Tackling coking problems in the reaction system of a FCCU

02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) hydrocarbon feed stream as the motive stream; and (d) admitting the hydrogen-containing hydrocarbon admixture to the hydrogenation step. A process flow diagram is presented. 02/00197 Refined fuel oil and the preparation method Park, S. Repub. Korea KR 9,614,923 (Cl. ClOG73/00), 21 Ott 1996, Appl. 9,316,613, 25 Aug 1993. (In Korean) The alternative fuel oil is obtained by preliminarily processing industrial waste liquid by way of a filter press using a vacuum tank; heating the preprocessed waste liquid, low sulphur bunker C oil and an inorganic salt composition containing solutions which are passed through a tube, at 80-90” for about 30 min with an electric heater and mixing it at vacuum (7-10 kg/cm*) and rotational speed of loo-120 rpm for lo-20 min in a vacuum mixer; having the mixture subjected to a first emulsification; obtaining smaller particles; at high speed of 1200-1500 rpm in the tapered end portion of a screw friction-type emulsifier and finally emulsifying the mixture. 02/00199 Status and development trend of LPG desulfurization technology in refinery Qiu, X. Huagong Jinzhan, 2000, 19, (2), 55-59. (In Chinese) A review, with 15 references, on status and development trend of LPG desulphurization technology in refinery including the dry method, alcohol amine method, physical solvent method, and Sulpha-Scrub process for LPG desulphurization. 02lOO199 Structural and technological features of ground fuel supply of civil aviation airports with liquid hydrogen Postoiev, S.K., Domashenko, A.M. Hydrogen Energy Prog. XII, Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., IZth, 1998, 2, 907-833. Edited by Bolcich, J.C., Veziroglu, T.N. In this paper the problems of ground fuel supply of civil aviation (CA) airports with liquid hydrogen (LH) according to the basic technological stages are studied: LH supply and storage; LH delivery from the storage reservoir to the airplane; technological aspects of LH handling. The brief analysis of each stage from the point of view of the structural decisions and technological features, as well as basic differences arising under LH use as compared with the conventional aviation fuel (i.e. kerosene) is given. The results of calculations of LH potential losses at each stage and the whole technological line from the liquefaction works to the aircraft board are presented. The most rational decisions intended to reduce LH losses and ensuring LH use with the factor not below 0.76 are shown. The grounds of necessity to arrange the hydrogen liquefaction complex within the airport zone under its fullscale implementation at the air transport are given. The investigations performed allow with full details to evaluate special features arising under implementation of LH in CA. 02lOO200 Study of the alkylation of isobutane with nbutenes over WOJZrOa strong solid acid. Ill. Effect of superfine ZrO, support on physico-chemical properties and catalytic behavior of the catalyst Sun, W. er al. Fenzi Cuihun 2000, 14, (2), 11 l-l 18. (In Chinese) A series of W03/ZrOz, S042s/ZrOZ, and MoO,iZrOz strong solid acids was prepared. Their crystal structure, surface state and acidity were determined by XRD, TG-DTA, Hz-temperature-programmed reaction, and NHS-temperature-programmed desorption. The results revealed that superfine ZrOz mainly exists in tetragonal phase, however, the amount of T-phase ZrOz decreases, but it has a larger specific area, acid amounts and loading capacity as compared with catalyst prepared by traditional approach using Zr (OH) 4 as carrier. Acid strength of the catalyst increases with the calcination temperature, which indicates that its surface state has changed significantly. The isobutane alkylation of n-butene catalysed by various catalysts has been investigated. Experimental results indicated that better olefin conversions are reached compared to that over catalyst prepared by traditional Zr (OH)o as carriers. CsO selectivity decreases due to the formation of more cracking products of Cs=C,. 02100201 Study on the resistance properties of pumping coal-water paste in pipes Meng, L. ef al. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2000, 55, (15), 3053-3056. The use of generalized Reynolds number is proposed to characterize the flow of coal-water paste (CWP, a non-Newtonian fluid), in which the slip flow velocity U, has been taken into account. Also, it can be used to describe the slip-free flow of non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids behaving as a steady-state laminar flow in pipes. The calculation of friction loss through generalized Reynolds number for the complicated non-Newtonian fluid with slip-flow, is similar to the simple Newtonian fluid, and the calculation accuracy is satisfactory. Under the same otherwise conditions, the positive slip results in larger generalized Reynolds number compared to slip-free flow. Also, it yields smaller friction loss factor X, and the flow-ability of CWP is improved.

~$2~&Tackling

coking

problems

in the reaction

system

Yang, Y., Luo, Y. Shiyou Lianzhi Yu Huagong, 2000,31, (4). 60-63. (In Chinese) Experiences in eliminating coking in the reaction system of a heavy oil FCCU in China are described. 02/00203 The impact of adding nitrogen substitutes to conventional automotive fuels Gouli, S. et al. J. Energy Resow. Technol., 1999, 121, (3), 225-230. The adoption of oxygenates in gasoline was originally spurred by the oil crises of the 1970s. In more recent years, public awareness of the environmental issues constituted the main reason for the spreading of oxygenated compounds in the transportation fuels sector. This paper describes the effects of novel nitrogen compounds in gasoline and diesel fuel on ignition quality and on pollutant emissions. Our intention is to investigate the antiknock quality, as gaged by octane and cetane determinations, of organic chemical structures mostly derivable from biomass, in combination with their effectiveness in reducing exhaust emissions under various operating conditions. 02100204 Thermal decomposition apparatus Hamamura, M. Perrorech (Tokyo), 2000, 23, (2), 148-153. (In Japanese) A review, with eight references, of thermal decomposition processes in petroleum refining, and representative thermal decomposition apparatus such as visbreaking and coking processes and apparatus.

Economics,

business,

marketing,

policy

02/00205 Alaska North Slope crude oil price and the behavior of diesel prices in California Adrangi, B. ef al. Energy Economics, 2001, 23, 29-42. This paper analyses the price dynamics of Alaska North Slope crude oil and Los Angeles diesel fuel prices. The methodology and model used show that there is a strong evidence of a unidirectional causal relationship between the two prices. The Los Angeles diesel market is found to bear the majority of the burden of convergence when there is a price spread. This finding may be seen as being consistent with the general consensus that price discovery emanates from the larger, more liquid market where trading volume is concentrated. The contestability of the West Coast crude oil market tends to cause it to react relatively competitively, while the lack of contestability for the West coast diesel market tends to limit its competitiveness, causing price adjustment to be slow but to follow the price signals of crude oil. Our findings also suggest that the derived demand theory of input pricing may not hold in this case. The Alaska North Slope crude oil price is the driving force in changes of Los Angeles diesel price. 02lOO206 Current status and prospects for use of coalwater fuel in Russia Salamatin, A.G. Ugol’, 2000, 3, 10-15. (In Russian) A review, with no references.

Derived liquid fuels 02/00207 particles

A simulation of the accumulation of solid in coal liquefaction reactors based on the nedol

KztiFM. ei al. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2000, 39 (8), 28662875. A direct coal liquefaction plant was constructed’in Kashima, Japan, based on the concept of ‘NEDOL Process’, and successfully processed 150 tons of Tanitorarum coal per day during 1997-1998. The plant was equipped with three reactors: 1 m in diameter and 11.8 m in length, connected in series. During the operation, solid particles were accumulated mainly in the first reactor. Slurry samples were directly removed from the reactors, and size distributions of solid particles were determined. Two types of particles were found: particles with cores and particles without cores. The size of the former particles was in the range of lo-200 pm, while that of the latter particles was l-80 pm. The growth rate of the particles was estimated to be 0.10 nm so’ under the reaction conditions. The solid accumulation in the first reactor was classified into a dense region in the lower part of the reactor and a lean region extending above the dense region. The former region was expressed as a three-phase fluidized bed model, and the latter was expressed by a one-dimensional sedimentation-dispersion model. These reactor models were validated on the basis of pressure Fuel and Energy Abstracts

January 2002

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