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The Availability of Lysine in Blood Meal for Chicks and Poults
562
T. M. HUSTON, J. R. PALMER AND J. L. CARMON
Miller, W. A., 1954. The microbiology of dirty eggs treated in various ways and stored at different temperatures and humidities. Poultry Sci. 33: 735-742. Miller, W. A., and L. B. Crawford, 1953. Some factors influencing bacterial penetration of eggs. Poultry Sci. 32:303-309. Pino, J. A., 1950. Effect of washing with a hot detergent solution on keeping quality and hatchability of eggs. 29: 888-894. Rhodes, W. F., and G. F. Godfrey, 1950. The effects
of washing eggs on the cuticle as measured by moisture loss and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 29: 833-836. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Stuart, L. S., and E. H. McNally, 1943. Bacteriological studies on the eggshell. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 49:28-31. Zagaevsky, J. S., and P. O. Lutikova, 1944. Bacteriological study of the egg. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 50: 121-123.
F. H. KRATZER AND NORMAN GREEN Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of California, Davis (Received for publication November 26, 1956)
B
LOOD meal has been reported to be a poor source of protein for poultry rations (Mussehl and Ackerson, 1931; Titus et al., 1936). Grau and Almquist (1944) showed that the serum and fibrin fractions of beef blood are of much better quality than the blood cell fractions in which isoleucine was the principal limiting amino acid. Squibb and Braham (1955) have found blood meal to be a satisfactory source of lysine in chick rations at levels of 2 to 4 percent. Block and Boiling (1951) have listed the lysine content of blood meal as approximately 8.8% of the protein. Since lysine is very easily destroyed or rendered unavailable by heat in processing protein material it was of interest to determine the availability for chicks and poults of lysine in blood dried by two different methods. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Two samples of vat-dried commercial blood meal which is commonly used for fertilizer and three samples of spray dried
soluble blood meal were tested. The sol" uble blood meal was spray dried at the slaughter house at a temperature of approximately 145°F. and was similar to that used in the plywood industry. The 14 percent protein lysine-deficient premix for chicks contained ground yellow corn, 51.4 g.; sesame seed oil meal, 20.8 g.; vitamin mix (Kratzer et al., 1949); 2.0 g.; soybean oil, 2.0 g.; condensed fish solubles, 2.0 g.; choline chloride (25%), 0.8 g.; sodium chloride, 0.5 g.; d-alpha tocopheryl acetate carrier (44 units/g.), 0.2 g.; vitamin A carrier (10,000 units/g.), 0.1 g.; vitamin D 3 carrier (1,500 units/g.), 0.1 g.; DL-methionine, 0.1 g.; DL-tryptophan, 0.05 g.; manganese sulfate, 0.025 g.; biotin, 0.02 mg.; and vitamin Bi2, 1 meg. for each 80 grams. The rations containing 80 grams of this premix were completed by the addition of tricalcium phosphate, 4.0 g. (or a lesser amount if some calcium and phosphorus are supplied by the protein supplement) sesame seed oil meal or the protein supplement to equal 6 grams of protein and cornstarch to equal 100
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
The Availability of Lysine in Blood Meal for Chicks and Poults
AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE IN BLOOD MEAL
Lysine in 14% protein basal+Lb+Le
= Lysine in 14% protein -KXS/100) where:
basal+Ls
Lb = percent lysine in supplementary sesame added to 14% protein basal ration. Le = percent lysine equivalent of supplement. Ls = percent lysine in supplementary sesame added to supplemented ration. S = percent of supplement in ration. X = percent of lysine in supplement. Since the lysine content of the 14 percent protein basal appears on both sides of the equation, it can be neglected in solving the equation, which, when solved for X becomes 100 ( L b + L e - L s )
The sesame seed oil meal which was used contained 1.37 percent lysine as determined microbiologically (Horn et al., 1947) with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. This was assumed to be completely available in calculating the lysine content of the blood meal samples. The values for lysine given in Table 1 are the average of the results from 2 to 6 trials. Microbiological assays of the blood meals were also conducted by the method of Horn et al. (1947) after acid hydrolysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The crude protein values of the spray dried blood samples (Table 1) were somewhat higher than that of the vat-dried blood which may have been due to the more careful screening of the blood for spray drying. The lysine, as determined microbiologically, was also somewhat higher for the spray dried samples, but was roughly proportional to the higher protein content. The lysine determined by chick and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
grams. The ration for poults was essentially the same except that the premix contained 20 percent protein by the use of 38 percent sesame seed oil meal and a reduced level of ground yellow corn. Sesame seed oil meal, the protein supplement or corn starch were added to the premix to supply 8 percent protein or a total of 28 percent in the complete ration. Each series of trials included (1) a basal ration with no supplementary lysine or protein other than sesame seed oil meal to give a total protein level of 20 percent for chicks (or 28 percent for poults), (2) a ration similar to 1 but with DL-lysine added to supply about 0.2 percent of Llysine and (3) the rations in which the blood meal samples have replaced part of the supplementary sesame seed oil meal. Usually two levels of each supplement were used in each trial. S. C. White Leghorn chicks or Bronze poults were fed a practical starting ration for about a week before being divided into groups of 10 birds each to be started on the experiment. The experiments were continued for about 10-12 days. The birds were housed in electrically heated batteries with raised wire floors and were supplied feed and water ad libitum. From the weight gains of the birds during the experimental period it was possible to calculate the amount of L-lysine (Le) which, when added to the basal, would give the same growth response as that given by the ration containing the test material. Since the lysine contents of the rations which are compared vary as the amount of sesame seed oil meal is varied to keep the protein levels constant, this must be accounted for in the calculations. We can say that the lysine content of the basal ration plus Le is equal to the lysine content of the ration containing the test substance as follows:
563
564
F. H. KRATZER AND N. GREEN TABLE 1.—Content and availability for chicks and poults of the lysine in blood meal Lysine availability
Lysine, determined by Crude Protein
Source
%
Microbiol. assay
Chick assayf
Poult assay J
%
%
%
Chicks
Poults
%
%
88
11.9
10.1 + 1.07*
9.0 + 0.64
85
76
Spray dry soluble blood meal §2
92
16.9
11.5 + 0.81
12.5+0.22
68
74
Spray dry soluble blood meal #3
96
16.4
11.8 + 2.55
11.7±2.43
72
71
Vat dried blood meal #1
77
11.0
7.0 + 0.83
6.6 + 0.36
64
60
Vat dried blood meal #2
78
12.6
8.3 + 0.22
6.2 + 0.98
66
49
* Standard deviation. t The number of trials for these values were 5, 4, 3, 4 and 2, respectively, for the various meals. j The number of trials for these values were 2, 2, 6, 2 and 4, respectively, for the various meals.
poult assay was considerably greater for the spray dried samples than for the vatdried meal. When these values were compared with those obtained by microbiological assay the values for the spray dried samples were from 68 to 85 percent of the latter while the vat-dried samples were 49 to 66 percent of the microbiological values. These data indicate that the lysine in the spray dried material was slightly more available than the vat dried blood meal. The results show little difference between chicks and poults in their ability to utilize lysine from the two different types of blood meal. If one assumed that the spray dried blood contains 10 percent available lysine, the addition of 1 percent to a ration would increase the lysine content of the ration by 0.1 percent. Grau and Almquist (1944) indicated that high levels of blood meal may lead to poor growth due to a deficiency of isoleucine and Squibb and Braham (1955) also observed growth reduction with blood meal at 8 percent of the diet. SUMMARY Spray dried soluble blood meal was
found to contain approximately 10-12 percent lysine by chick and poult assay. This was approximately 75 percent as much as found by microbiological assay after acid hydrolysis. Vat-dried blood meal was found to contain approximately 6-8 percent lysine by chick and poult assay, which was about 60 percent of that found microbiologically. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to the National Renderers Association, Chicago, Illinois for a grant which aided us in this study. Certain supplies were kindly furnished by Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey; Lederle Laboratories Division of American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, New York and Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Samples of spray dry soluble blood meal were kindly supplied by James Allan and Sons, San Francisco, California and Poultry Producers of Central California, Petaluma, California. REFERENCES Block, R. J., and D. Boiling, 1951. The Amino Acid Composition of Proteins and Foods. Charles C
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
Spray dry soluble blood meal jfl
AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE IN BLOOD MEAL Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, 111. Grau, C. R., and H. J. Almquist, 1944. Beef blood proteins in chick diets. Poultry Sci. 23: 486-490. Horn, M. J., D. B. Jones and A. E. Blum, 1947. Microbiological determination of lysine in proteins and foods. J. Biol. Chem. 169: 71. Kratzer, F. H., D. E. Williams and B. Marshall, 1949. The sulfur amino acid requirements of turkey poults. J. Nutrition, 38:377-383. Mussehl, F. E., and C. W. Ackerson, 1931. Utiliza-
565
tion of proteins by the growing chick. Res. Bull. 55, Nebraska Agric. Exp. Sta. Squibb, R. L., and J. E. Braham, 1955. Blood meal as a lysine supplement to all-vegetable protein rations for chicks. Poultry Sci. 34:1050-1053. Titus, H. W., T. C. Byerly, N . R. Ellis and R. B. Nestler, 1936. Effect of packing-house byproducts in the diet of chickens, on the production and hatchability of eggs. J. Agr. Res. 53 • 453465.
M. B. LONSDALE1, R. M. VONDELL AND R. C. RINGROSE Poultry Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire (Received for publication November 26, 1956)
T
HE debeaking of day old broiler chicks has become a popular management practice for controlling cannibalism and feather picking in chickens in the major broiler areas of the country. This management practice has renewed interest also in the feeding of pellets to broiler chicks, which previously had a tendency for cannibalism and feather picking when fed pelleted feed. Investigations by Darrow and Stotts (1954) showed that debeaking day old chicks, by removal of one-third to onehalf of the maxilla, had no effect on body weight or mortality to eight weeks of age. Lanson (1956) debeaked day-old chicks in the same manner as Darrow and Stotts and also found no difference between debeaked and non-debeaked chicks in growth, feed conversion, feathering, and livability. Combs et al. (1955) found that debeaking at day old did not create an unfavor-
able effect upon growth rate, feed efficiency, mortality, or feather score. Differences that did exist, however, were in favor of the debeaked chicks. Camp et al. (1955) investigated the effects of two types of debeaking at one day of age. One method was the "block" type, in which one-third to one-half of the maxilla and mandible were removed, and the second method was a "slanting" type, in which approximately two-thirds of the maxilla and one-third of the mandible were removed. The "block" type resulted in significantly better feathering and market grade at nine weeks of age than the non-debeaked controls. Growth rate of the debeaked males was significantly better than the non-debeaked males, however, no difference was observed between the females. The "slanting" type resulted in retarded growth. Feathering and market grade of males was improved by debeaking, but no difference was observed between female groups.
* Published with the approval of the Director of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Scientific Contribution No. 199. 1 Present address: County Agriculture Extension Service, Phoenix, Arizona.
A study of the effects of form of feed, utilizing White Leghorn stock, by Heywang and Morgan (1944) showed that the average weight at 12 weeks of age was
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
Debeaking at One Day of Age and the Feeding of Pellets to Broiler Chickens*
T. M. HUSTON, J. R. PALMER AND J. L. CARMON
Miller, W. A., 1954. The microbiology of dirty eggs treated in various ways and stored at different temperatures and humidities. Poultry Sci. 33: 735-742. Miller, W. A., and L. B. Crawford, 1953. Some factors influencing bacterial penetration of eggs. Poultry Sci. 32:303-309. Pino, J. A., 1950. Effect of washing with a hot detergent solution on keeping quality and hatchability of eggs. 29: 888-894. Rhodes, W. F., and G. F. Godfrey, 1950. The effects
of washing eggs on the cuticle as measured by moisture loss and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 29: 833-836. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Stuart, L. S., and E. H. McNally, 1943. Bacteriological studies on the eggshell. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 49:28-31. Zagaevsky, J. S., and P. O. Lutikova, 1944. Bacteriological study of the egg. U. S. Egg Poultry Mag. 50: 121-123.
F. H. KRATZER AND NORMAN GREEN Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of California, Davis (Received for publication November 26, 1956)
B
LOOD meal has been reported to be a poor source of protein for poultry rations (Mussehl and Ackerson, 1931; Titus et al., 1936). Grau and Almquist (1944) showed that the serum and fibrin fractions of beef blood are of much better quality than the blood cell fractions in which isoleucine was the principal limiting amino acid. Squibb and Braham (1955) have found blood meal to be a satisfactory source of lysine in chick rations at levels of 2 to 4 percent. Block and Boiling (1951) have listed the lysine content of blood meal as approximately 8.8% of the protein. Since lysine is very easily destroyed or rendered unavailable by heat in processing protein material it was of interest to determine the availability for chicks and poults of lysine in blood dried by two different methods. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Two samples of vat-dried commercial blood meal which is commonly used for fertilizer and three samples of spray dried
soluble blood meal were tested. The sol" uble blood meal was spray dried at the slaughter house at a temperature of approximately 145°F. and was similar to that used in the plywood industry. The 14 percent protein lysine-deficient premix for chicks contained ground yellow corn, 51.4 g.; sesame seed oil meal, 20.8 g.; vitamin mix (Kratzer et al., 1949); 2.0 g.; soybean oil, 2.0 g.; condensed fish solubles, 2.0 g.; choline chloride (25%), 0.8 g.; sodium chloride, 0.5 g.; d-alpha tocopheryl acetate carrier (44 units/g.), 0.2 g.; vitamin A carrier (10,000 units/g.), 0.1 g.; vitamin D 3 carrier (1,500 units/g.), 0.1 g.; DL-methionine, 0.1 g.; DL-tryptophan, 0.05 g.; manganese sulfate, 0.025 g.; biotin, 0.02 mg.; and vitamin Bi2, 1 meg. for each 80 grams. The rations containing 80 grams of this premix were completed by the addition of tricalcium phosphate, 4.0 g. (or a lesser amount if some calcium and phosphorus are supplied by the protein supplement) sesame seed oil meal or the protein supplement to equal 6 grams of protein and cornstarch to equal 100
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
The Availability of Lysine in Blood Meal for Chicks and Poults
AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE IN BLOOD MEAL
Lysine in 14% protein basal+Lb+Le
= Lysine in 14% protein -KXS/100) where:
basal+Ls
Lb = percent lysine in supplementary sesame added to 14% protein basal ration. Le = percent lysine equivalent of supplement. Ls = percent lysine in supplementary sesame added to supplemented ration. S = percent of supplement in ration. X = percent of lysine in supplement. Since the lysine content of the 14 percent protein basal appears on both sides of the equation, it can be neglected in solving the equation, which, when solved for X becomes 100 ( L b + L e - L s )
The sesame seed oil meal which was used contained 1.37 percent lysine as determined microbiologically (Horn et al., 1947) with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. This was assumed to be completely available in calculating the lysine content of the blood meal samples. The values for lysine given in Table 1 are the average of the results from 2 to 6 trials. Microbiological assays of the blood meals were also conducted by the method of Horn et al. (1947) after acid hydrolysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The crude protein values of the spray dried blood samples (Table 1) were somewhat higher than that of the vat-dried blood which may have been due to the more careful screening of the blood for spray drying. The lysine, as determined microbiologically, was also somewhat higher for the spray dried samples, but was roughly proportional to the higher protein content. The lysine determined by chick and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
grams. The ration for poults was essentially the same except that the premix contained 20 percent protein by the use of 38 percent sesame seed oil meal and a reduced level of ground yellow corn. Sesame seed oil meal, the protein supplement or corn starch were added to the premix to supply 8 percent protein or a total of 28 percent in the complete ration. Each series of trials included (1) a basal ration with no supplementary lysine or protein other than sesame seed oil meal to give a total protein level of 20 percent for chicks (or 28 percent for poults), (2) a ration similar to 1 but with DL-lysine added to supply about 0.2 percent of Llysine and (3) the rations in which the blood meal samples have replaced part of the supplementary sesame seed oil meal. Usually two levels of each supplement were used in each trial. S. C. White Leghorn chicks or Bronze poults were fed a practical starting ration for about a week before being divided into groups of 10 birds each to be started on the experiment. The experiments were continued for about 10-12 days. The birds were housed in electrically heated batteries with raised wire floors and were supplied feed and water ad libitum. From the weight gains of the birds during the experimental period it was possible to calculate the amount of L-lysine (Le) which, when added to the basal, would give the same growth response as that given by the ration containing the test material. Since the lysine contents of the rations which are compared vary as the amount of sesame seed oil meal is varied to keep the protein levels constant, this must be accounted for in the calculations. We can say that the lysine content of the basal ration plus Le is equal to the lysine content of the ration containing the test substance as follows:
563
564
F. H. KRATZER AND N. GREEN TABLE 1.—Content and availability for chicks and poults of the lysine in blood meal Lysine availability
Lysine, determined by Crude Protein
Source
%
Microbiol. assay
Chick assayf
Poult assay J
%
%
%
Chicks
Poults
%
%
88
11.9
10.1 + 1.07*
9.0 + 0.64
85
76
Spray dry soluble blood meal §2
92
16.9
11.5 + 0.81
12.5+0.22
68
74
Spray dry soluble blood meal #3
96
16.4
11.8 + 2.55
11.7±2.43
72
71
Vat dried blood meal #1
77
11.0
7.0 + 0.83
6.6 + 0.36
64
60
Vat dried blood meal #2
78
12.6
8.3 + 0.22
6.2 + 0.98
66
49
* Standard deviation. t The number of trials for these values were 5, 4, 3, 4 and 2, respectively, for the various meals. j The number of trials for these values were 2, 2, 6, 2 and 4, respectively, for the various meals.
poult assay was considerably greater for the spray dried samples than for the vatdried meal. When these values were compared with those obtained by microbiological assay the values for the spray dried samples were from 68 to 85 percent of the latter while the vat-dried samples were 49 to 66 percent of the microbiological values. These data indicate that the lysine in the spray dried material was slightly more available than the vat dried blood meal. The results show little difference between chicks and poults in their ability to utilize lysine from the two different types of blood meal. If one assumed that the spray dried blood contains 10 percent available lysine, the addition of 1 percent to a ration would increase the lysine content of the ration by 0.1 percent. Grau and Almquist (1944) indicated that high levels of blood meal may lead to poor growth due to a deficiency of isoleucine and Squibb and Braham (1955) also observed growth reduction with blood meal at 8 percent of the diet. SUMMARY Spray dried soluble blood meal was
found to contain approximately 10-12 percent lysine by chick and poult assay. This was approximately 75 percent as much as found by microbiological assay after acid hydrolysis. Vat-dried blood meal was found to contain approximately 6-8 percent lysine by chick and poult assay, which was about 60 percent of that found microbiologically. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to the National Renderers Association, Chicago, Illinois for a grant which aided us in this study. Certain supplies were kindly furnished by Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey; Lederle Laboratories Division of American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, New York and Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Samples of spray dry soluble blood meal were kindly supplied by James Allan and Sons, San Francisco, California and Poultry Producers of Central California, Petaluma, California. REFERENCES Block, R. J., and D. Boiling, 1951. The Amino Acid Composition of Proteins and Foods. Charles C
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
Spray dry soluble blood meal jfl
AVAILABILITY OF LYSINE IN BLOOD MEAL Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, 111. Grau, C. R., and H. J. Almquist, 1944. Beef blood proteins in chick diets. Poultry Sci. 23: 486-490. Horn, M. J., D. B. Jones and A. E. Blum, 1947. Microbiological determination of lysine in proteins and foods. J. Biol. Chem. 169: 71. Kratzer, F. H., D. E. Williams and B. Marshall, 1949. The sulfur amino acid requirements of turkey poults. J. Nutrition, 38:377-383. Mussehl, F. E., and C. W. Ackerson, 1931. Utiliza-
565
tion of proteins by the growing chick. Res. Bull. 55, Nebraska Agric. Exp. Sta. Squibb, R. L., and J. E. Braham, 1955. Blood meal as a lysine supplement to all-vegetable protein rations for chicks. Poultry Sci. 34:1050-1053. Titus, H. W., T. C. Byerly, N . R. Ellis and R. B. Nestler, 1936. Effect of packing-house byproducts in the diet of chickens, on the production and hatchability of eggs. J. Agr. Res. 53 • 453465.
M. B. LONSDALE1, R. M. VONDELL AND R. C. RINGROSE Poultry Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire (Received for publication November 26, 1956)
T
HE debeaking of day old broiler chicks has become a popular management practice for controlling cannibalism and feather picking in chickens in the major broiler areas of the country. This management practice has renewed interest also in the feeding of pellets to broiler chicks, which previously had a tendency for cannibalism and feather picking when fed pelleted feed. Investigations by Darrow and Stotts (1954) showed that debeaking day old chicks, by removal of one-third to onehalf of the maxilla, had no effect on body weight or mortality to eight weeks of age. Lanson (1956) debeaked day-old chicks in the same manner as Darrow and Stotts and also found no difference between debeaked and non-debeaked chicks in growth, feed conversion, feathering, and livability. Combs et al. (1955) found that debeaking at day old did not create an unfavor-
able effect upon growth rate, feed efficiency, mortality, or feather score. Differences that did exist, however, were in favor of the debeaked chicks. Camp et al. (1955) investigated the effects of two types of debeaking at one day of age. One method was the "block" type, in which one-third to one-half of the maxilla and mandible were removed, and the second method was a "slanting" type, in which approximately two-thirds of the maxilla and one-third of the mandible were removed. The "block" type resulted in significantly better feathering and market grade at nine weeks of age than the non-debeaked controls. Growth rate of the debeaked males was significantly better than the non-debeaked males, however, no difference was observed between the females. The "slanting" type resulted in retarded growth. Feathering and market grade of males was improved by debeaking, but no difference was observed between female groups.
* Published with the approval of the Director of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Scientific Contribution No. 199. 1 Present address: County Agriculture Extension Service, Phoenix, Arizona.
A study of the effects of form of feed, utilizing White Leghorn stock, by Heywang and Morgan (1944) showed that the average weight at 12 weeks of age was
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on June 7, 2015
Debeaking at One Day of Age and the Feeding of Pellets to Broiler Chickens*