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Successive auditory masking and sensomotor integration
Posters session 3 / International Journal of Psychophysiology 69 (2008) 276–316
system, co-design of Pavlov Institute and Institute of ENT and Speech) and interview were used. The following abilities were tested additionally: recognition of speakers' voice and phrase intonation (in Russian). Results demonstrate that the temporal characteristics of music are better recognized by CI patients than the pitch or complex spectral characteristics. The recognition of fundamental frequency patterns both in speech (phrase intonation) and in music (pitch and melody estimation) was the most difficult task for CI-users. The individual scores in both cases are dependent on time passed after surgery and on personal musical experience before hearing loss. Directed training is a useful way to help CI-patients in the development of their perceptual abilities. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.306
Psychophysiological bases of cognitive functions disorders and its correction by transcranial micropolarization V.A. Ilyukhina, E.M. Chernysheva, M.N. Krivoshchapova Institute of Human Brain, Laboratory of Functional Conditions of Brain and Organism, Saint-Petersburg, Russia System psychophysiology is included now into a number of leading integrative directions of human science. In the development of this direction psychophysiological approach including superslow biopotentials (0–0.5 Hz) is realized as basic integrated parameters of superslow information-controlling systems of the brain and organism, participating in mechanisms of level wakefulness regulation (LWR), determining an age-related level of organization or safety of mental functions and adaptive behavior. Interconditionality of cognitive functions disorders and learning ability in patients is opened by features of disintegration of superslow information-controlling systems of brain and organism closely connected to mechanisms of neurohumoral and biochemical regulation of adaptive conditions and reactions. Factors and types of disintegration of superslow regulation systems of functions and conditions of brain are determined at: а) mental and speech developmental delay in preschool children with consequences of perinatal CNS pathology; b) consequences of infectious, vascular and traumatic CNS involvement in teenagers with developmental abnormalities of cognitive functions and young men with abnormalities of cognitive functions. New ways of correction of cognitive functions abnormalities with use of transcranial micropolarization (TCMP) with direct current parameters of weak intensity (80–200 μA), close to the parameters of native superslow regulatory processes of the brain and organism, are developed. It is established, that TCMP provide corrigent influence on: a) median nonspecific brainstem and limbicoreticular mechanisms of LWR; b) suprasegmental mechanisms of autonomic, homodynamic maintenance of LWR; c) brain mechanisms of regulation of emotions and cognitive functions. Psychophysiological bases of medical effects of anode TCMP at frontal and temporoparietal brain cortex in examined contingent of persons are opened. It is established, that at correctly fitted conditions and regimen of TCMP, selective activation of frontal cortex and «effect of accumulation» underlie optimization of emotional– motivational part of cognitive activity at patients with initially undifferentiated or disorganized type of activation levels of the investigated regions of dorsolateral prefrontal and a temporoparietal cortex. Initiation of «the trigger mechanism» postponed from TCMP sessions provides: a) transition to new level of CNS functioning with optimization of activation level in investigated cortical projections of frontal and temporoparietal cortex — the major integrative centers participating in the organization of cognitive functions, determining structure and quality of adaptive behavior; b) integration of intersystem interactions with optimization of median nonspecific brainstem,
305
limbicoreticular and suprasegmental mechanisms of LWR that underlies increase of learning abilities and realization of trained skills. The study was supported by RHSF Grant N06-06-00051а, Grant SS №1131.2008.4. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.307
The mismatch negativity and sensomotor integration Y.K. Aydarkin Southern Federal University, Human and Animals Physiology Department, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia Investigation of mismatch negativity (MMN) (Naattanen, 1992), was a crucial stage of the theory of «nervous stimuli's model» (Sokolov, 1963), which was a base for the research of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of involuntary attention. Our previous study (Айдаркин, 2006–2008) led us to a conclusion following methodological and theoretical remarks. Paradigm «odd-ball» represents the periodic alternation of fragments for simple sensomotor reaction (SSMR), which meets only a frequent stimulus, and the complex sensomotor reaction (CSMR), which depends probably on the rare stimulus. Therefore, the MMN does not reflect the analysis of differences between successive stimuli in the series. Minimization of the probability between rare stimulus by alternating in a series has led to increased inter stimulus interval (ISI) and increase the length of fragments PSMR for the second stimulus. The increase ISI in PSMR condition on the interval 4 s leads to changes the kind from SSMR to CSMR (Айдаркин, 2007). Therefore, the increase in the ISI led to similarity of ERP in SSMR to ERP in CSMR, which leads to a decrease and reduction of MMN. The contingent of negative wave (CNV) which corresponds to MMN isopotential maps was formed in the complex reaction. This also suggested that MMN was not reflected mismatch by parameters stimulus, and was a result of the SMI restoration or changed of a kind SMI from CSMR to SSMR (voluntary attention). Viewing components of ERP as a reflection of cortico-subcortical cyclic processes, one can make a conclusion about the mechanism of MMN development. CNV has the form of positive–negative dipole (thalamoparietal system activation, against the inhibition in fronto-talamic system) that is optimal for selective activation of sensory ways associated with the analysis of the expected stimulus. Sensory input from presentation of target stimuli leads to a change of dominance region in thalamo-frontal systems (front wave N1), that reflects the first cycle regulation of sensory input by the inhibition thalamic relay nucleus thalamo-parietal system that provides a powerful influence of the excitation thalamo-frontal system. Perhaps at this stage the kind of SMI is selected. It's possible at the stage SMI in the case of a rare stimulus the second activation cycle (through the nucleus reticular) is activated which led to increase posterior front N1. Probably in that case fronto-reticular connections play an important role due to additional cortex activation. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.308
Successive auditory masking and sensomotor integration M.A. Pavlovskaya Southern Federal University, Biology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Up to date mechanisms of successive auditory masking, based on the assessment of qualitative changes in the main characteristics of stimuli distinguishing can hardly explain all kinds of auditory perception phenomena in conditions of noise immunity in auditory system. In our studies, describing reaction time dynamics has been shown that
306
Posters session 3 / International Journal of Psychophysiology 69 (2008) 276–316
mechanisms of target stimulus identification in conditions of forward (FM) and backward (BM) masking are not of the same kind. Thus, the object of this study was to investigate the neurophysiologic aspects of these processes. As a test differential in the condition of FM and BM were used stimuli 1000 and 1200 Hz frequency tons with intensity 60 dB and duration 30 ms. The ton stimulus of the same duration, 1100 Hz and 90 dB intensity was used as a masker. Analyses of ERP, RT and stimulation modes were performed with the help of EEG-analyzer and recorder “Entsepalan-131-03” (Russia). Detailed inspection of TR in series with fixed interval (300, 200, 100 and 50 ms) between target and masker discovered significant differences, manifesting RT increase (in BM) and RT decrease (for FM) in comparison with the results obtained in control series of binary distinguishing. Mapping basic components ERP of amplitude on target stimulus and masker in successive masking condition showed the dynamics change of different stage sensomotor integration (SMI) so as an expectation, a recognition and decision was made. Mapping components ERP on a stage of expectation showed the formation of cognitive negative wave (CNV for BM) or positive wave (CPV — FM), which modulated following the stage SMI. Negative (theta oscillation with thalamo-parietal activation and involuntary attention) and positive (delta-oscillation with thalamofrontal inhibition and voluntary control) focuses had developed at the same time. The stage of recognition accompanied the develop the MMN in centro-parietal area in the form of two negative focuses left and right hemisphere, what determined the restoration of the stage SMI (Айдаркин,1999–2007) and did not reflected the different in the stimuli's parameters. The stage of decision-making correlated with the component P3 in the form of positive focus of the brain cortex: fronto-central area (P3a, thalamo-frontal system, theta-oscillation) and parietal (P3b, thalamo-parietal system, delta-oscillation). Hence, the complex components of ERP (CNV, MMN and P3), which changed in condition the paradigm of successive masking can help to study the formation of different kind of SMI. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.309
Artificial stable functional connections as the way to correct psychophysiological state T.N. Reznikova, N.A. Seliverstova, V.I. Semivolos, I.U. Terenteva, Y.G. Khomenko Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia The artificial stable functional connections (ASFC) forming and activation method based upon the brain phenomenon of long-term memory was developed in 1975 (Smirnov, Borodkin, 1975) and is used for the diagnosis and treatment of the psychophysiological state in healthy people and patients. Our objective was to study the psychophysiological state reconstruction mechanisms under the treatment by the ASFC method in patients with organic and functional CNS pathology. Two groups of patients were investigated — Group 1 (24 persons) — the patients with diffuse microorganic symptoms (the long-term effects of closed craniocerebral injury and neuroinfections) and Group 2 (22 persons) — the patients with obsessive–compulsive neurosis. The course of treatment by the ASFC method based upon the photostimulations with fixed frequency consisted of 10 sessions. Before and after the treatment the psychophysiological investigation was carried out which included encephalography and psychological tests — “double test” (the shortterm memory and psychic state), “Teylor test” (the anxiety) and the MMPI (the personality). After the treatment the reliable improvement of the functional state in 36% of Group 1 and in 25% of Group 2 was observed which appeared in
optimization of cortical–subcortical relations (the increase of α-rhythm, the decrease of β-, δ-, θ-rhythm) due to the increase of neurodynamic processes stability. Besides the normalization of clearness of the learning rhythm, reaction in 16% of Group 1 and in 40% of Group 2 was observed that represents the reduction of profound reticular formation activity effects on the brain cortex. The most evident positive dynamics in psychophysiological state was observed in group with the broadened learning rhythm reaction and appeared in an increase of α-rhythm (p = 0.0178) and the short-term memory capacity (p = 0.00099) and also in a decrease of the anxiety level (p = 0.0084) and intensity of personality disorder (the reduction of the MMPI scales — “psychopathy” (p = 0.0288), “paranoia” (p = 0.0356) and “psychasthenia” (p = 0.0468)). Moreover there were the improvement (p ≤0.01) of the psychic activity and the short-term memory capacity and the reduction of the anxiety level in both groups. Besides in Group 2 the reduction (p ≤0.05) of the MMPI scales “depression”, “autism” and “hypomania” was observed. Thus, our results demonstrate that both the functional and psychic (including personality) state changes occur after the treatment by the method ASFC. The existent adaptive psychophysiological state reconstruction results from the optimization of the reticular formation activity effects and rebalancing of the neurodynamic processes in CNS. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.310
Russian child speech development in mother–child interaction: Basis rules and individual features E.E. Lyakso a, O.V. Frolova a, E.I. Stolyarova b a Saint-Petersburg State University, Department of General Physiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia b Pavlon Institute of Physiology RAS, Sector of Speech Psychophysiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Our study is devoted to revealing speech development general rules for Russian language in ontogenesis and individual variations in speech development. The hypothesis was verified that mother–child dyad vocal– speech interaction features caused by child's psychophysiology status and mother's speech behavior strategy could be an indicator of future child speech development. The investigation is concerned with vocal and speech production of 165 children from 3 months to 5 years. 3 groups were formed: control group (healthy children), risk group (neurologically disordered children), deprivation group (Child House). Perceptual, phonetic, acoustic spectrographic analyses of mothers and children speech, video analysis of behavioral features of interaction in mother– child dyads were used. Differences in vocalizations' phonetic, babbling appearance, babbling complexity, children imitation sounds quality and quantity were revealed between all groups during the first year of life. We conclude that these differences were connected with factors of social deprivation and diseases, as well as with different strategies of interaction in adult–child dyads. Analysis of vocal–speech interaction in dyads individual features revealed that complexity of child sound repertoire was correlated with quality of mother's speech behavior. All children demonstrated forming of basis Russian language oppositions and lexicon to the age of 3 years. The tendency was shown that speech development level of children from control and risk groups approached through improving of children somatic state and more adequate motherese. Deprivation group significantly delayed. Active lexicon mastering and sound composition of control group children approached to adult's speech to the age of 4–5 years. Speech level of risk group children differed from control by articulation mistakes, active lexicon and grammatical structures complexity. Communicative speech mastering and language mastering were developed worse. Individual differences were revealed for children in all groups. Individual differences in deprivation group were the most severe and were connected with the most amounts of speech
system, co-design of Pavlov Institute and Institute of ENT and Speech) and interview were used. The following abilities were tested additionally: recognition of speakers' voice and phrase intonation (in Russian). Results demonstrate that the temporal characteristics of music are better recognized by CI patients than the pitch or complex spectral characteristics. The recognition of fundamental frequency patterns both in speech (phrase intonation) and in music (pitch and melody estimation) was the most difficult task for CI-users. The individual scores in both cases are dependent on time passed after surgery and on personal musical experience before hearing loss. Directed training is a useful way to help CI-patients in the development of their perceptual abilities. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.306
Psychophysiological bases of cognitive functions disorders and its correction by transcranial micropolarization V.A. Ilyukhina, E.M. Chernysheva, M.N. Krivoshchapova Institute of Human Brain, Laboratory of Functional Conditions of Brain and Organism, Saint-Petersburg, Russia System psychophysiology is included now into a number of leading integrative directions of human science. In the development of this direction psychophysiological approach including superslow biopotentials (0–0.5 Hz) is realized as basic integrated parameters of superslow information-controlling systems of the brain and organism, participating in mechanisms of level wakefulness regulation (LWR), determining an age-related level of organization or safety of mental functions and adaptive behavior. Interconditionality of cognitive functions disorders and learning ability in patients is opened by features of disintegration of superslow information-controlling systems of brain and organism closely connected to mechanisms of neurohumoral and biochemical regulation of adaptive conditions and reactions. Factors and types of disintegration of superslow regulation systems of functions and conditions of brain are determined at: а) mental and speech developmental delay in preschool children with consequences of perinatal CNS pathology; b) consequences of infectious, vascular and traumatic CNS involvement in teenagers with developmental abnormalities of cognitive functions and young men with abnormalities of cognitive functions. New ways of correction of cognitive functions abnormalities with use of transcranial micropolarization (TCMP) with direct current parameters of weak intensity (80–200 μA), close to the parameters of native superslow regulatory processes of the brain and organism, are developed. It is established, that TCMP provide corrigent influence on: a) median nonspecific brainstem and limbicoreticular mechanisms of LWR; b) suprasegmental mechanisms of autonomic, homodynamic maintenance of LWR; c) brain mechanisms of regulation of emotions and cognitive functions. Psychophysiological bases of medical effects of anode TCMP at frontal and temporoparietal brain cortex in examined contingent of persons are opened. It is established, that at correctly fitted conditions and regimen of TCMP, selective activation of frontal cortex and «effect of accumulation» underlie optimization of emotional– motivational part of cognitive activity at patients with initially undifferentiated or disorganized type of activation levels of the investigated regions of dorsolateral prefrontal and a temporoparietal cortex. Initiation of «the trigger mechanism» postponed from TCMP sessions provides: a) transition to new level of CNS functioning with optimization of activation level in investigated cortical projections of frontal and temporoparietal cortex — the major integrative centers participating in the organization of cognitive functions, determining structure and quality of adaptive behavior; b) integration of intersystem interactions with optimization of median nonspecific brainstem,
305
limbicoreticular and suprasegmental mechanisms of LWR that underlies increase of learning abilities and realization of trained skills. The study was supported by RHSF Grant N06-06-00051а, Grant SS №1131.2008.4. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.307
The mismatch negativity and sensomotor integration Y.K. Aydarkin Southern Federal University, Human and Animals Physiology Department, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia Investigation of mismatch negativity (MMN) (Naattanen, 1992), was a crucial stage of the theory of «nervous stimuli's model» (Sokolov, 1963), which was a base for the research of the neurophysiologic mechanisms of involuntary attention. Our previous study (Айдаркин, 2006–2008) led us to a conclusion following methodological and theoretical remarks. Paradigm «odd-ball» represents the periodic alternation of fragments for simple sensomotor reaction (SSMR), which meets only a frequent stimulus, and the complex sensomotor reaction (CSMR), which depends probably on the rare stimulus. Therefore, the MMN does not reflect the analysis of differences between successive stimuli in the series. Minimization of the probability between rare stimulus by alternating in a series has led to increased inter stimulus interval (ISI) and increase the length of fragments PSMR for the second stimulus. The increase ISI in PSMR condition on the interval 4 s leads to changes the kind from SSMR to CSMR (Айдаркин, 2007). Therefore, the increase in the ISI led to similarity of ERP in SSMR to ERP in CSMR, which leads to a decrease and reduction of MMN. The contingent of negative wave (CNV) which corresponds to MMN isopotential maps was formed in the complex reaction. This also suggested that MMN was not reflected mismatch by parameters stimulus, and was a result of the SMI restoration or changed of a kind SMI from CSMR to SSMR (voluntary attention). Viewing components of ERP as a reflection of cortico-subcortical cyclic processes, one can make a conclusion about the mechanism of MMN development. CNV has the form of positive–negative dipole (thalamoparietal system activation, against the inhibition in fronto-talamic system) that is optimal for selective activation of sensory ways associated with the analysis of the expected stimulus. Sensory input from presentation of target stimuli leads to a change of dominance region in thalamo-frontal systems (front wave N1), that reflects the first cycle regulation of sensory input by the inhibition thalamic relay nucleus thalamo-parietal system that provides a powerful influence of the excitation thalamo-frontal system. Perhaps at this stage the kind of SMI is selected. It's possible at the stage SMI in the case of a rare stimulus the second activation cycle (through the nucleus reticular) is activated which led to increase posterior front N1. Probably in that case fronto-reticular connections play an important role due to additional cortex activation. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.308
Successive auditory masking and sensomotor integration M.A. Pavlovskaya Southern Federal University, Biology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Up to date mechanisms of successive auditory masking, based on the assessment of qualitative changes in the main characteristics of stimuli distinguishing can hardly explain all kinds of auditory perception phenomena in conditions of noise immunity in auditory system. In our studies, describing reaction time dynamics has been shown that
306
Posters session 3 / International Journal of Psychophysiology 69 (2008) 276–316
mechanisms of target stimulus identification in conditions of forward (FM) and backward (BM) masking are not of the same kind. Thus, the object of this study was to investigate the neurophysiologic aspects of these processes. As a test differential in the condition of FM and BM were used stimuli 1000 and 1200 Hz frequency tons with intensity 60 dB and duration 30 ms. The ton stimulus of the same duration, 1100 Hz and 90 dB intensity was used as a masker. Analyses of ERP, RT and stimulation modes were performed with the help of EEG-analyzer and recorder “Entsepalan-131-03” (Russia). Detailed inspection of TR in series with fixed interval (300, 200, 100 and 50 ms) between target and masker discovered significant differences, manifesting RT increase (in BM) and RT decrease (for FM) in comparison with the results obtained in control series of binary distinguishing. Mapping basic components ERP of amplitude on target stimulus and masker in successive masking condition showed the dynamics change of different stage sensomotor integration (SMI) so as an expectation, a recognition and decision was made. Mapping components ERP on a stage of expectation showed the formation of cognitive negative wave (CNV for BM) or positive wave (CPV — FM), which modulated following the stage SMI. Negative (theta oscillation with thalamo-parietal activation and involuntary attention) and positive (delta-oscillation with thalamofrontal inhibition and voluntary control) focuses had developed at the same time. The stage of recognition accompanied the develop the MMN in centro-parietal area in the form of two negative focuses left and right hemisphere, what determined the restoration of the stage SMI (Айдаркин,1999–2007) and did not reflected the different in the stimuli's parameters. The stage of decision-making correlated with the component P3 in the form of positive focus of the brain cortex: fronto-central area (P3a, thalamo-frontal system, theta-oscillation) and parietal (P3b, thalamo-parietal system, delta-oscillation). Hence, the complex components of ERP (CNV, MMN and P3), which changed in condition the paradigm of successive masking can help to study the formation of different kind of SMI. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.309
Artificial stable functional connections as the way to correct psychophysiological state T.N. Reznikova, N.A. Seliverstova, V.I. Semivolos, I.U. Terenteva, Y.G. Khomenko Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia The artificial stable functional connections (ASFC) forming and activation method based upon the brain phenomenon of long-term memory was developed in 1975 (Smirnov, Borodkin, 1975) and is used for the diagnosis and treatment of the psychophysiological state in healthy people and patients. Our objective was to study the psychophysiological state reconstruction mechanisms under the treatment by the ASFC method in patients with organic and functional CNS pathology. Two groups of patients were investigated — Group 1 (24 persons) — the patients with diffuse microorganic symptoms (the long-term effects of closed craniocerebral injury and neuroinfections) and Group 2 (22 persons) — the patients with obsessive–compulsive neurosis. The course of treatment by the ASFC method based upon the photostimulations with fixed frequency consisted of 10 sessions. Before and after the treatment the psychophysiological investigation was carried out which included encephalography and psychological tests — “double test” (the shortterm memory and psychic state), “Teylor test” (the anxiety) and the MMPI (the personality). After the treatment the reliable improvement of the functional state in 36% of Group 1 and in 25% of Group 2 was observed which appeared in
optimization of cortical–subcortical relations (the increase of α-rhythm, the decrease of β-, δ-, θ-rhythm) due to the increase of neurodynamic processes stability. Besides the normalization of clearness of the learning rhythm, reaction in 16% of Group 1 and in 40% of Group 2 was observed that represents the reduction of profound reticular formation activity effects on the brain cortex. The most evident positive dynamics in psychophysiological state was observed in group with the broadened learning rhythm reaction and appeared in an increase of α-rhythm (p = 0.0178) and the short-term memory capacity (p = 0.00099) and also in a decrease of the anxiety level (p = 0.0084) and intensity of personality disorder (the reduction of the MMPI scales — “psychopathy” (p = 0.0288), “paranoia” (p = 0.0356) and “psychasthenia” (p = 0.0468)). Moreover there were the improvement (p ≤0.01) of the psychic activity and the short-term memory capacity and the reduction of the anxiety level in both groups. Besides in Group 2 the reduction (p ≤0.05) of the MMPI scales “depression”, “autism” and “hypomania” was observed. Thus, our results demonstrate that both the functional and psychic (including personality) state changes occur after the treatment by the method ASFC. The existent adaptive psychophysiological state reconstruction results from the optimization of the reticular formation activity effects and rebalancing of the neurodynamic processes in CNS. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.310
Russian child speech development in mother–child interaction: Basis rules and individual features E.E. Lyakso a, O.V. Frolova a, E.I. Stolyarova b a Saint-Petersburg State University, Department of General Physiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia b Pavlon Institute of Physiology RAS, Sector of Speech Psychophysiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Our study is devoted to revealing speech development general rules for Russian language in ontogenesis and individual variations in speech development. The hypothesis was verified that mother–child dyad vocal– speech interaction features caused by child's psychophysiology status and mother's speech behavior strategy could be an indicator of future child speech development. The investigation is concerned with vocal and speech production of 165 children from 3 months to 5 years. 3 groups were formed: control group (healthy children), risk group (neurologically disordered children), deprivation group (Child House). Perceptual, phonetic, acoustic spectrographic analyses of mothers and children speech, video analysis of behavioral features of interaction in mother– child dyads were used. Differences in vocalizations' phonetic, babbling appearance, babbling complexity, children imitation sounds quality and quantity were revealed between all groups during the first year of life. We conclude that these differences were connected with factors of social deprivation and diseases, as well as with different strategies of interaction in adult–child dyads. Analysis of vocal–speech interaction in dyads individual features revealed that complexity of child sound repertoire was correlated with quality of mother's speech behavior. All children demonstrated forming of basis Russian language oppositions and lexicon to the age of 3 years. The tendency was shown that speech development level of children from control and risk groups approached through improving of children somatic state and more adequate motherese. Deprivation group significantly delayed. Active lexicon mastering and sound composition of control group children approached to adult's speech to the age of 4–5 years. Speech level of risk group children differed from control by articulation mistakes, active lexicon and grammatical structures complexity. Communicative speech mastering and language mastering were developed worse. Individual differences were revealed for children in all groups. Individual differences in deprivation group were the most severe and were connected with the most amounts of speech