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Taxonomic review of the genus Cryphaeus Klug, 1833 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Toxicini) in Korea and description of new host fungi
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 12 (2009) 241–246
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / j a p e
Taxonomic review of the genus Cryphaeus Klug, 1833 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Toxicini) in Korea and description of new host fungi Boo Hee Jung a,⁎, Su Yeon Kim b, Jin Ill Kim c a b c
Research Institute of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, KCDC, 194 Tongil-lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122 - 701, Republic of Korea Department of Biology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 136-742, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 7 February 2009 Revised 17 May 2009 Accepted 20 May 2009
a b s t r a c t A taxonomic review of the fungivorous tenebrionid genus Cryphaeus Klug in Korea is presented. Four species of this genus were identified: Cryphaeus rotundicollis Chûjô et Lee, 1993, C. albopilosus Chûjô et Lee, 1993, C. duellicus (Lewis), 1894 and a new record, C. punctatulus (Lewis), 1894. Keys, diagnoses, host fungi, habitus photographs of adults, and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.
Keywords: Cryphaeus Toxicini Tenebrionidae Taxonomy Host fungi Korea
© Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction The fungivorous tenebrionid genus Cryphaeus Klug belongs to the tribe Toxicini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of the subfamily Tenebrioninae. Cryphaeus Klug is globally distributed in the African continent, in the Australian region, and in the Middle East in the Palearctic (Kulzer, 1950; Watt, 1974; Lillig, 2006; Löbl et al., 2008). Six Cryphaeus tenebrionid species are distributed throughout northeast Asia, from Korea to Japan (Gebien, 1941; Chûjô and Lee, 1993; Löbl et al., 2008). With the identification of C. duellicus (Lewis), 1894 by Mochizuki and Tsumekawa (1937), a total of three Cryphaeus species, also including C. rotundicollis Chûjô and Lee, 1993 and C. albopilosus Chûjô and Lee, 1993, have been reported in Korea. Among these, C. rotundicollis is endemic to Korea. The Toxicini-species (including Cryphaeus) can be identified by the following morphological features: body with dorsum oblong, parallelsided, slightly convex, and darkish brown to black; head with paired straight horns or sometimes absent in males or paired blunt tubercles in females; antennae capitate, usually enlarged and depressed from the eighth or ninth antennomere to the apex; fourth maxillary palpomere securiform; parallel-sided elytra, and all tibiae nearly straight, slightly enlarged to apex (Watt, 1974; Chûjô, 1982; Merkl, 1989). Cryphaeus species are commonly fungivorous. Both larvae and adults typically feed and breed in the fruiting bodies of lignicolous basidiomy⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (B.H. Jung).
cete fungi throughout their life span (pers. obs.). The bodies of larvae are heavily sclerotized (Fig.13) in order to utilize the hymenium and context of the fruiting body. Furthermore, larval mouthparts exhibit a variety of adaptations associated with the utilization of fungi (Lawrence, 1989). In this report, we re-describe four species, including one new record for Korea, Cryphaeus punctatulus (Lewis), 1894. We are also the first to describe the relationship between these tenebrionids and their host fungi, and we provide ecological information regarding their habitat. Based on specimens reared in the laboratory and field observations, we determined that Korean Cryphaeus species inhabit bracket fungi of the order Aphyllophorales, particularly Daedaleopsis Schroet (Fig. 14). They feed and breed in the fruiting bodies of the Daedaleopsis group throughout their lives and overwinter as adults and larvae. The purpose of this study was to describe the taxonomic characteristics of Korean Cryphaeus species and their relationship with host fungi. Keys, diagnoses, fungal hosts, habitus photos of adults, photos of the final larval stage, and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided. Specimens for this study confirmed the correct determinations based on the original description and keys provided by precedent authors. Materials for this study were collected from host fungi growing on dead or decaying trees and then reared in the laboratory. These specimens were later deposited in Sungshin Women's University Insect Collection (Seoul, Korea). The following abbreviations were used to indicate the provinces where the various specimens were collected: Gangweondo, GW; Gyeonggido-Seoul, GS; Chungcheongbukdo, CB; Chungcheongnamdo, CN; Gyeongsangbukdo, GB; Jeonllbukdo, JB; Jeollanamdo, JN.
1226-8615/$ – see front matter © Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2009.05.001
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Figs. 1–4. Habitus. 1a. Cryphaeus rotundicollis (dorsal), 1b. Cryphaeus rotundicollis (lateral); 2. Cryphaeus albopilosus (dorsal); 3a. Cryphaeus duellicus (dorsal), 3b. Cryphaeus duellicus (lateral); 4a. Cryphaeus punctatulus (dorsal); 4b. Cryphaeus punctatulus (lateral).
B.H. Jung et al. / Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 12 (2009) 241–246
Taxonomic accounts Tribe Toxicini Lacordaire Toxicides Lacordaire, 1859 Toxicides Lacordaire, 1859. Gen. Col., 5: 341. Type genus: Toxicum Latreille, 1802
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Genus Cryphaeus Klug, 1833 Cryphaeus Klug, 1833. Abh. Akad. Wid., p. 117. Type species: Cryphaeus aries Klug, 1833 1. Body glossy, wholly covered with long, white pubescence, strongly convex ………………........................................C. albopilosus - Body not glossy, without white hairs, weakly convex ...................... 2
Figs. 5–8. Aedeagus (left: ventral view; middle: lateral view; right: dorsal view); scale bar = 0.5 mm. 5. Cryphaeus rotundicollis; 6. Cryphaeus albopilosus; 7. Cryphaeus duellicus; 8. Cryphaeus punctatulus.
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B.H. Jung et al. / Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 12 (2009) 241–246
2. Elytral striae with double rows of irregular puncture (Fig.11); interstice of elytral striae strongly convex................................................................. C. duellicus - Elytral striae with one row of punctures; interstice of elytral striae weakly or strongly convex ........................................................... 3 3. Elytral striae irregular, coarse and large (Fig. 9); interstice of elytral striae weakly convex with sparse and tiny punctures ................................................................................................ C. rotundicollis - Elytral striae deep and regular (Fig. 12); interstice of elytral striae strongly convex with dense punctures ................................ ............................................................................................. C. punctatulus Cryphaeus rotundicollis Chûjô and Lee, 1993 (Figs. 1a, b, 5, 9) Cryphaeus rotundicollis Chûjô and Lee, 1993. Esakia, 33: 117. Diagnosis. Body length approximately 9.20 mm. Body oblong, elongate, parallel-sided, weakly convex, and black. Head with large and coarse punctures; frons deeply grooved; third labial palpomere cylindrical. Pronotum transverse; anterior margin arched outward; anterior angles sharply angulate; lateral margins almost parallelsided; basal margin sinuous, with oblique groove in the sub-basal part. Elytra almost parallel-sided, narrowed from the apical one-fifth to the apex; strial punctures distinctive, irregular, coarse, and large; interstices weakly convex, with sparse and tiny punctures. All tibiae
gradually enlarged apically. Male frons with paired horns, stretched upward and forward; female frons without paired horns. Parameres of aedeagus approximately 1.3-fold longer than the tegmen and sharply tapered apically in the ventral view (Fig. 5). Specimens examined. bGSN: Adults: 1♀ Mt. Gwanak-san, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 3 VIII 1994 I.-P. Son; 1♂ Temp. Jeondeungsa, Gangwhado, 16 VIII 1991 H.-C. Park (night); 1♂2♀♀ Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 1 VII 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Schizophyllum commune; 6♂♂5♀♀ Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 1 VII 2006 B.-H. Jung under the bark associated with Coriolus unicolor; bCBN: 1♂ Mt. Nam-san, Chungju-si, 24 VIII 2000 S.-Y. Kim and A-Y. Kim (night); bJNN: 1 ex. Seosa-myeon, 10 VI 1979 D.-W. Oh; bLarvaeN: bGSN: 3 exs. Gwangleong, 10 X 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Lampteromyces japonicus; 50 exs. Dongguleong, Guri-si 11 X 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor; 10 exs. Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 14 X 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa; 10 exs. Okhyeon-ri, Jije-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, 4 XI 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor; 100 exs. Iseongsanseong, Chungondong, Hanam-si, 12 XI 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa; 30 exs. Mt. Seoun-san, Anseong-gun, 1 IV 2007 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor. Distribution. Korea (endemic).
Figs. 9–12. Sculpture of elytra. 9. Cryphaeus rotundicollis; 10. Cryphaeus albopilosus; 11. Cryphaeus duellicus; 12. Cryphaeus punctatulus.
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to our survey, this species is distributed from Mt. Mansu in Chungcheongnam-do to Mt. Seondal in Gyeongsangbuk-do in Korea. Host fungi. The adults of this species were found in the fruiting body of Daedaleopsis spec. and under the bark associated with these host fungi. They overwinter as adults or larvae. Cryphaeus duellicus (Lewis), 1894 (Figs. 3a, b, 7, 11) Anthracias duellicus Lewis, 1894. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)13: 470; Mochizuki and Tsumekawa, 1937: 82; Ju, 1969: 124. Cryphaeus duellicus (Lewis) Gebien, 1941: (665) 810; Chûjô et Lee, 1992: 39; Kim et al., 1994: 176; Kim, 1995: 405.
Figs. 13–14. Larva and fungal host. 13. Larva of Cryphaeus rotundicollis; 14. Host fungus, Daedaleopsis congragosa.
Remarks. Chûjô and Lee (1993) first reported this species from Gwangneong (Pocheon-gun, Gyeonggido, 16–19 VII 1992; at light at night. According to our survey, this species is distributed throughout Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do. Host fungi. The larvae of this species commonly inhabit Daedaleopsis congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet and D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing. Specimens were also collected from Lampteromyces japonicus (Kawam.) Sing, but rarely. The adults of this species were found under the bark associated with host fungi and often in the hymenium of Schizophyllum commune. They overwinter as adults or larvae. Cryphaeus albopilosus Chûjô and Lee, 1993 (Figs. 2, 6, 10) Cryphaeus albopilosus Chûjô and Lee, 1993. Esakia, 33: 116. Diagnosis. Body length approximately 11.0 mm. Body elongate, parallel-sided, strongly convex, brownish black to reddish black, shiny, covered with fine, white, long pubescence. Head rugose; frons smooth; pronotum with large, dense punctures; anterior margin straight, lateral margins almost parallel-sided, and basal margin weakly sinuous. Elytra strongly convex and rugose; strial punctures large and rough; interstices strongly rugose. Fore tibiae roundly bent downwards; all tarsi slender, gradually enlarged apically. Male frons with paired horns, stretched upward and forward; female frons without paired horns and uneven. Paramere of aedeagus gently narrowed apically at ventral view and slightly biforked at apex (Fig. 6). Specimens examined. bCNN: 1♂ Mt. Mansu-san, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo-gun, 11 VI 1999 S.-W. Park; 1♂ Mt. Mansu-san, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo-gun, 27 VI 2008 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis spec.; bGBN: 1♂ Mt. Seondalsan, Yeongju-si, 13-15 VIII 1999, D.-S. Ku. Distribution. Korea, China (Shaanxi). Remarks. Chûjô and Lee (1993) first reported this species from Ganjong-ri (Chuncheon-gun, Gangweon-do, 23 VII 1992). According
Diagnosis. Body length approximately 9.2 mm. Body elongate, parallel-sided, weakly convex, and black; antennae and legs piceous. Head rugose-punctate with very large, rough, dense punctures; labial third palpomere almost cylindrical. Pronotum with large and dense punctures; lateral margins almost parallel-sided, and basal margin sinuous with oblique groove in the sub-basal part. Elytra almost parallel-sided, narrowed from the apical one-fifth to the apex; strial punctures distinctive and irregular, forming double rows of punctures; interstices weakly convex, with sparse and tiny punctures. Fore tibiae strongly enlarged to apex inward and outward; mid and hind tibiae gradually enlarged apically. Male clypeal margin produced and raised triangularly on lateral sides and obtuse at the apex; frons with a pair of long and slender horns with punctures, weakly bent outwards dorsally; sometimes frons occasionally exhibiting a pair of short and stout horns in undeveloped males. Female frons with blunt tubercles. Paramere of aedeagus with short seta at apex and bluntly narrowed apically in the ventral view (Fig. 7). Specimens examined. bGSN: 1♂ Hyoja-dong, Jongro-gu, 6 IX 1911; 1♀ Korea Univ., Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, 15 VII 1931; 1♀ Hyoja-dong, Jongro-gu, 9 VI 1911; 1♂ Kwangkyeo, Suwon-si, 26 V 1991, Y.-J. Yun; 1♀ Seoul Univ., Suwon-si, 1 X 1996 J.-I. Kang; Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 14 X 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa: bGNN: 1♀ Seosangmyeon, 10 VI 1979 K.-S. Woo; bJBN: 1♀ Mt. Seonun-san, Gochang-gun, 25 III 2007, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor; bJNN: 1♂1♀ Mt. Baekun-san, Gwangyang-si, 23 VI 1991 N.-K. Im; Mt. Duryun-san, Haeman-gun, 16 VII 1999 H.-S. Eom; bJJN: 1♀ Eorimok, 26 VII 1998; 1♂1♀ Donneko, Jeju-si, 29 VIII 1998 S.-W. Park. Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia (Far East), China (Hainan), and Taiwan. Host fungi. The larvae of this species commonly inhabit Daedaleopsis congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet and D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing. Adults of this species were found in the fruiting body of D. congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet, D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing, and under the bark associated with these host fungi. They overwintered as adults or larvae. Cryphaeus punctatulus (Lewis), 1894 (Figs. 4a, b, 8, 12) Anthracias punctatulus Lewis, 1894. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)13: 470. Cryphaeus punctatulus (Lewis) Gebien, 1941: (665) 810. Diagnosis. Body approximately 10 mm in length. Body elongate and black. Head with dense, large, rough punctures; frons with wide longitudinal sulcus from clypeal suture to frons; clypeal anterior margin straight, depressed at each side and angles round. Pronotum with large and rough punctures; anterior margin roundly arched, lateral margins round, and basal margin sinuous with oblique groove in the sub-basal part. Elytra almost parallel-sided; strial punctures deep and regular; interstices convex, with tiny, sparse punctures. All tibiae gradually enlarged apically. Male frons with paired horns, stretched and raised outward, erect and short; front femora with ventral setae at basal one-third part. Female frons uneven, without paired horns, with blunt tubercles; front femora without ventral setae. Paramere of aedeagus almost equal to tegmen in length and gently tapered apically in the ventral view (Fig. 8).
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Specimens examined. bGSN: 2♀♀ Hwajeop-ri, Namyangju-si, 2 X 1993 J.-I. Kim; Okhyeon-ri, Jije-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, 1 X 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa; 1♂ Mt. Mugab-san, Mugab-ri, Choweol-myeon, Gwangju-gun, 27 III 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor bCNN: 1♀ Mt. Gwangdeok-san, Cheonan-si, 22-23 VII 1994 J.-I. Kim; 1♀ Mt. Seonggeo-san, Cheonan-si, 4 V 1998 S.-W. Park. Distribution. Korea and Japan. Remarks. This species was first collected around Oyayama, Oguma, and Goka in Japan (Lewis, 1894). Based on previous studies and the present data, Cryphaeus punctatulus is distributed in Korea and Japan. Host fungi. The adults of this species were found in the fruiting body of Daedaleopsis congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet, D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing, and on the bark associated with these fungi (Fig. 14). They overwintered as adults or larvae. Acknowledgment This research was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Environment of the Korean Government (NIBR 074-1800-1844-326-260-00). References Chûjô, M.T., 1982. Tenebrionidae of the Nansei Islands VII (Coloeoptera). pp. 87–101. In: Special issue in the memory of retirement of Emeritus Professor Michio Chûjô. The association of the Memorial Issue of Emeritus Professor M. Chûjô c/o Biological Laboratory, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya Chûjô, M.T., Lee, C.E., 1993. Korean Tenebrionidae (Insecta, Coleoptera). Esakia. Kyushu University in Entomology 33, 109–122. Gebien, H., 1941. Katalog der Tenebrioniden. Teil II. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 31 (803–834), (659–689). Ju, D.R., 1969. Checklist of Insect Classification. InGwahakweon Publish, Pyeongyang, pp. 124–126.
Kim, J.I., Kwon, Y.J., Paik, J.C., Lee, S.M., Ahn, S.L., Park, H.C., Chu, H.Y., 1994. Order 23. Coleoptera. In: Check List of Insects from Korea (Ed.), The Entomological Society of Korea and Korean Society of Applied Entomology. InKon-Kuk University Press, Seoul, pp. 117–214. Kim, W.T., 1995. Insect of Quelpart Island. Chejudo Folk National History Museum, 405–407 pp. Klug, J.C.F., 1833. Berich über eine auf Madagascar veranstaltere Sammlung von Insecten aus der Ordnung Coleopters. Abhandlungen der Preussiche Akademie der Widdenschaften, 91–223 pp. Kulzer, H., 1950. Drei Neue Arten der gattung Toxicum und Cryphaeus aus der Palaearktischen Faunegebiet. Entomologische Arbeite Museum. Frey 1 (37), 37–46. Lacordaire, T., 1859. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les henres proposés jusqu'ici dans ce ordre d'Insectes. Tome Cinquiéme. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. Premiére partie, 1–400 pp, seconde partie, 401–750 pp. Latreille, P.A., 1802. Histoire Naturelle générale et particulière, des Crustacés et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite aux oeuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du cours complet d'histoire narurelle rédigé par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome troisième. F. Dufart, Paris. i–xii, 13–467 + [1] pp. Lawrence, J.F., 1989. Mycophagy in the Coleoptera: feeding strategies and morphological adaptations, 23 pp. In: Wilding, N, Collins, N.M., Hammond, P.M., Webber, J.F. (Eds.), Insect–Fungus Interaction. InAcademic Press, London. Lewis, G., 1894. On the Tenebrionidae of Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6 (13), 377–484. Lillig, M., 2006. Cryphaeus laticeps sp, n. from the Middle East. Mitt. Münch. Entomol. Ges. 95, 49–53. Löbl, I., Merkl, O., Ando, K., Bouchard, P., Egorov, L.V., Iwan, D., Lillig, M., Masumoto, K., Nabozhenko, M., Noväk, V., Petterson, R., Schawaller, W., Soldati, F., 2008. Family Tenebrionidae Latreille, 1802. In: Löbl, I., Semetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 5. Tenebrionoidea: 105–352. InApollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, p. 670. Merkl, O., 1989. Melanesian representatives of Toxicum and Cryphaeus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae: Toxicini). Acta Zool. Hung. 35 (3–4), 235–254. Mochizuki, M., Tsumekawa, W., 1937. A list of Coleoptera from Middle-Korea. Journal of Chosen Natural History Society 22, 75–93. Watt, J.C., 1974. A revised subfamily classification Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). N. Z. J. Zool. 1 (4), 381–459.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / j a p e
Taxonomic review of the genus Cryphaeus Klug, 1833 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Toxicini) in Korea and description of new host fungi Boo Hee Jung a,⁎, Su Yeon Kim b, Jin Ill Kim c a b c
Research Institute of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea Division of Arboviruses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, National Institute of Health, KCDC, 194 Tongil-lo, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122 - 701, Republic of Korea Department of Biology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 136-742, Republic of Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 7 February 2009 Revised 17 May 2009 Accepted 20 May 2009
a b s t r a c t A taxonomic review of the fungivorous tenebrionid genus Cryphaeus Klug in Korea is presented. Four species of this genus were identified: Cryphaeus rotundicollis Chûjô et Lee, 1993, C. albopilosus Chûjô et Lee, 1993, C. duellicus (Lewis), 1894 and a new record, C. punctatulus (Lewis), 1894. Keys, diagnoses, host fungi, habitus photographs of adults, and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.
Keywords: Cryphaeus Toxicini Tenebrionidae Taxonomy Host fungi Korea
© Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction The fungivorous tenebrionid genus Cryphaeus Klug belongs to the tribe Toxicini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of the subfamily Tenebrioninae. Cryphaeus Klug is globally distributed in the African continent, in the Australian region, and in the Middle East in the Palearctic (Kulzer, 1950; Watt, 1974; Lillig, 2006; Löbl et al., 2008). Six Cryphaeus tenebrionid species are distributed throughout northeast Asia, from Korea to Japan (Gebien, 1941; Chûjô and Lee, 1993; Löbl et al., 2008). With the identification of C. duellicus (Lewis), 1894 by Mochizuki and Tsumekawa (1937), a total of three Cryphaeus species, also including C. rotundicollis Chûjô and Lee, 1993 and C. albopilosus Chûjô and Lee, 1993, have been reported in Korea. Among these, C. rotundicollis is endemic to Korea. The Toxicini-species (including Cryphaeus) can be identified by the following morphological features: body with dorsum oblong, parallelsided, slightly convex, and darkish brown to black; head with paired straight horns or sometimes absent in males or paired blunt tubercles in females; antennae capitate, usually enlarged and depressed from the eighth or ninth antennomere to the apex; fourth maxillary palpomere securiform; parallel-sided elytra, and all tibiae nearly straight, slightly enlarged to apex (Watt, 1974; Chûjô, 1982; Merkl, 1989). Cryphaeus species are commonly fungivorous. Both larvae and adults typically feed and breed in the fruiting bodies of lignicolous basidiomy⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (B.H. Jung).
cete fungi throughout their life span (pers. obs.). The bodies of larvae are heavily sclerotized (Fig.13) in order to utilize the hymenium and context of the fruiting body. Furthermore, larval mouthparts exhibit a variety of adaptations associated with the utilization of fungi (Lawrence, 1989). In this report, we re-describe four species, including one new record for Korea, Cryphaeus punctatulus (Lewis), 1894. We are also the first to describe the relationship between these tenebrionids and their host fungi, and we provide ecological information regarding their habitat. Based on specimens reared in the laboratory and field observations, we determined that Korean Cryphaeus species inhabit bracket fungi of the order Aphyllophorales, particularly Daedaleopsis Schroet (Fig. 14). They feed and breed in the fruiting bodies of the Daedaleopsis group throughout their lives and overwinter as adults and larvae. The purpose of this study was to describe the taxonomic characteristics of Korean Cryphaeus species and their relationship with host fungi. Keys, diagnoses, fungal hosts, habitus photos of adults, photos of the final larval stage, and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided. Specimens for this study confirmed the correct determinations based on the original description and keys provided by precedent authors. Materials for this study were collected from host fungi growing on dead or decaying trees and then reared in the laboratory. These specimens were later deposited in Sungshin Women's University Insect Collection (Seoul, Korea). The following abbreviations were used to indicate the provinces where the various specimens were collected: Gangweondo, GW; Gyeonggido-Seoul, GS; Chungcheongbukdo, CB; Chungcheongnamdo, CN; Gyeongsangbukdo, GB; Jeonllbukdo, JB; Jeollanamdo, JN.
1226-8615/$ – see front matter © Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2009.05.001
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Figs. 1–4. Habitus. 1a. Cryphaeus rotundicollis (dorsal), 1b. Cryphaeus rotundicollis (lateral); 2. Cryphaeus albopilosus (dorsal); 3a. Cryphaeus duellicus (dorsal), 3b. Cryphaeus duellicus (lateral); 4a. Cryphaeus punctatulus (dorsal); 4b. Cryphaeus punctatulus (lateral).
B.H. Jung et al. / Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 12 (2009) 241–246
Taxonomic accounts Tribe Toxicini Lacordaire Toxicides Lacordaire, 1859 Toxicides Lacordaire, 1859. Gen. Col., 5: 341. Type genus: Toxicum Latreille, 1802
243
Genus Cryphaeus Klug, 1833 Cryphaeus Klug, 1833. Abh. Akad. Wid., p. 117. Type species: Cryphaeus aries Klug, 1833 1. Body glossy, wholly covered with long, white pubescence, strongly convex ………………........................................C. albopilosus - Body not glossy, without white hairs, weakly convex ...................... 2
Figs. 5–8. Aedeagus (left: ventral view; middle: lateral view; right: dorsal view); scale bar = 0.5 mm. 5. Cryphaeus rotundicollis; 6. Cryphaeus albopilosus; 7. Cryphaeus duellicus; 8. Cryphaeus punctatulus.
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2. Elytral striae with double rows of irregular puncture (Fig.11); interstice of elytral striae strongly convex................................................................. C. duellicus - Elytral striae with one row of punctures; interstice of elytral striae weakly or strongly convex ........................................................... 3 3. Elytral striae irregular, coarse and large (Fig. 9); interstice of elytral striae weakly convex with sparse and tiny punctures ................................................................................................ C. rotundicollis - Elytral striae deep and regular (Fig. 12); interstice of elytral striae strongly convex with dense punctures ................................ ............................................................................................. C. punctatulus Cryphaeus rotundicollis Chûjô and Lee, 1993 (Figs. 1a, b, 5, 9) Cryphaeus rotundicollis Chûjô and Lee, 1993. Esakia, 33: 117. Diagnosis. Body length approximately 9.20 mm. Body oblong, elongate, parallel-sided, weakly convex, and black. Head with large and coarse punctures; frons deeply grooved; third labial palpomere cylindrical. Pronotum transverse; anterior margin arched outward; anterior angles sharply angulate; lateral margins almost parallelsided; basal margin sinuous, with oblique groove in the sub-basal part. Elytra almost parallel-sided, narrowed from the apical one-fifth to the apex; strial punctures distinctive, irregular, coarse, and large; interstices weakly convex, with sparse and tiny punctures. All tibiae
gradually enlarged apically. Male frons with paired horns, stretched upward and forward; female frons without paired horns. Parameres of aedeagus approximately 1.3-fold longer than the tegmen and sharply tapered apically in the ventral view (Fig. 5). Specimens examined. bGSN: Adults: 1♀ Mt. Gwanak-san, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 3 VIII 1994 I.-P. Son; 1♂ Temp. Jeondeungsa, Gangwhado, 16 VIII 1991 H.-C. Park (night); 1♂2♀♀ Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 1 VII 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Schizophyllum commune; 6♂♂5♀♀ Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 1 VII 2006 B.-H. Jung under the bark associated with Coriolus unicolor; bCBN: 1♂ Mt. Nam-san, Chungju-si, 24 VIII 2000 S.-Y. Kim and A-Y. Kim (night); bJNN: 1 ex. Seosa-myeon, 10 VI 1979 D.-W. Oh; bLarvaeN: bGSN: 3 exs. Gwangleong, 10 X 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Lampteromyces japonicus; 50 exs. Dongguleong, Guri-si 11 X 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor; 10 exs. Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 14 X 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa; 10 exs. Okhyeon-ri, Jije-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, 4 XI 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor; 100 exs. Iseongsanseong, Chungondong, Hanam-si, 12 XI 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa; 30 exs. Mt. Seoun-san, Anseong-gun, 1 IV 2007 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor. Distribution. Korea (endemic).
Figs. 9–12. Sculpture of elytra. 9. Cryphaeus rotundicollis; 10. Cryphaeus albopilosus; 11. Cryphaeus duellicus; 12. Cryphaeus punctatulus.
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to our survey, this species is distributed from Mt. Mansu in Chungcheongnam-do to Mt. Seondal in Gyeongsangbuk-do in Korea. Host fungi. The adults of this species were found in the fruiting body of Daedaleopsis spec. and under the bark associated with these host fungi. They overwinter as adults or larvae. Cryphaeus duellicus (Lewis), 1894 (Figs. 3a, b, 7, 11) Anthracias duellicus Lewis, 1894. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)13: 470; Mochizuki and Tsumekawa, 1937: 82; Ju, 1969: 124. Cryphaeus duellicus (Lewis) Gebien, 1941: (665) 810; Chûjô et Lee, 1992: 39; Kim et al., 1994: 176; Kim, 1995: 405.
Figs. 13–14. Larva and fungal host. 13. Larva of Cryphaeus rotundicollis; 14. Host fungus, Daedaleopsis congragosa.
Remarks. Chûjô and Lee (1993) first reported this species from Gwangneong (Pocheon-gun, Gyeonggido, 16–19 VII 1992; at light at night. According to our survey, this species is distributed throughout Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do. Host fungi. The larvae of this species commonly inhabit Daedaleopsis congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet and D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing. Specimens were also collected from Lampteromyces japonicus (Kawam.) Sing, but rarely. The adults of this species were found under the bark associated with host fungi and often in the hymenium of Schizophyllum commune. They overwinter as adults or larvae. Cryphaeus albopilosus Chûjô and Lee, 1993 (Figs. 2, 6, 10) Cryphaeus albopilosus Chûjô and Lee, 1993. Esakia, 33: 116. Diagnosis. Body length approximately 11.0 mm. Body elongate, parallel-sided, strongly convex, brownish black to reddish black, shiny, covered with fine, white, long pubescence. Head rugose; frons smooth; pronotum with large, dense punctures; anterior margin straight, lateral margins almost parallel-sided, and basal margin weakly sinuous. Elytra strongly convex and rugose; strial punctures large and rough; interstices strongly rugose. Fore tibiae roundly bent downwards; all tarsi slender, gradually enlarged apically. Male frons with paired horns, stretched upward and forward; female frons without paired horns and uneven. Paramere of aedeagus gently narrowed apically at ventral view and slightly biforked at apex (Fig. 6). Specimens examined. bCNN: 1♂ Mt. Mansu-san, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo-gun, 11 VI 1999 S.-W. Park; 1♂ Mt. Mansu-san, Oesan-myeon, Buyeo-gun, 27 VI 2008 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis spec.; bGBN: 1♂ Mt. Seondalsan, Yeongju-si, 13-15 VIII 1999, D.-S. Ku. Distribution. Korea, China (Shaanxi). Remarks. Chûjô and Lee (1993) first reported this species from Ganjong-ri (Chuncheon-gun, Gangweon-do, 23 VII 1992). According
Diagnosis. Body length approximately 9.2 mm. Body elongate, parallel-sided, weakly convex, and black; antennae and legs piceous. Head rugose-punctate with very large, rough, dense punctures; labial third palpomere almost cylindrical. Pronotum with large and dense punctures; lateral margins almost parallel-sided, and basal margin sinuous with oblique groove in the sub-basal part. Elytra almost parallel-sided, narrowed from the apical one-fifth to the apex; strial punctures distinctive and irregular, forming double rows of punctures; interstices weakly convex, with sparse and tiny punctures. Fore tibiae strongly enlarged to apex inward and outward; mid and hind tibiae gradually enlarged apically. Male clypeal margin produced and raised triangularly on lateral sides and obtuse at the apex; frons with a pair of long and slender horns with punctures, weakly bent outwards dorsally; sometimes frons occasionally exhibiting a pair of short and stout horns in undeveloped males. Female frons with blunt tubercles. Paramere of aedeagus with short seta at apex and bluntly narrowed apically in the ventral view (Fig. 7). Specimens examined. bGSN: 1♂ Hyoja-dong, Jongro-gu, 6 IX 1911; 1♀ Korea Univ., Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, 15 VII 1931; 1♀ Hyoja-dong, Jongro-gu, 9 VI 1911; 1♂ Kwangkyeo, Suwon-si, 26 V 1991, Y.-J. Yun; 1♀ Seoul Univ., Suwon-si, 1 X 1996 J.-I. Kang; Iseongsanseong, Chungon-dong, Hanam-si, 14 X 2006 B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa: bGNN: 1♀ Seosangmyeon, 10 VI 1979 K.-S. Woo; bJBN: 1♀ Mt. Seonun-san, Gochang-gun, 25 III 2007, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor; bJNN: 1♂1♀ Mt. Baekun-san, Gwangyang-si, 23 VI 1991 N.-K. Im; Mt. Duryun-san, Haeman-gun, 16 VII 1999 H.-S. Eom; bJJN: 1♀ Eorimok, 26 VII 1998; 1♂1♀ Donneko, Jeju-si, 29 VIII 1998 S.-W. Park. Distribution. Korea, Japan, Russia (Far East), China (Hainan), and Taiwan. Host fungi. The larvae of this species commonly inhabit Daedaleopsis congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet and D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing. Adults of this species were found in the fruiting body of D. congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet, D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing, and under the bark associated with these host fungi. They overwintered as adults or larvae. Cryphaeus punctatulus (Lewis), 1894 (Figs. 4a, b, 8, 12) Anthracias punctatulus Lewis, 1894. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)13: 470. Cryphaeus punctatulus (Lewis) Gebien, 1941: (665) 810. Diagnosis. Body approximately 10 mm in length. Body elongate and black. Head with dense, large, rough punctures; frons with wide longitudinal sulcus from clypeal suture to frons; clypeal anterior margin straight, depressed at each side and angles round. Pronotum with large and rough punctures; anterior margin roundly arched, lateral margins round, and basal margin sinuous with oblique groove in the sub-basal part. Elytra almost parallel-sided; strial punctures deep and regular; interstices convex, with tiny, sparse punctures. All tibiae gradually enlarged apically. Male frons with paired horns, stretched and raised outward, erect and short; front femora with ventral setae at basal one-third part. Female frons uneven, without paired horns, with blunt tubercles; front femora without ventral setae. Paramere of aedeagus almost equal to tegmen in length and gently tapered apically in the ventral view (Fig. 8).
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Specimens examined. bGSN: 2♀♀ Hwajeop-ri, Namyangju-si, 2 X 1993 J.-I. Kim; Okhyeon-ri, Jije-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, 1 X 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis congragosa; 1♂ Mt. Mugab-san, Mugab-ri, Choweol-myeon, Gwangju-gun, 27 III 2006, B.-H. Jung ex Daedaleopsis tricolor bCNN: 1♀ Mt. Gwangdeok-san, Cheonan-si, 22-23 VII 1994 J.-I. Kim; 1♀ Mt. Seonggeo-san, Cheonan-si, 4 V 1998 S.-W. Park. Distribution. Korea and Japan. Remarks. This species was first collected around Oyayama, Oguma, and Goka in Japan (Lewis, 1894). Based on previous studies and the present data, Cryphaeus punctatulus is distributed in Korea and Japan. Host fungi. The adults of this species were found in the fruiting body of Daedaleopsis congragosa (Bolton: Fr.) Schroet, D. tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing, and on the bark associated with these fungi (Fig. 14). They overwintered as adults or larvae. Acknowledgment This research was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Environment of the Korean Government (NIBR 074-1800-1844-326-260-00). References Chûjô, M.T., 1982. Tenebrionidae of the Nansei Islands VII (Coloeoptera). pp. 87–101. In: Special issue in the memory of retirement of Emeritus Professor Michio Chûjô. The association of the Memorial Issue of Emeritus Professor M. Chûjô c/o Biological Laboratory, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya Chûjô, M.T., Lee, C.E., 1993. Korean Tenebrionidae (Insecta, Coleoptera). Esakia. Kyushu University in Entomology 33, 109–122. Gebien, H., 1941. Katalog der Tenebrioniden. Teil II. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 31 (803–834), (659–689). Ju, D.R., 1969. Checklist of Insect Classification. InGwahakweon Publish, Pyeongyang, pp. 124–126.
Kim, J.I., Kwon, Y.J., Paik, J.C., Lee, S.M., Ahn, S.L., Park, H.C., Chu, H.Y., 1994. Order 23. Coleoptera. In: Check List of Insects from Korea (Ed.), The Entomological Society of Korea and Korean Society of Applied Entomology. InKon-Kuk University Press, Seoul, pp. 117–214. Kim, W.T., 1995. Insect of Quelpart Island. Chejudo Folk National History Museum, 405–407 pp. Klug, J.C.F., 1833. Berich über eine auf Madagascar veranstaltere Sammlung von Insecten aus der Ordnung Coleopters. Abhandlungen der Preussiche Akademie der Widdenschaften, 91–223 pp. Kulzer, H., 1950. Drei Neue Arten der gattung Toxicum und Cryphaeus aus der Palaearktischen Faunegebiet. Entomologische Arbeite Museum. Frey 1 (37), 37–46. Lacordaire, T., 1859. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les henres proposés jusqu'ici dans ce ordre d'Insectes. Tome Cinquiéme. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. Premiére partie, 1–400 pp, seconde partie, 401–750 pp. Latreille, P.A., 1802. Histoire Naturelle générale et particulière, des Crustacés et des insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite aux oeuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du cours complet d'histoire narurelle rédigé par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes. Familles naturelles des genres. Tome troisième. F. Dufart, Paris. i–xii, 13–467 + [1] pp. Lawrence, J.F., 1989. Mycophagy in the Coleoptera: feeding strategies and morphological adaptations, 23 pp. In: Wilding, N, Collins, N.M., Hammond, P.M., Webber, J.F. (Eds.), Insect–Fungus Interaction. InAcademic Press, London. Lewis, G., 1894. On the Tenebrionidae of Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6 (13), 377–484. Lillig, M., 2006. Cryphaeus laticeps sp, n. from the Middle East. Mitt. Münch. Entomol. Ges. 95, 49–53. Löbl, I., Merkl, O., Ando, K., Bouchard, P., Egorov, L.V., Iwan, D., Lillig, M., Masumoto, K., Nabozhenko, M., Noväk, V., Petterson, R., Schawaller, W., Soldati, F., 2008. Family Tenebrionidae Latreille, 1802. In: Löbl, I., Semetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 5. Tenebrionoidea: 105–352. InApollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, p. 670. Merkl, O., 1989. Melanesian representatives of Toxicum and Cryphaeus (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae: Toxicini). Acta Zool. Hung. 35 (3–4), 235–254. Mochizuki, M., Tsumekawa, W., 1937. A list of Coleoptera from Middle-Korea. Journal of Chosen Natural History Society 22, 75–93. Watt, J.C., 1974. A revised subfamily classification Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). N. Z. J. Zool. 1 (4), 381–459.