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The friction and lubrication of solids
July, I951.1
BOOK R E V I E W S
93
BOOK REVIEWS FERROMAGNETISM, by Richard M. Bozorth. 968 pages, illustrations, 16 X 24 cm. New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1951. Price, $17.50. This book is another in the excellent Bell Telephone Laboratory series. It represents a really tremendous contribution by Dr. Bozorth and the Bell Laboratories' staff to progress in ferromagnetic studies, because within its covers are brought together in great detail information on the metallurgical and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials, and a generous survey of present knowledge of the nature, both empirical and theoretical, of the phenomena of magnetism. It is a book, as the author states in the preface that he wishes it to be, that will be useful to the physicist interested in the fundamentals of ferromagnetism, to the metallurgist working with magnetic materials, and to the design engineer adapting new methods and materials to apparatus needs. The book is characterized by completeness in coverage, rather than by depth. This is especially noticeable in the sections dealing with theory, where generally the results only of the essentially mathematical theory are given. Nonetheless, even here it is extremely valuable as a survey of the field and as a source for further references. The first half of the book is given over to descriptions of ferromagnetic materials, which are again subdivided into non-permanent and permanent magnetic materials. A general section describes production and metallurgical processes. Then various pure materials and alloys are considered one by one. Physical and magnetic properties are described and tabulated for each; whenever possible, these properties are related to the phase diagram of the alloys. The effects of impurities and of heat treatments are considered. Methods of purification and of analysis are given. In the permanent magnet materials section, some attention is given to design of permanent magnets and the type of engineering data used. In addition to permanent magnet alloys, fine powders and ferrites are also discussed. The second half of the book deals mainly with a description of magnetic phenomena and the underlying theory. Ferro-, para-, and dia-magnetism are discussed in general. The details of ferromagnetic behavior as explained by domain theory occupy a chapter, as do the magnetic properties of crystals. Several are devoted to magnetostriction. The thermodynamics of magnetization, including the behavior of phase changes at the Curie temperature, and the general energetics involved in magnetism, are discussed. Time dependence of magnetic effects, including long-time effects such as aging and magnetic viscosity, and short-time effects such as ferromagnetic resonance, are discussed. This section is concluded with consideration of some special problems in domain theory. A short chapter on experimental techniques and apparatus used in making magnetic measurements closes out the text. Four appendices give physical properties of the elements, values for. some constants, and magnetic properties of some special magnetic materials, together with their composition and manufacturer. An extremely impressive bibliography is given. It includes over 1700 references, dating back as far as 1842 and extending up to 1951. The outstanding characteristic of this book is its usefulness. It is a tremendous source of data, a compilation that is very well organized. The data are presented in the form of illustrations of properties of materials, or of physical principles or theories. They are given mostly in the form of diagrams and graphs. The author claims almost 0.9 graph per page; paging through the book, one wonders where the other 0.1 graph went, for every page seems to have at least one. The book is, in summary, an exceptionally well documented survey of all of our present knowledge of the field of ferromagnetism. This reviewer recommends it highly to the worker in this field--it is in the don't-be-without-it class. For those in other fields, it is perhaps too detailed to be recommended as review studying. A. D. FRANKLIN THE FRICTION AND LUBRICATION OF SOLIDS, by F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor. 337 pages, 16 X 24 cm. London, Oxford University Press, 1950. Price, $6.30. For more than a hundred and fifty years the theory that sliding friction is caused by the intermeshing of surface roughnesses has held sway; but doubts arose when this theory proved inadequate to explain some of the results of modern research. The theory of molecular attrac-
BOOK R E V I E W S
93
BOOK REVIEWS FERROMAGNETISM, by Richard M. Bozorth. 968 pages, illustrations, 16 X 24 cm. New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1951. Price, $17.50. This book is another in the excellent Bell Telephone Laboratory series. It represents a really tremendous contribution by Dr. Bozorth and the Bell Laboratories' staff to progress in ferromagnetic studies, because within its covers are brought together in great detail information on the metallurgical and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials, and a generous survey of present knowledge of the nature, both empirical and theoretical, of the phenomena of magnetism. It is a book, as the author states in the preface that he wishes it to be, that will be useful to the physicist interested in the fundamentals of ferromagnetism, to the metallurgist working with magnetic materials, and to the design engineer adapting new methods and materials to apparatus needs. The book is characterized by completeness in coverage, rather than by depth. This is especially noticeable in the sections dealing with theory, where generally the results only of the essentially mathematical theory are given. Nonetheless, even here it is extremely valuable as a survey of the field and as a source for further references. The first half of the book is given over to descriptions of ferromagnetic materials, which are again subdivided into non-permanent and permanent magnetic materials. A general section describes production and metallurgical processes. Then various pure materials and alloys are considered one by one. Physical and magnetic properties are described and tabulated for each; whenever possible, these properties are related to the phase diagram of the alloys. The effects of impurities and of heat treatments are considered. Methods of purification and of analysis are given. In the permanent magnet materials section, some attention is given to design of permanent magnets and the type of engineering data used. In addition to permanent magnet alloys, fine powders and ferrites are also discussed. The second half of the book deals mainly with a description of magnetic phenomena and the underlying theory. Ferro-, para-, and dia-magnetism are discussed in general. The details of ferromagnetic behavior as explained by domain theory occupy a chapter, as do the magnetic properties of crystals. Several are devoted to magnetostriction. The thermodynamics of magnetization, including the behavior of phase changes at the Curie temperature, and the general energetics involved in magnetism, are discussed. Time dependence of magnetic effects, including long-time effects such as aging and magnetic viscosity, and short-time effects such as ferromagnetic resonance, are discussed. This section is concluded with consideration of some special problems in domain theory. A short chapter on experimental techniques and apparatus used in making magnetic measurements closes out the text. Four appendices give physical properties of the elements, values for. some constants, and magnetic properties of some special magnetic materials, together with their composition and manufacturer. An extremely impressive bibliography is given. It includes over 1700 references, dating back as far as 1842 and extending up to 1951. The outstanding characteristic of this book is its usefulness. It is a tremendous source of data, a compilation that is very well organized. The data are presented in the form of illustrations of properties of materials, or of physical principles or theories. They are given mostly in the form of diagrams and graphs. The author claims almost 0.9 graph per page; paging through the book, one wonders where the other 0.1 graph went, for every page seems to have at least one. The book is, in summary, an exceptionally well documented survey of all of our present knowledge of the field of ferromagnetism. This reviewer recommends it highly to the worker in this field--it is in the don't-be-without-it class. For those in other fields, it is perhaps too detailed to be recommended as review studying. A. D. FRANKLIN THE FRICTION AND LUBRICATION OF SOLIDS, by F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor. 337 pages, 16 X 24 cm. London, Oxford University Press, 1950. Price, $6.30. For more than a hundred and fifty years the theory that sliding friction is caused by the intermeshing of surface roughnesses has held sway; but doubts arose when this theory proved inadequate to explain some of the results of modern research. The theory of molecular attrac-