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The Effect of Processing Method and Certain Supplements on a Lysine Deficiency in Cottonseed Meal for Chicks*
The Effect of Processing Method and Certain Supplements on a Lysine Deficiency in Cottonseed Meal for Chicks* HOMER
PATRICK
Department of Poultry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville (Received for publication February 19, 1953)
I
Reported in this manuscript are results obtained by feeding chicks a hydraulic or a solvent type cottonseed meal with * Published with the approval of the Director of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. We are indebted to E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company for lysine, Merck and Company for vitamin B12 and penicillin, Lederle Laboratories for aureomycin, and Buckeye Cottonseed Oil Company for the cottonseed meals used in these studies.
or without supplements of lysine, soybean oil meal, sesame meal, casein or antibiotics. EXPERIMENTAL
New Hampshire chicks were used throughout the investigation. T h e y were divided a t random, when one-day old, into groups of 10 chicks each and placed in electrically heated brooders with wire floors. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At five weeks of age body weights and feather pigmentation were recorded. Mortality records were kept throughout the period. TABLE 1.—Cottonseed basal premix Feedstuff Ground corn Ground oats Ground wheat Bone meal Calcium carbonate Salt (NaCl 95 parts+Manganese sulfate 5 parts) 4,000-A -2,000 D concentrate Riboflavin Vitamin B12
Amount 30.4 10 25 2 2 0.5 0.1 200 1
pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds milligrams milligram
T h e basal premix (Table 1) made u p 70 percent of the completed rations. T h e lysine was added to the basal ration in the amounts indicated in Tables 2, 3, and 4. No adjustment in total weight of ration was made since it was felt t h a t the small amount of substance added would not interfere significantly with general formulation of the ration. Two solvent extracted meals were used: one a product of a commercial solvent process, and the other meal was extracted
942
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on May 28, 2015
N T H E processing of cottonseed meal, the preservation of or the improvement of protein quality and also detoxification has long been an important factor. Milligan and Bird (1951), have reviewed the literature on this subject. Among the variables tested in processing cottonseed meat, the temperature of processing had the greatest effect on the quality of the protein (Milligan, Machlin, Bird and Heywang, 1951). Richardson and Blaylock (1950) and Blaylock and Richardson (1950) showed t h a t a cottonseed meal of low gossypol content, when supplemented with both lysine and vitamin B12 concentrate, was satisfactory as the sole source of protein for the growth of chicks to 6 weeks of age. Almquist (1945), Blaylock and Richardson (1950) reported t h a t soybean oil meal could be used to correct the lysine deficiency in cottonseed meal. German and Couch (1951) suggested t h a t lysine was probably made more available to chicks when properly heated. Milligan and Bird (1951) indicated t h a t if cottonseed meal could be processed properly, the protein would then be similar in biological value to the protein in soybean oil meal.
PROCESSING AND SUPPLEMENTS FOR COTTONSEED MEAL
with diethyl-ether. Both solvent treated meals were low in gossypol. RESULTS
TABLE 2.—Growth promoting value of different supplements for a commercial solvent type cottonseed meal for chicks
Group
Supplement to basal ration 1
Wt. at 5 weeks (gms.)
1 2 3 4 5 6
None 0.5% Lysine Vitamin B12 Vitamin B 1 2 +0.5% Lysine Penicillin Aureomycin
308 339 337 380 369 382
1 A mixture of 70 parts of cottonseed premix and 30 parts of commercial solvent type cottonseed meal formed the basal ration. Vitamina B12 was omitted from the basal premix.
and Smith (1952) who obtained a response to supplements of aureomycin with a lysine deficient ration. From this study, it appears that it is the amount of lysine or that there is another factor that determines the response to antibiotics in a lysine deficient ration. Experiment 2. Three types of cottonseed meals: hydraulic processed, commercial solvent extracted, and diethyl-ether processed meal, were used in this experiment (Table 3). The solvent extracted meals gave similar results. The percentage increase in growth, resulting from feeding a lysine supplement to the solvent
TABLE 3.—Lysine and soybean oil meal as supplements for three different cottonseed meals
Group
Supplement to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks (gms.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hyd. C M . 1 3 0 % Hyd. C . M . 3 0 % + 0 . 5 % lysine Sol. C M . 2 3 0 % Sol. C M . 3 0 + 0 . 5 % l y s i n e Di-E C M . 3 30% Di-E C . M . 3 0 % + 0 . 5 % lysine Hyd.CM.25%+S.O.M."5% Sol.C.M.25%+S.O.M.5% S.O.M. 30%
236 362 360 396 358 384 317 412 437
1 Hyd. C. M. is hydraulic processed cottonseed meal. 2 Sol. C. M. is commercially prepared solvent processed cottonseed meal. 3 Di-E. C. M. is diethyl-ether processed cottonseed meal. 4 S. O. M. is solvent processed soybean oil meal.
extracted meals, was less than that received from lysine supplementation of the hydraulic processed cottonseed oil meal. The growth rate obtained by feeding the hydraulic processed cottonseed meal basal was less than that obtained by feeding either of the solvent type cottonseed meals. Supplementing the ration with soybean oil meal improved the results over those obtained when the hydraulic processed and commercial solvent cottonseed oil meals were fed alone. A combination of 25 parts of commercial solvent cottonseed meal and 5 parts of TABLE 4.—Supplementation of commercial' productions of hydraulic and solvent type cottonseed meals
Group
Supplement to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks (gms.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hyd. CM. 1 30 Hyd. C M . 30+0.5% lysine Sol. C M . 30 Sol. C M . 3 0 + 0 . 5 % lysine Hyd. C M . 25+S.O.M. 5 Sol.CM.25+S.O.M.5 Hyd.CM.25+Casein5 Sol.CM.25+Casein5 Hyd. C M . 25+Sesame S.M. 5 Sol. C M . 25+Sesame S.M. 5
187 303 310 354 334 424 405 412 234 362
1
See footnote 1, 2, and 4, Table 3.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on May 28, 2015
Experiment 1. A commercially prepared solvent extracted cottonseed meal was used in this test (Table 2). The results indicate that this cottonseed meal was deficient in both lysine and vitamin Bi2. The color of the feathers of the chicks were similar in all groups which suggested only a borderline deficiency of lysine. Penicillin or aureomycin increased the rate of growth over that obtained when only the basal ration was fed. This is in agreement with the work of Biely, March
943
944
N E W S AND NOTES
SUMMARY
The magnitude of a lysine deficiency in a cottonseed meal ration for chicks is influenced by the method of manufacturing the cottonseed meal. Both solvent
extracted cottonseed meals gave better growth than the hydraulic meal. Vitamin B12, penicillin, and aureomycin, when added to chick rations containing a commercial solvent type cottonseed meal, increased the growth rate. Although lysine increased the growth rate and improved pigmentation of the feathers, the feathers did not appear as well pigmented as those in chicks which received the soybean oil meal or casein. Cottonseed meal is deficient in a factor other than lysine. REFERENCES Almquist, H. S., 1945. Proteins and amino acids in animal nutrition. F. E. Booth Co. Inc., San Francisco, Bulletin 22 pages. Blaylock, L. G., and L. R. Richardson, 1950. Peanut meal, mixtures of soybean and cottonseed and mixtures of soybean and peanut meals as sources of protein for baby chicks. Poultry Sci. 29: 656660. Biely, J., B. E. March and D. F. Smith, 1952. The effect of feeding antibiotics on carbohydrates and protein requirements of the chick. Poultry Sci. 31: 863-870. German, H. L., and J. R. Couch, 1951. Effect of method of processing on the nutritive value of cottonseed meal for chicks. Poultry Sci. 30: 913. Milligan, J. L., and H. R. Bird, 1951. Effect of processing variants on the nutritive value of cottonseed meal for chicks. Poultry Sci. 30: 651-657. Milligan, J. L.( L. J. Machlin, H. R. Bird and B. W. Heywang, 1951. Lysine and methionine requirement of chicks fed practical diets. Poultry Sci. 30:578-586. Richardson, L. R., and L. G. Blaylock, 1950. Vitamin Bu and amino acids as supplements to soybean oil meal and cottonseed meal for growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 40:169-176.
NEWS AND NOTES CHRISTIE AWARD NOMINATIONS through their teaching, research, or extension work The Poultry and Egg National Board would like during the last five years. A biographical sketch of to receive nominations for the Christie Award of the nominee listing contributions and publications five hundred dollars, by December 15th. Individuals should accompany nominations. Nominations or requests for additional informabeing nominated for the Christie Award should have made noteworthy contributions toward greater tion should be sent to C. H. Koonz, Chairman of the consumption of poultry and poultry products PENB Technical Advisory Committee, Research {Continued on page 952)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on May 28, 2015
solvent soybean oil meal was approximately as good in promoting growth as an all soybean oil meal ration. Since the lysine content of both types of cottonseed meals is approximately the same, the difference in growth rate obtained by feeding these meals is probably due in part to the availability of the lysine. Experiment 3. Lysine, soybean oil meal, casein and sesame oil meal as supplements for a hydraulic or commercial solvent cottonseed meal were studied in this experiment (Table 4). Casein improved both cottonseed meal rations until the growth rate was similar to that obtained from feeding the solvent cottonseed meals plus soybean oil meal. Sesame seed meal, which is very deficient in lysine, improved the growth rate of both types of meals but not as much as casein or soybean oil meal. Since the addition of sesame seed meal resulted in a lowering of total lysine content, along with an increased growth response, it seems that sesame seed meal may contain a factor deficient in cottonseed meals. The poor pigmentation resulting from feeding sesame seed meal indicated that this increased growth response was probably not due to lysine alone.
PATRICK
Department of Poultry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville (Received for publication February 19, 1953)
I
Reported in this manuscript are results obtained by feeding chicks a hydraulic or a solvent type cottonseed meal with * Published with the approval of the Director of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. We are indebted to E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company for lysine, Merck and Company for vitamin B12 and penicillin, Lederle Laboratories for aureomycin, and Buckeye Cottonseed Oil Company for the cottonseed meals used in these studies.
or without supplements of lysine, soybean oil meal, sesame meal, casein or antibiotics. EXPERIMENTAL
New Hampshire chicks were used throughout the investigation. T h e y were divided a t random, when one-day old, into groups of 10 chicks each and placed in electrically heated brooders with wire floors. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At five weeks of age body weights and feather pigmentation were recorded. Mortality records were kept throughout the period. TABLE 1.—Cottonseed basal premix Feedstuff Ground corn Ground oats Ground wheat Bone meal Calcium carbonate Salt (NaCl 95 parts+Manganese sulfate 5 parts) 4,000-A -2,000 D concentrate Riboflavin Vitamin B12
Amount 30.4 10 25 2 2 0.5 0.1 200 1
pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds milligrams milligram
T h e basal premix (Table 1) made u p 70 percent of the completed rations. T h e lysine was added to the basal ration in the amounts indicated in Tables 2, 3, and 4. No adjustment in total weight of ration was made since it was felt t h a t the small amount of substance added would not interfere significantly with general formulation of the ration. Two solvent extracted meals were used: one a product of a commercial solvent process, and the other meal was extracted
942
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on May 28, 2015
N T H E processing of cottonseed meal, the preservation of or the improvement of protein quality and also detoxification has long been an important factor. Milligan and Bird (1951), have reviewed the literature on this subject. Among the variables tested in processing cottonseed meat, the temperature of processing had the greatest effect on the quality of the protein (Milligan, Machlin, Bird and Heywang, 1951). Richardson and Blaylock (1950) and Blaylock and Richardson (1950) showed t h a t a cottonseed meal of low gossypol content, when supplemented with both lysine and vitamin B12 concentrate, was satisfactory as the sole source of protein for the growth of chicks to 6 weeks of age. Almquist (1945), Blaylock and Richardson (1950) reported t h a t soybean oil meal could be used to correct the lysine deficiency in cottonseed meal. German and Couch (1951) suggested t h a t lysine was probably made more available to chicks when properly heated. Milligan and Bird (1951) indicated t h a t if cottonseed meal could be processed properly, the protein would then be similar in biological value to the protein in soybean oil meal.
PROCESSING AND SUPPLEMENTS FOR COTTONSEED MEAL
with diethyl-ether. Both solvent treated meals were low in gossypol. RESULTS
TABLE 2.—Growth promoting value of different supplements for a commercial solvent type cottonseed meal for chicks
Group
Supplement to basal ration 1
Wt. at 5 weeks (gms.)
1 2 3 4 5 6
None 0.5% Lysine Vitamin B12 Vitamin B 1 2 +0.5% Lysine Penicillin Aureomycin
308 339 337 380 369 382
1 A mixture of 70 parts of cottonseed premix and 30 parts of commercial solvent type cottonseed meal formed the basal ration. Vitamina B12 was omitted from the basal premix.
and Smith (1952) who obtained a response to supplements of aureomycin with a lysine deficient ration. From this study, it appears that it is the amount of lysine or that there is another factor that determines the response to antibiotics in a lysine deficient ration. Experiment 2. Three types of cottonseed meals: hydraulic processed, commercial solvent extracted, and diethyl-ether processed meal, were used in this experiment (Table 3). The solvent extracted meals gave similar results. The percentage increase in growth, resulting from feeding a lysine supplement to the solvent
TABLE 3.—Lysine and soybean oil meal as supplements for three different cottonseed meals
Group
Supplement to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks (gms.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hyd. C M . 1 3 0 % Hyd. C . M . 3 0 % + 0 . 5 % lysine Sol. C M . 2 3 0 % Sol. C M . 3 0 + 0 . 5 % l y s i n e Di-E C M . 3 30% Di-E C . M . 3 0 % + 0 . 5 % lysine Hyd.CM.25%+S.O.M."5% Sol.C.M.25%+S.O.M.5% S.O.M. 30%
236 362 360 396 358 384 317 412 437
1 Hyd. C. M. is hydraulic processed cottonseed meal. 2 Sol. C. M. is commercially prepared solvent processed cottonseed meal. 3 Di-E. C. M. is diethyl-ether processed cottonseed meal. 4 S. O. M. is solvent processed soybean oil meal.
extracted meals, was less than that received from lysine supplementation of the hydraulic processed cottonseed oil meal. The growth rate obtained by feeding the hydraulic processed cottonseed meal basal was less than that obtained by feeding either of the solvent type cottonseed meals. Supplementing the ration with soybean oil meal improved the results over those obtained when the hydraulic processed and commercial solvent cottonseed oil meals were fed alone. A combination of 25 parts of commercial solvent cottonseed meal and 5 parts of TABLE 4.—Supplementation of commercial' productions of hydraulic and solvent type cottonseed meals
Group
Supplement to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks (gms.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hyd. CM. 1 30 Hyd. C M . 30+0.5% lysine Sol. C M . 30 Sol. C M . 3 0 + 0 . 5 % lysine Hyd. C M . 25+S.O.M. 5 Sol.CM.25+S.O.M.5 Hyd.CM.25+Casein5 Sol.CM.25+Casein5 Hyd. C M . 25+Sesame S.M. 5 Sol. C M . 25+Sesame S.M. 5
187 303 310 354 334 424 405 412 234 362
1
See footnote 1, 2, and 4, Table 3.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on May 28, 2015
Experiment 1. A commercially prepared solvent extracted cottonseed meal was used in this test (Table 2). The results indicate that this cottonseed meal was deficient in both lysine and vitamin Bi2. The color of the feathers of the chicks were similar in all groups which suggested only a borderline deficiency of lysine. Penicillin or aureomycin increased the rate of growth over that obtained when only the basal ration was fed. This is in agreement with the work of Biely, March
943
944
N E W S AND NOTES
SUMMARY
The magnitude of a lysine deficiency in a cottonseed meal ration for chicks is influenced by the method of manufacturing the cottonseed meal. Both solvent
extracted cottonseed meals gave better growth than the hydraulic meal. Vitamin B12, penicillin, and aureomycin, when added to chick rations containing a commercial solvent type cottonseed meal, increased the growth rate. Although lysine increased the growth rate and improved pigmentation of the feathers, the feathers did not appear as well pigmented as those in chicks which received the soybean oil meal or casein. Cottonseed meal is deficient in a factor other than lysine. REFERENCES Almquist, H. S., 1945. Proteins and amino acids in animal nutrition. F. E. Booth Co. Inc., San Francisco, Bulletin 22 pages. Blaylock, L. G., and L. R. Richardson, 1950. Peanut meal, mixtures of soybean and cottonseed and mixtures of soybean and peanut meals as sources of protein for baby chicks. Poultry Sci. 29: 656660. Biely, J., B. E. March and D. F. Smith, 1952. The effect of feeding antibiotics on carbohydrates and protein requirements of the chick. Poultry Sci. 31: 863-870. German, H. L., and J. R. Couch, 1951. Effect of method of processing on the nutritive value of cottonseed meal for chicks. Poultry Sci. 30: 913. Milligan, J. L., and H. R. Bird, 1951. Effect of processing variants on the nutritive value of cottonseed meal for chicks. Poultry Sci. 30: 651-657. Milligan, J. L.( L. J. Machlin, H. R. Bird and B. W. Heywang, 1951. Lysine and methionine requirement of chicks fed practical diets. Poultry Sci. 30:578-586. Richardson, L. R., and L. G. Blaylock, 1950. Vitamin Bu and amino acids as supplements to soybean oil meal and cottonseed meal for growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 40:169-176.
NEWS AND NOTES CHRISTIE AWARD NOMINATIONS through their teaching, research, or extension work The Poultry and Egg National Board would like during the last five years. A biographical sketch of to receive nominations for the Christie Award of the nominee listing contributions and publications five hundred dollars, by December 15th. Individuals should accompany nominations. Nominations or requests for additional informabeing nominated for the Christie Award should have made noteworthy contributions toward greater tion should be sent to C. H. Koonz, Chairman of the consumption of poultry and poultry products PENB Technical Advisory Committee, Research {Continued on page 952)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on May 28, 2015
solvent soybean oil meal was approximately as good in promoting growth as an all soybean oil meal ration. Since the lysine content of both types of cottonseed meals is approximately the same, the difference in growth rate obtained by feeding these meals is probably due in part to the availability of the lysine. Experiment 3. Lysine, soybean oil meal, casein and sesame oil meal as supplements for a hydraulic or commercial solvent cottonseed meal were studied in this experiment (Table 4). Casein improved both cottonseed meal rations until the growth rate was similar to that obtained from feeding the solvent cottonseed meals plus soybean oil meal. Sesame seed meal, which is very deficient in lysine, improved the growth rate of both types of meals but not as much as casein or soybean oil meal. Since the addition of sesame seed meal resulted in a lowering of total lysine content, along with an increased growth response, it seems that sesame seed meal may contain a factor deficient in cottonseed meals. The poor pigmentation resulting from feeding sesame seed meal indicated that this increased growth response was probably not due to lysine alone.