientation, season, time of the day and atmospheric conditions. Inadvertence of clouds, the daily average illumination for the Earth is nearly230 W/m2 .Major 13 hottest cities in these four zones were considered to study interior temperature and heat contents in the truck cabin. The data of temperatures in these cities at the interval of 11 am to 2 pm were collected for month of March to Mid of June for 2010 to 2017, and average max temperature and Relative Humidity (RH) were identified for these years .These values are further used for the calculations of Zenith (altitude) angle, azimuth (longitudinal) angle, and Sky temperature. In the mathematical modelling, CFD analysis, and heat transfer mechanism – equations for conduction, convention and radiation through vehicle body and window glasses is important to determine interior truck cabin temperature, distribution and heat, then changing the material of the truck depending upon the CFD analysis done. Materials such as thermo electric materials, phase change materials and solar cells are implemented with electrical integration system. This research proposes a new perspective that by implementing these materials reduce of cabin internal temperature to a larger extent can be done and increase the fuel efficiency during summer.All in all, it can be terminated that by switch of the materials is the best method in reducing the interior temperature inside the truck cabin © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engi- neering, ICAMME-2018. Keywords: Thermal Analysis;CFD, thermo electric materials;Phase change materials;solar cells;electrical integration system
2214-7853 © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, ICAMME-2018.
362
SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
NOMENCLATURE du/dtinternal energy macabin air mass cv specific heat of air at constant volume, Tscabin air temperature Tf Average temperature inside the vehicle Tmaxmaximum Temperature in the truck Tminminimum Temperature in the truck Rrcombined thermal resistance(steel and plaster) Xi / kiAr Thermal resistance of steel Xp/ kpAr Thermal resistance of plaster on the roof ReReynold number NuNusselt number PrPrandtl number ρFluidDensity umean fluid velocity. μ fluid viscosity L Characteristic length 1.
INTRODUCTION
Even in motion or stationary, the truck is always exposed to the sun, when vehicle is in motion, the heat will be reduced by cooling systems or air conditioning, but when stationary heat entry will be trapped and will increase in temperature, the heat can cause damage to materials inside the cabin and even can arise due to toxic chemicals or materials upholstery perfume evaporates due to the heat. Many people who are often waiting in the vehicle in the parking lot for a long time, to dissipate heat, the driver tends to turn the truck cooling system at its maximum, which would certainly make a lot of wasted fuel consumption. According to the sources about 55% of solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface of which 51% is absorbed by the surface, 4% gets reflected from the surface, 19% of solar radiation is absorbed by the clouds & atmosphere, 20% is reflected from the clouds, and only 6% is reflected from the atmosphere[1]. In the recent case study done, when temperatures outside range from 80 degrees to 100 degrees, the temperature inside a car parked in direct sunlight can quickly climb to between 130 to 172[2].So the temperature rise depend on various factors such as geographical location (latitude and longitude) of the place, time of duration during parking.
SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
363
Figure 1: Representation of temperature rise on the surface and on the truck cabin If the sensible energy balance is dominated by the incoming solar radiation, the temperature inside the vehicle stabilizes within a range between 20 and 35 K above the outside temperature(Figure 1). Various Researcher such as Gibbs et al[3] has worked on result of heat exposure in an enclosed automobile, Gregory and Constantine[4] has studied and analyzed the Hyperthermia in dogs left in cars in certain parts of the world. Researchers Jascha and Keck [5] have worked how to transport veterinary drugs in insulated boxes to avoid thermal damage by heating or freezing, King et al[6]and his companions have analyzed the heat stress in Motor Vehicles to prevent the death of infants in the vehicle cabin during summer. Unlike other researchers McLaren et al [7] have worked to reduce heat stress from enclosed vehicles and also found out that moderate ambient temperatures cause significant temperature rise in enclosed vehicles. Roberts and Roberts [8] have done work to reduce the heat stress in automobile cabins and finally Surpure[9] predicted the illness that can be caused due to temperature rise in the Car cabin and the side effects that would result in the health issues in the human being. Grundstein et al [10] developed simple models to calculate the equilibrium temperature of vehicles as a function of the outside air temperature, the irradiance of solar radiation, as well as cloud cover. In the majority of cases, a value close to the equilibrium temperature is reached about 20–60 min after the cessation of ventilation. The caustic environment in the inner part of the stationary automobile can be the origin of heat stroke as a life warningsymptom noticed in human and animals. It may result from exposure to environmental heat stress and is characterized by body core temperatures of >50 °C in a human beings. The aim of this paper was the enhancement of a dynamic structure for the cabin temperature run by the three meteorological parameters: outdoor temperature, solar radiation and wind velocity, all of which are available on an hourly basis at standard meteorological stations.In the study(Table1) 13 major hottest cities in these four zones(Figure 2) were considered to study interior temperature and heat contents in the truck cabin.
364
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Table1: Cities with study of interior temperature and heat contents City New Delhi Calcutta Chennai Mumbai Ahmadabad Hyderabad Pune Jaipur Akola Hissar Jabalpur Kota Bhuj
2010 46 40 41 39 42 42 39 43 45 44 46 40 41
2012 46 40 41 40 42 42 39 42 45 44 47 40 40
2014 47 41 42 39 42 42 40 42 46 45 45 41 42
2015 46 42 40 39 40 42 39 43 44 44 46 40 41
2016 47 41 42 41 41 42 40 43 45 46 45 40 40
2017 45 40 41 39 41 42 41 43 45 44 45 41 41
Avg. Temp 46 41 41 40 41 42 40 43 45 45 46 40 41
Figure 2 :Climate zone map of India[11]
Avg. RH 54 71 70 75 55 56 59 64 49 60 76 44 63
Heat Index 82.7 78 77 77 62.3 67.2 61.8 80.4 72.2 85.6 116 50.7 69.7
SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
2.
365
CABIN AIR TEMPERATURE MODEL
The cabin air heating rate, or rate at which the internal energy of the cabin air ΔUt with time t, is dU/dt = ma cv
T
[1]
where ma is the cabin air mass, cv is the specific heat of air at constant volume, and Ts(t) is the cabin air temperature. The cabin air is transparent to both sunlight and thermal radiation, but exchanges haet with the air conditioner and the cabin surface. If the air is welled mixed, a simple model for the variation of cabin air temperature with time is given by[12] dTs/dt =α[Tv(t)-Ts(t)] + β[Ts(t)-Ts(t)] 3.
[2]
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT INSIDE TRUCK CABIN
Average temperature inside the vehicle is measured by[12] Tf=
(TMAX TMIN)
[3]
Where, Tmax=maximum Temperature in the truck Tmin=minimum Temperature in the truck The heat transfer into a vehicle is assumed to be one dimensional and steady heat conduction. The roof is made of steel and plaster and their combined thermal resistance (combination of steel & plaster) can be written as[12]
Rr
=
kpAr[4]
Where, Xi / kiAris the thermal resistance of steel and Xp/ kpAris the thermal resistance of plaster on the roof 4.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT INSIDE TRUCK CABIN
The thermal resilience of the roof coverrely on the structure and the thermaleffects of the roof materials. The transition from laminar and turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry, surface roughness, free-stream velocity, surface temperature, and the type of fluid. The flow system rests largely on the proportion of inertia intensity to viscous intensity in fluid. This ratio is called the Reynold number, which is a dimensionless quantity, and can be expressed[13]for external flow as Re = (ρ u2) / (μ u / L) =ρuL/μ
[5]
366
SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
When the Reynold number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar and when the Reynold number is greater than 2000, the turbulent flow will occur, Nusselt number at a location for laminar flow over a flat plate (truck roof surface consider flat) has been defined as(Gengel, 2004)[14] Nu=hl/ka = 0.332 Re0.5 Pr1/3
[6]
Where Pr is Prandtl number The temperature inside the compartment is shown in Figure 3.The Figure 3 shows that the most heated parts of the truck body is the roof because most of the incident sunlight is absorbed by the roof materials(Table 2). This heat is transferred(Figure 4) from the roof to the plaster by conduction and then from the plaster to the inside environment by convection(Table 3). The temperature on the glass is the lowest because the incident radiation from the sun passes through the glass into the inside compartment of the truck.
. Figure3: Representation of temperature measurement inside truck cabin and Thermal processes between a tractor cab and hot environment[15]
Figure-4:(a)Solar energy transmission through glass[15]
(b) fluid nodes, solid nodes by radiation
SujithBobba et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 361–374
5.
367
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CAB MATERIALS:
Table 2:Thermal characteristics of Truck cab materials S.N o
Item
Solar Absorptivity(αs)
1
Plastic,white
0.23-0.49[16]
2
Tempered single glass, Clear
0.08[19]
3
Tempered single glass, green tinted
0.45[19]
4
metal, painted white
0.210.25[19][16][17]
5
Meatl, painted black
0.80[18]
Surface Emissivity,ε 0.900.97[17][18][16] 0.80.95[19][16][17] [18] 0.80.95[20][16][17] [18] 0.850.96[20][17][18] 0.970.80.95[19][18][17]
Thermal Conductivity k(W/Mk)
Normal solar transmissvity,t
0.12[18]
-
0.8[19]
0.84.0.90[20][18]
0.8[19]
0.49[19]
40-45[18][21]
-
40-45[18][21]
-
5.1 Available Material Properties Table 3 :Available Material properties for Thermal analysis[22]
6.
Substance
Density
Specific heat
Conductivity
Diffusivity
Aluminium
2700
896
204
0.8*10-4
Steel
7833
465
54
1.5*10-4
Glass
2600
800
0.81
Concrete
2000
900
1.3
0.7*10-6
Air
1
1000
0.026
2.6*10-5
DRAWINGS PROVIDED FOR TRUCK CABIN DESIGN:
Figure5 :Drawings provided for Truck cabin design in Catia V7
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Figure6 : HDT Sleeper Cab interior dimension
Figure 7 : HDT Sleeper Cab interior Volume details - Volume = 3.95 m³ approx
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Table 4 : Material details for cab interior part S No 1
2
Part Description
Material details
Remarks
PP+T20
Injection molded parts
Instrument panel / Door Trims / Pillar and Floor Trims Side Trims /Rear Wall Trim
Carrier : PP+ Jute
( Soft Trims)
Top layer – Stitch bond fabric
Thermoformed
Carrier : Foam + glass strands + PE 3
Headliner
film
Thermoformed
Top Layer – Stitch bond fabric
4
Floor Mat
5
Seats
Top Layer : TPO+TPE Bottom layer : PU Foam Fabric + PU foam
Required Drawings(Figure5, Figure6 & Figure 7) & Specifications; Material Data(Table 4): Required Dimensions to calculate Area Windshield (Glass): Lx W x t Windows: (Glass) L x W x t Door and seeping chamber(Figure8) Dimensions L x W x t 7.
DESIGN EQUATIONS
Figure8 : Design parameter for truck cabin Glass and roof [11]
Thermoformed
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Total Area of Glass Windows [24]: (Fig. A – C) Ag = 1/2(A+C)(B) +1/2(G+I)(H) + 2(1/2)(D+F)(E)
[9]
Total Area of Roof [24]: (Fig. d) Ar = (J*K)
[10]
Where 1/2(A+C)(B) is the area of front window, 1/2(G+I)(H) is the area of back window 2(1/2)(D+F)(E) is the total area of side window, and (J*K) is total area of roof 8.
IMPLEMENTAION OF SMART MATERAILS IN THE TRUCK CABIN TO REDUCE THE TEMPAPARTURE: Smart materials are poised to make this difference for Vehicle manufacturers by replacing conventional
components with ones providing better quality of performance and higher levels of comfort. As per our research we suggested some smart materials in the truck cabin such as Phase change materials, Proposed Solar cell system, Thermo electric material and Finally IR and UV cut Automotive Glass. The Figure9 show the places where the smart materials are paced in the truck cabin.
Figure9 : Implementation of smart materials in the prefined locations in the truck cabin 9.
THERMAL ANALYSIS
By implementing the proposed smart materials thermal analysis was perfomed with parameters such as convection, Temparature and radiation taken into consideration(Figure 10).
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CONVECTION
TEMPARATURE
RADIATION
MESHING
Figure 10:Thermal analysis perfomed with parameters such as convection, Temparature and radiation Two samples of Acetic acid and bismuth tellidrium were taken for thermal analysis(Figure11& Figure12) for research work. 9.1 Phase Change Materail-Acetic Acid
Figure 11: Thermal analysis of Phase Change Materail(Acetic Acid)
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9.2 Thermoelectric Materail-Bismuth Tellidrium
Figure-12:Thermal analysis of Thermoelectric Materail(Bismuth Tellidrium) 10. RESULT Study was done of different truck available in the company with the dimensions of the truck provide and material basically used for the construction of the truck cabin , materials which are suitable for controlling the cabin internal temperature and finally suggesting which materials should be implemented where is done on the basis of the thermal analysis done in CFD ANSYS with material properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, density, enthalpy, emissivity, absorption etc, Integration of these materials in the truck cabin at various location depending on the hot spot locations, dimensions given by the company and designing the truck cabin in CATIA ,Analysis was done for different materials in CFD by convection, radiation, transparency as show above in the project by Screenshots provided, By this research we can reduce the internal temperature of the cabin during summer to an extent of 60% to the existing one, Fuel efficiency of the vehicle can also be improved to 20% tot the existing one, The flow rate of the improved materials was 5.5 times much higher than the existing one and finally in the glance by the results obtained by analysis we implemented materials at different locations in the truck cabin and integrate them together. 11. CONCLUSION In this work the existing material is modified with different materials to increase the flow rate and decrease the steady state temperature inside the truck cabin compartment. Different materials are suggested at different location by the CFD analysis done on the truck cabin by the materials properties available. In our research materials provide more comfort level higher than the pre-existing one available. The flow arte is increased by 5.5
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times of the existing one. The thermal conductivity, density, absorption vale are much higher the existing material used in construction of these materials. Different suppliers in the industries are provide in our project along with materials they have and those materials properties are also provide in detail The reduction of temperature will reduce the energy consumption of the AC system and also reduce the fuel consumption to little extent than the existing one .More ever, the reduced temperature will increase the attractive glance of the internal parts ACKNOWLEGMENT We would like to thank the team of Daimler India Private Limited for providing us help regarding the dimensions of the truck cabin and proceeding the further work in the industry. REFERENCES 1.
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