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Testing carbon for seals and bearings
SYSTEMATIC
The Development of a Test for Evaluating Grinding Fluids. R. D. Halverstadt. Lubrication Eng., 17 (3) (1961) 127-133; 16 figs., 4 tables, 3 refs. Evaluation of grinding oils is a difficult and uncertain process. Several methods were tried and a brief summary of each is reported herein. The paper briefly reports the results of several different approaches and concludes with recommendations for a simplified method. Two Measurement Techniques used in the Evaluation of Cutting Fluids. J. R. Muenger and N. C. Derby. ASLE Trans., 3 (I) (1960) 55-60; IO figs., I table, 2 refs. Various criteria have been used in metal cutting operations to study the effectiveness of cutting fluids; for example, tool-life, wear, temperature and forces; work surface finish; and chip deformation. In each case a number of measurement methods may be employed. This paper describes two very simple means of measurement which have been found useful in cutting fluid research. The first is based on measurement of work surface finish in the direction of cut by determining the amount of pencil lead abraded by the surface under controlled conditions. The second is based on measurement of chip deformation by clectrical resistance determination of chips from a known depth of cut. Testing Carbon for Seals and Bearings. R. R. Paxton and W. R. Shobert. Lubrication Eng., 17 (I) (1961) 27-33; g figs., I table, 5 refs. A test method which has been of practical value in screening carbon-graphite materials for seals and bearings is described. Details of the relatively simple test stand are given. Typical experimental data are presented illustrating the use of this test stand to obtain performance data on one carbon-base material running non-lubricated. A Method for Studying the Effect of Extreme Pressure Additives on Rubbing Metal Surfaces. Allan A. Manteuffel and George Wolfram. ASLE Trans., 3 (2) (1960) 157-164; 14 figs., I table, 5 refs. Special attention was given to : (a) the changing load conditions, (b) the changes in frictional force, (c) the effect of phosphate coating of the metal surface, and (d) the effect of different lubricant compositions. A modification of the Shell Four-ball EP Lubricant Tester has been made which permits automatic recording of a temperature-load curve which registers the temperature and frictional
ABSTRACTS
329
forces with either constant or changing load. The work has shown that as the load increases at a uniform rate, there may be drastic and sudden changes in lubricant temperature which depend on lubricant composition as well as on metal surface composition. Distribution of an EP Film on Wear Surfaces. R. C. Wiquist, S. B. Twiss and E. H. Loeser. ASLE Trans., 3 (I) (1960) 40-47; II figs., 2 tables, 7 refs. A new method has been developed for the determination of EP film components on irregularly-shaped wear surfaces. It entailed the use of data from radiotracer counting, autoradiographic analysis, densitometer tracings and numerical integration. The method has been applied in a study of the film formed on engine valve train parts run in an oil containing zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate tagged with radioactive sulfur. The technique is applicable to similar investigations with other additives. The result obtained showed not only how much film was formed on wear surfaces by the additive, but it also pin-pointed areas on the mating parts where the EP film concentrated. This type of information was not obtainable by other means. In runs made with a cam and tappet tester, the amount of sulfur film found on various valve train parts decreased in the following order; cam nose, center tappet area and cam flat. For the same area on the tappet, activity was greater for phosphate-coated parts than for untreated parts. Preliminary results indicated that it was possible to relate contact pressure experienced by the mating surfaces fairly precisely with the amount of EP film formed. Laboratory Evaluation of Automotive Gear Lubricants, S. R. Calish, Jr. Lubrication Eng., 17 (I) (1961) 14-23 (incl. appendix); 7 figs., 5 tables, 8 refs. A series of laboratory tests which predict the service performance of automotive gear lubricants is described. The tests have been selected because of their correlation with service experience in heavy-duty equipment in the Western States. A comparison is made between oils of the old MIL-L-2105 type and the new, high-activity MIL-L-ooz105A oils. Laboratory test data are given for seven lubricants, all using the same base stock, and field experience with some of these oils is related. Test criteria are suggested for an outstanding multipurpose automotive gear lubricant.
7. SURFACE TREATMENT AND FINISHING (no abstracts) Wear, 4 (1961) 321-330
The Development of a Test for Evaluating Grinding Fluids. R. D. Halverstadt. Lubrication Eng., 17 (3) (1961) 127-133; 16 figs., 4 tables, 3 refs. Evaluation of grinding oils is a difficult and uncertain process. Several methods were tried and a brief summary of each is reported herein. The paper briefly reports the results of several different approaches and concludes with recommendations for a simplified method. Two Measurement Techniques used in the Evaluation of Cutting Fluids. J. R. Muenger and N. C. Derby. ASLE Trans., 3 (I) (1960) 55-60; IO figs., I table, 2 refs. Various criteria have been used in metal cutting operations to study the effectiveness of cutting fluids; for example, tool-life, wear, temperature and forces; work surface finish; and chip deformation. In each case a number of measurement methods may be employed. This paper describes two very simple means of measurement which have been found useful in cutting fluid research. The first is based on measurement of work surface finish in the direction of cut by determining the amount of pencil lead abraded by the surface under controlled conditions. The second is based on measurement of chip deformation by clectrical resistance determination of chips from a known depth of cut. Testing Carbon for Seals and Bearings. R. R. Paxton and W. R. Shobert. Lubrication Eng., 17 (I) (1961) 27-33; g figs., I table, 5 refs. A test method which has been of practical value in screening carbon-graphite materials for seals and bearings is described. Details of the relatively simple test stand are given. Typical experimental data are presented illustrating the use of this test stand to obtain performance data on one carbon-base material running non-lubricated. A Method for Studying the Effect of Extreme Pressure Additives on Rubbing Metal Surfaces. Allan A. Manteuffel and George Wolfram. ASLE Trans., 3 (2) (1960) 157-164; 14 figs., I table, 5 refs. Special attention was given to : (a) the changing load conditions, (b) the changes in frictional force, (c) the effect of phosphate coating of the metal surface, and (d) the effect of different lubricant compositions. A modification of the Shell Four-ball EP Lubricant Tester has been made which permits automatic recording of a temperature-load curve which registers the temperature and frictional
ABSTRACTS
329
forces with either constant or changing load. The work has shown that as the load increases at a uniform rate, there may be drastic and sudden changes in lubricant temperature which depend on lubricant composition as well as on metal surface composition. Distribution of an EP Film on Wear Surfaces. R. C. Wiquist, S. B. Twiss and E. H. Loeser. ASLE Trans., 3 (I) (1960) 40-47; II figs., 2 tables, 7 refs. A new method has been developed for the determination of EP film components on irregularly-shaped wear surfaces. It entailed the use of data from radiotracer counting, autoradiographic analysis, densitometer tracings and numerical integration. The method has been applied in a study of the film formed on engine valve train parts run in an oil containing zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate tagged with radioactive sulfur. The technique is applicable to similar investigations with other additives. The result obtained showed not only how much film was formed on wear surfaces by the additive, but it also pin-pointed areas on the mating parts where the EP film concentrated. This type of information was not obtainable by other means. In runs made with a cam and tappet tester, the amount of sulfur film found on various valve train parts decreased in the following order; cam nose, center tappet area and cam flat. For the same area on the tappet, activity was greater for phosphate-coated parts than for untreated parts. Preliminary results indicated that it was possible to relate contact pressure experienced by the mating surfaces fairly precisely with the amount of EP film formed. Laboratory Evaluation of Automotive Gear Lubricants, S. R. Calish, Jr. Lubrication Eng., 17 (I) (1961) 14-23 (incl. appendix); 7 figs., 5 tables, 8 refs. A series of laboratory tests which predict the service performance of automotive gear lubricants is described. The tests have been selected because of their correlation with service experience in heavy-duty equipment in the Western States. A comparison is made between oils of the old MIL-L-2105 type and the new, high-activity MIL-L-ooz105A oils. Laboratory test data are given for seven lubricants, all using the same base stock, and field experience with some of these oils is related. Test criteria are suggested for an outstanding multipurpose automotive gear lubricant.
7. SURFACE TREATMENT AND FINISHING (no abstracts) Wear, 4 (1961) 321-330