Surveying and mapping in Czechoslovakia

c e r n r a w m a ~ e r i a l or coal depots of i n d u s t r i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a s well a s planning for r o a d cons t r u c t i o n or r e c o n s t r u c t i o n in m o u n t a i n o u s t e r r i t o r y . T e r r e s t r i a l p h o t o g r a m m e t r y w a s a l s o applied to a r c h e o l o g y (Slavian m o r t u a r y at M i k u l ~ i c e South M o r a v i a ) , geology (the d i s a s t r o u s l a n d s l i d e at Handlov~-Slovakia), a r c h i t e c t u r e (the vault r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the b a r o q u e t e m p l e of St.Nicolas, the c a s t l e of B r a t i s l a v a , and the h i s t o r i c a l building of the P r a g u e c a s t l e ) , hydrology ( d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the c o u r s e of the Danube, m e a s u r e m e n t s of s a n d m o d e l s in r i v e r c h a n n e l s ) and railway c o n s t r u c t i o n . Short d i s t a n c e p h o t o g r a m m e t r y w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y applied in m e a s u r i n g the c h a n g e s in m o d e l s of the o v e r l y i n g l a y e r s of deep m i n e s , in plotting the w a t e r level c o n t o u r s n e a r p i e r s and other w a t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s and in d e t e r m i n i n g the deflection of r e i n f o r c e d b e a m s . P a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t s u c c e s s e s w e r e a c h i e v e d by linking the p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c m e t h o d s a s a m e a n s of a c q u i r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n with i m m e d i a t e data p r o c e s s i n g in a u t o m a t i c c o m p u t e r s . In C z e c h o s l o v a k i a , e n g i n e e r s and t e c h n i c a l w o r k e r s of the p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c b r a n c h r e c e i v e t h e i r education at the T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y in B r a t i s l a v a and at s e c o n d a r y t e c h n i c a l s c h o o l s (high school~=). Students of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y study g e o d e s y at the T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y . T h e f i r s t eight h a l f t e r m s of g e n e r a l study a r e the s a m e for all s t u d e n t s of s u r v e y i n g and g e o d e s y , a s w e l l a s p h o t o g r a m m e t r y and c a r t o g r a p h y . All s t u d e n t s of the s e v e n t h and eighth h a l f - t e r m s have to p a s s 230 h o u r s of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y . T h e ninth h a l f - t e r m of p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c s p e c i a l i z a t i o n is a i m e d at p r o v i d i n g s t u d e n t s with t h o r o u g h t h e o r e t i c and p r a c t i c a l knowledge. D u r i n g the final tenth h a l f - t e r m , s t u d e n t s work out t h e i r diploma p r o j e c t s . Out of about the 130 s u r v e y s t u d e n t s w h o f i n i s h t h e i r s t u d i e s e v e r y y e a r , a l m o s t one fifth a r e s p e c i a l i s t s ia p h o t o g r a m m e t r y . In p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h e r e is g e n e r a l l y one e n g i n e e r whc is in c h a r g e of four or five t e c h n i c a l w o r k e r s . Owing t o t h e fact that the p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c s p e c i a l i z a t i o n e x i s t s for only s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e r e is still a c o n s [derable s h o r t a g e of t h e s e t y p e s of s p e c i a l i s t s . T h e rapid d e v e l o p m e n t of new photog r a m m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s a n d t e c h n o l o g y c a l l s for the o r g a n i z a t i o n of f u r t h e r p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s in the u s e of c o m p u t e r s in p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , in the l a b o r a t o r y m e t h o d s of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s , in applying e l e c t r o n i c s to p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , etc. One of the m e a n s to a c h i e v e t h i s will be the planned t r a i n i n g c e n t r e in which s p e c i a l p h o t o g r a m m e t r y c o u r s e s will be p a r t of the c u r r i c u l u m . Study at s e c o n d a r y t e c h n i c a l s u r v e y s c h o o l s l a s t s f o u r y e a r s . In the final two c l a s s e s , 160 h o u r s a r e d e v o t e d t o p h o t o g r a m m e t r y . T h e s t u d e n t s a r e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h the f u n d a m e n t a l knowledge of pho~:ogrammetry and t h e i r p r a c t i c a l t r a i n i n g a c q u a i n t s t h e m with the technological p r o c e e d i n g s of p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c m e t h o d s . L a b o r a t o r y e q u i p m e n t i n c l u d e s u n i v e r s a l plotting i n s t r u m e n t s , r e c t i f i e r s , phototeodolit~s and s t e r e o a u t o g r a p h s for t e r r e s t r i a l p h o t o g r a m m e t r y . Some 200 ;students c o m p l e t e s e c o n d a r y t e c h n i c a l s u r v e y s c h o o l s (high s c h o o l s ) e v e r y y e a r and n e a r l y one t h i r d of t h e m find e m p l o y m e n t in p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c s u r v e y i n g .

P. G.~L

Surveying and Mapping in Czechoslovakia All the c a r t o g r a p h i c p r o j e c t s in C z e c h o s l o v a k i a a r e m a n a g e d by s e v e r a l i n s t i t u t e s s u p e r v i s e d by the C e n t r a l Office f o r G e o d e s y and C a r t o g r a p h y . B e s i d e s t h i s c e n t r a l i z e d m a p p i n g and s u r v e y i n g , other m i n i s t r i e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s p e c i a l s u r v e y p r o j e c t s for t h e i r own p u r p o s e s (e.g., the M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e , F o r e s t r y , T r a n s p o r t , M i n e s and National R e s o u r c e s , etc.). In each of the ten r e g i o n s of C z e c h o s l o v a k i a t h e r e is one i n s t i t u t e of g e o d e s y and c a r t o g r a p h y which p r o v i d e s all m a p p i n g for local p u r p o s e s . Land s u r v e y i n g is p r o v i d e d by c e n t r e s for geod e s y which a r e o r g a n i z e d in e a c h d i s t r i c t . T h e total n u m b e r of p e r s o n n e l involved c o m e s to n e a r l y 10,000 e n g i n e e r s and t e c h n i c i a n s . B e s i d e s the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d i n s t i t u t e s , t h e r e a r e two s p e c i a l i z e d i n s t i t u t e s for c a r t o g r a p h y and m a p prinl:ing and two for national t r i a n g u l a t i o n and l e v e l l i n g n e t s . T h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e s e s p e c i a l r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s , with m o r e than 100 s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l w o r k e r s , is c o n s i d e r e d to be v e r y f a v o u r a b l e .

J. ~OLC

A 63