- Email: [email protected]
The international committee for architectural photogrammetry (CIPA) - AIMS, achievements, activities
Photogrammetria, 40 (1985) 193--202 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
193
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY (CIPA) --AIMS, ACHIEVEMENTS, ACTIVITIES
MAURICE CARBONNELL' and ROSS W.A. DALLAS 2
'President, CIPA, 2 Avenue Pasteur, 94160 Saint-Mand~, France 2The King's Manor, York Y01 2EP, United Kingdom (Received May 20, 1985; accepted for publication August 7, 1985)
ABSTRACT Carbonnell, M. and Dallas, R.W.A., 1985. The International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) -- Aims, achievements, activities. Photogrammetria, 40: 193--202. The International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) was set up as a result of a resolution of the International Colloquium on the Application of Photogrammetry to Architecture, organised in July 1968 by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). CIPA is one of the international specialist committees of ICOMOS but at the same time is also a liaison committee between ICOMOS and the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), who jointly sponsor it. It is at present made up of eight active committee members. Its aims are to promote architectural photogrammetry, to contribute to its technical development, and to ensure contacts between photogrammetrists and those who commission or use photogrammetric surveys of buildings in architecture. To achieve these aims the Committee is active in collecting and spreading information on the subject of architectural photogrammetry, in organising international meetings and in supporting the study of techniques and training activities. The paper describes these activities and ends with a look into the future.
THE ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION OF CIPA P h o t o g r a m m e t r i s t s are, f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , a w a r e t h a t t h e v e r y f i r s t attempts in photogrammetric methods were made about the middle of the 1 9 t h c e n t u r y u s i n g b u i l d i n g s , a n d t h a t t h e t e r m p h o t o g r a m m e t r y was d e v i s e d a b o u t this t i m e b y a G e r m a n a r c h i t e c t , A l b r e c h t M e y d e n b a u e r . I t was h e who founded, in 1885 the KSnigliche Preussische Messbildanstalt, a department charged with carrying out surveys of historic monuments by photog r a m m e t r i c m e t h o d s , o r m o r e p r e c i s e l y " b y i n t e r s e c t i o n m e t h o d s " , t h a t is, b y d e t e r m i n i n g grid l o c a t i o n s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p o i n t s o n t h e b u i l d i n g s , a r r i v e d a t b y g r a p h i c c o n s t r u c t i o n as f a r as t h e i r p o s i t i o n o n p l a n was c o n cerned, and by simple calculation for their elevation. M e y d e n b a u e r ' s Instit u t e , w h i c h c a r r i e d o n its w o r k u n t i l 1 9 4 5 , has b e q u e a t h e d t o p o s t e r i t y
0031-8663/85/$03.30
© 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
194 above all else large and very precious photogrammetric archives of monuments, consisting for the most part of glass plate negatives. After these first steps, the history of architecturalphotogrammetry, right up to the days following the Second World War can be summed up in a very simple fashion. On the one hand, with the sole exception of the German Messbildanstalt, photogrammetric methods aroused little interest in those departments responsible for historic monuments. On the other hand, stereophotogrammetry, devised and developed at the beginning of the 20th century, was used in various countries to produce excellent surveys of buildings, but its application remained sporadic in character. Edward Dolezal, Professor at the Vienna Technical University, who was founder and first president of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1910, led a veritable crusade in favour of applying stereophotogrammetry to architecture, but was not listened to. Regrettably, the architects responsible for historic monuments did n o t seem very interested in the opportunities offered by photogrammetry, because it did n o t seem to be of any use in their work, given the attitudes current at that time to the conservation and restoration of the architectural heritage. The debates of Subcommission 4(a) {Architecture) during the International Society of Photogrammetry's congress at Zurich in 1930 and Paris in 1934 show this quite clearly (Carbonnell. 1968). That the use of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y was revived and indeed has been greatly expanded, since the Second World War is due largely to the new understanding of the conservation of historic m o n u m e n t s which has arisen since that time. This understanding was given expression, at the end of the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians for Historic Monuments, by the Venice Charter. This same congress took the decision to set up a new international organisation devoted to the architectural heritage, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) which was founded in 1965. Three years later, in July 1968, ICOMOS held the first international colloquium on the application of photogrammetry to architecture, at Saint-Mand~ in France (ICOMOS, 1969). In the resolutions passed by this colloquium, the wish was expressed that an international specialised committee should be constituted in collaboration with the International Society for Photogrammetry (ISP). ISP gave its approval, and following contacts between the two presidents, Professor Piero Gazzola (ICOMOS) and Professor Luigi Solaini (ISP}, the two organisations agreed in 1969 to set up the International Committee on Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) which held its first meeting in Paris, 18 19 June 1970. The composition of the Committee was fixed at the time of its foundation, and confirmed later in 1979, by its statutes. It is made up of eight active members who must belong to eight different countries: of these, four represent ICOMOS and their appointment must be ratified by the corresponding national committee of ICOMOS; the other four represent ISP (now ISPRS) and for each of these the agreement of their national society for p h o t o g r a m m e t r y is required. All are directly involved in the execution or
195
utilisation of photogrammetric surveys in architecture. In addition, because of the missions carried out by the International Centre for the Study and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage at Rome (ICCROM) the Centre's Director is an ex officio member of CIPA. At the m o m e n t (March 1985) the eight members of CIPA are: for ICOMOS, Professor Dr Cevat Erder (Turkey), Arch. Wojciech Kolataj (Poland), Ing. Arch. Gertraud Masanz (Austria) and Mr. Ross Dallas (United Kingdom); for ISPRS, Prof. Franjo Braum (Yugoslavia), Ing. Gen. Maurice Carbonnell (France), Prof. Mario Fondelli (Italy), and Prof. Dr. Wilfried Wester-Ebbinghaus (FR Germany). Prof. Erder, a member of CIPA from its foundation, is now also director of ICCROM. M. Carbonnell has been President of the Committee from the beginning. At its last annual meeting (October 1984) CIPA decided to increase the membership of the committee by two, principally to extend its membership beyond the confines of Europe. The ISPRS President agreed to this move in January 1985, the ICOMOS President in February 1985; nomination of the two extra members will take place in due course. Besides its active members, CIPA's organisation also includes: -- h o n o r a r y m e m b e r s : people who have rendered important services to the committee, either as active members for a number of years, or by inviting CIPA to their own country for one of its annual meetings. There are at present eight honorary members. c o r r e s p o n d i n g m e m b e r s , about 250 in number, spread in an uneven manner across some 40 countries. These corresponding members are either practitioners of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y or they are architects, archaeologists, art historians, etc who are involved in the use of these surveys. CIPA is in the process of providing a more formal structure of national CIPA groups, coordinated in each country by a national correspondent. Because of its joint sponsorship CIPA reports to both ICOMOS and ISPRS and acts in conformity with the regulations and directives of both bodies. To ICOMOS, CIPA is one of its nine international specialist committees; the president is an ex officio member of the organisation's Consultative Committee, and each year submits a report on CIPA's activities. As for ISPRS, CIPA keeps in close touch with the president and the secretary of Commission V, for which it acts as a permanent working party; the president presents a report on CIPA's work at each international congress of the ISPRS (Carbonnell, 1980, 1984); Ross Dallas is now the Committee's "liaison officer" with Commission V. -
-
AIMS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMITTEE CIPA's tasks are: promote applications of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to m o n u m e n t s and sites, especially with regard to the built environment;
--to
196 TABLE 1 Committee meetings of CIPA, and associated international symposia Year
Working meeting of Committee
International Symposium
Other activities
1970 1971 1972
Paris/St Mand6 (France) Prague (Czechoslovakia) Zurich (Switzerland)
1. Brno (Czechoslovakia) --
-Zurich: seminar with Swiss experts responsible for preservation of monuments ---
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
Florence (Italy) Athens (Greece) London (United Kingdom) Bonn (F.D.R.) Ankara (Turkey)
1978 1979 1980
Sibenik (Yugoslavia) Warsaw (Poland) Rouen (France)
5. Sibenik 6. Cracow (Poland)
1981
Vienna (Austria)
7. Vienna
1982 1983
Siena (Italy) Lisbon (Portugal)
8 Siena
1984
Tunis (Tunisia)
9. Tunis
2. Lucca (Italy) 3. Athens
4. Bonn Ankara: Colloquium, attended by members of CIPA and Turkish experts
Paris: meeting of international experts on the o p t i m u m techniques to be used for the production of photogrammetric surveys Venzone (Italy): Colloquium on the application of architectural photogrammetry in a seismic region Lisbon: International workshop, with CIPA members and portuguese experts
to c o n t r i b u t e to the technical d e v e l o p m e n t o f these applications; - t o enhance as m uc h as possible contacts between, the practitioners, institutions, and specialist organisations in p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , and on the other hand the architects, archaeologists, art historians, and others concerned with the problems o f measuring and surveying in their own particular fields o f activity as relatec] to historic m onum ent s. To cary o u t these tasks, CIPA arranges a programme of activities which are reviewed and co-ordinated each year, in the course of a working meeting o f its active member s (Table 1). -
-
197
Collection and dissemination o f information on architectural photogrammetry This very important activity is carried out primarily through the network of corresponding members and, of course, at the time of any international meetings. The Committee endeavours to collect the maximum a m o u n t of technical information from practitioners of architectural photogrammetric surveys, and also operational information on the organisation and execution of surveys in all countries of the world. This is a difficult activity, but one which nonetheless is bearing fruit: CIPA now receives many publications, copies of surveys and news items from its correspondents. The Committee had hoped to produce a synthesis of all this information from time to time and distribute it widely, and indeed several such reports were prepared, but after a few years this was seen to be somewhat overoptimistic undertaking. The series of reports (CIPA, 1972b, 1973, 1974, 1977) which had been started had to be suspended for the time being due to lack of time, and of means to ensure adequate distribution. Nonetheless, in addition to the symposia and other reunions, the lectures and courses with CIPA members give both in their own countries and while travelling abroad contribute considerably to the spreading of information. To promote architectural photogrammetry, CIPA has itself published three kinds of documents: (a) A general information and publicity folder, " P h o t o g r a m m e t r y of m o n u m e n t s and sites" (CIPA, 1972a), with a text in four languages (French, English, German, Spanish); some 5000 copies have been distributed throughout the world. (b) A collection of 48 transparencies (CIPA, 1976), 24 on the technique of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , and 24 examples of its use, with a printed booklet with a c o m m e n t a r y in French or in English (a German c o m m e n t a r y in type-script may be obtained on request from CIPA). (c) A d o c u m e n t on optimal standards for architectural photogrammetric surveys, to which further reference will be made later.
International meetings (Table 1) The Committee's annual meetings, which are each year held in different countries, as Table 1 shows, have almost always developed into a wider meeting. Nine times already, these meetings have taken the form of an international symposium. Such symposia, attracting an average of 150 participants, have displayed different characters. In Brno (June 1971), Lucca (September 1973), Athens {May 1974), Sibenik (October 1978), Cracow (June 1979) the papers presented consisted in the main of presentation of surveys, and of studies of the methods and instruments employed; they thus allowed participants to follow the progressive adoption of photogrammetric methods in architectural surveys. The symposium in May 1976
198 (Bonn), on the other hand, emphasised the relations between photogrammetric methods and legal aspects of conservation. In Vienna {September 1981) the principal themes considered were the dialogue between a r c h i t e c t conservators and photogrammetrists, the use of photogrammetric surveys in art history, and the aesthetic aspects of these surveys. The Siena symposium (October 1982) concerned itself more particularly with surveys concerning the stability and deformation of monuments, the standardisation of survey techniques, numerical and analytical methods, and training/education. Finally, in October 1984, in Tunis, a very precise theme, but at the same time a most appropriate one was chosen: " P h o t o g r a m m e t r y and Islamic architecture". The proceedings of the first seven symposia have been published. Those of the Siena symposium are in press and those of the Tunis symposium are in preparation (cf. References}. CIPA's committee meeting has sometimes been accompanied by an event concerned more directly with the c o u n t r y in which the meeting has taken place. Thus in Zurich in October 1972, the initiative of the late Professor Hugo Kasper {whose interest, during the last years of his life, in architectural applications of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y is well known) ted to a one-day meeting being devoted to an exchange of views and discussions with officials responsible for heritage conservation in Switzerland. A similar exchange lasted several days in Ankara {October 1977) and was based on a series of lectures given by the members of the Committee, attended also by Turkish photogrammetrists. The same approach, but on a large scale, was seen in Lisbon in October 1983, where the meeting coincided with an "International Works h o p " of three days: the papers were delivered to about 70 Portuguese participants and gave rise to some lively discussions which also involved some specialists who had come from other countries. It is perhaps worthwhile to point out that all of these events, whatever their individual character, also furnish CIPA members with the opportunity to meet those people who can influence policy towards architectural conservation, such as government ministers, mayors, directors of heritage conservation services, national cartographic services, institutes of photogrammetry etc. They also allow friendly contacts to develop with photogrammetric societies and with national committees of ICOMOS. The meeting which t o o k place in Paris in September 1980 was different in character from all the others. For three days t w e n t y five experts in architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , all with a great deal of practical experience either as producers, users or those who commission surveys, were asked to reflect upon the best ways to employ p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in this field. The result was a d o c u m e n t on Optimum practice in architectural photogrammetry surveys (CIPA, 1981) prepared and drawn up by the Committee. It was published in three languages (French, English, Spanish) by UNESCO, which also assumed responsibility for the first distribution of copies to all corresponding members of CIPA, national committees of ICOMOS, organisations belonging to ISPRS, and of course to the governing bodies of ICOMOS and ISPRS. A
199 German translation made by our sadly missed colleague Hans Foramitti, who did so much for the development of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y {CIPA, 1983) is available at the Fachhochschule at Karlsruhe, thanks to Prof. Manfred D6hler. There is also an Italian translation; this has been published in the manual of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y edited by Prof. Cesare Cundari (Cundari, 1983). Finally, CIPA has been involved for several years with the applications of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in seismic regions. CIPA believes that much more widespread use should be made of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in any zone where the architectural heritage is permanently under threat of earthquake damage. Failing this, emergency actions in disaster areas are of vital importance for restorations or indeed reconstructions which might be undertaken later. A particularly important example of this kind of emergency action was that in Friuli (Italy) where a joint operation was carried out in 1976 by the Austrian Bundesdenkmalamt and ICCROM from Rome immediately following the first earthquake shock. A small colloquium organised by CIPA and the Commune of Venzone was held in that town in October 1981 on the subject of the contribution of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to the protection of historic town centres damaged by earthquakes. This led to the drawing up of recommendations which have been forwarded to the Italian government, to ICOMOS and UNESCO.
Technical studies. Training~education For the last fifteen years CIPA has carried out or instigated a number of studies relating to various practical and technical questions, and also to the means of applying p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to the understanding of monuments. We may quote in particular: - - p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c measurements relating to the structural problems of buildings; - - t h e theory and choice of reference planes for surveys; -- methods of control for architectural photogrammetry; --analysis of stone-cutting methods by photogrammetric measurement of the traces left by the tools used {this study was carried out for CIPA by Hans Foramitti); - approaches made to manufacturers concerning the improvement of photographic and plotting equipment used in architectural photogrammetry; --activity in collaboration with companies and with Commission V of ISPRS for the supply of the necessary photographic glass plates for terrestrial metric cameras; -- support offered to the German Democratic Republic's General Conservation Office for Historical Monuments in the delicate operation of restoration and archival work carried out on the Meydenbauer collection of photogrammetric plates. CIPA has also concerned itself with the initiation of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to
200 those who commission or use architectural surveys, and with the training of the technicians who carry t hem out. In addition to the teaching and lecturing functions carried out by the active members, either in their own countries or abroad t he Committee: -- has taken part in two international courses on architectural photogramm e t r y (Zurich, March 1972 and Heerbrugg, Switzerland, May 1975), -- some o f the c o m m i t t e e members have also c o n t r i b u t e d to the courses in p h o t o g r a m m e t r y which are included in the programmes of ICCROM ( R o me) and o f the International S t u d y Centre for the Conservation of the Architectural and Urban Heritage (Bruges, then Leuven, Belgium). - has developed a series o f outline curricula for the teaching of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , ranging from brief i nf orm at i on to in-depth training for practitioners (obtainable on request f r om CIPA). A LOOK AT THE FUTURE Various circumstances have led to a steady t urnover of members of the Committee. At present, only two members, M. Carbonnetl and C. Erder have sat on the C o m m i t t e e since its f or m a t i on in 1970. The renewal o f t he Committee's membership has accompanied a progressive evolution and developm e n t o f its activities, both in the technological sphere and in architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y ' s fields of application. At a technical level, architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y is following the evolution of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in general, and of close range p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in particular: e.g., d e v e l o p m e n t of computerised and a u t o m a t e d procedures, of numerical and analytical methods, o f the d e v e l o p m e n t of both metric and of non-metric cameras, progress in the use of film as against glass plates. It is quite clear that this technological evolution is going to continue in the course o f the years to come, and CIPA will of course m o n i t o r and r e p o r t developments, as indeed the c o n t e n t of the last t w o international symposia have clearly shown. As far as areas o f application are concerned, CIPA's efforts (besides its continuing involvement in i n f o r m a t i o n and p r o m o t i o n ) lean already and will in future lean even m or e towards: T he all i m p o r t a n t collaboration between practitioners of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y and those w ho commission or use surveys: the word " s u r v e y s " mo r e over being under s t ood in the widest c o n t e x t of any m at t er concerning the measurement and conceptual understanding o f monuments. The extension of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to apply no longer only to m o n u m e n t s and groups o f m o n u m e n t s , but also to historic urban centres considered as a whole. This ef f or t is n o t a new one; indeed it was begun some fifteen years ago, at the very c o n c e p t i o n o f CIPA. But if notable and very satisf acto r y results have been achieved on the technological level, results are much less satisfactory in the field of applications, which remain very -
-
201 limited in their e x t e n t . T h a t is w h y t h e C o m m i t t e e will organise a m e e t i n g o f experts, in S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 , in the same spirit and with the same aims as the 1 9 8 0 m e e t i n g in Paris, b u t d e v o t e d this time to o p t i m u m p r o c e dures f o r the a p p l i c a t i o n o f p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s to the understanding, a n a l y s i s , i a d a p t a t i o n and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f historic centres. - - A n increase o f t h e C o m m i t t e e ' s activities b e y o n d the confines o f the Western World also r e p r e s e n t a m a j o r area o f activity. The a r c h i t e c t u r a l heritage o f t h o s e regions o f t h e w o r l d w h i c h have o t h e r civilisations and o t h e r standards o f living is an e x t r e m e l y rich one; it is o f t e n in great danger. T h e possibilities o f f e r e d b y p h o t o g r a m m e t r y s h o u l d be e x t e n d e d t o this heritage also. T h e Tunis s y m p o s i u m o f O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 was a very i m p o r t a n t step a l o n g this road. C I P A has every i n t e n t i o n o f following it further.
REFERENCES Carbonnell, M., 1968. L'histoire et la situation prdsente des applications de la photogramm~trie a l'architecture. Int. Arch. Photogramm., XVII/4, Lausanne, 42 pp. Carbonnell, M., 1980. Comitd International de Photogramm~trie Architecturale, compte rendu d'activitg pour la p~riode 1976--1980. Int. Arch. Photogramm., XXIII/B5, Hamburg, pp. 103--108. Carbonnell, M., 1984. Comit~ International de Photogramm~trie Architecturale, compte rendu d'activit~ pour la p~riode 1980--1984. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sensing, XXV/A5, Rio de Janeiro-Brazil, pp. 151--155. Carbonnell, M. and Dallas, R.W.A., 1983. The International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry: a review of past achievements and future intentions. Photogramm. Rec., 11/62: 209--214. CIPA, 1972a. Photogramm~trie des monuments et des sites. ICOMOS, Paris, 34 pp. CIPA, 1972b. La Photogramm~trie architecturale de 1968 ~ 1971. Bull. Soc. Fr. Photogramm., 45: 3--39. CIPA, 1973. La photogramm6trie architecturale en 1972. Bull. Soc. Fr. Photogramm., 51 : 3--30. CIPA, 1974. La photogramm~trie architecturale en 1973 et 1974. Bull. Soc. Ft. Photogramm., 56: 3--28. CIPA, 1976. Photogramm~trie architecturale. Collection of 48 transparencies with commentary. Laboratory of Photogrammetry, National Technical University, Athens, Greece. CIPA, 1977. La Photogramm4trie architecturale en 1975 et 1976. Bull. Soc. Fr. Photogramm., 67, 39 pp. CIPA, 1981. Optimisation des relev~s photogramm~triques d'architecture. UNESCO, Paris, 99 pp. CIPA, 1983. Hans Foramitti et le d6veloppement de la photogramm~trie architecturale. ICOMOS/CIPA, Paris, 40 pp. Cundari, C., 1983. Fotogrammetria Architettonica. Kappa, Roma, 208 pp. ICOMOS, 1969. Etude sur la photogramm~trie appliqu~e aux monuments historiques. Proceedings of the Colloquium held at Saint Mande-France. ICOMOS. 181 pp.
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIA OF CIPA 1. Symposium international sur le mesurage des monuments (Brno Symposium 1971). Institut d'Etat pour la Protection des Monuments Historiques, Prague, 1971. 155 pp. 2. Fotogrammetria dei Monumenti (Lucca Symposium, 1973). Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, Florence, 1976. °61 pp. 3. Photogrammetric Surveys of Monuments and Sites (Athens Symposium, 1974)~ North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1975. 176 pp. (Published also in Photogrammetria, 30 (3--6). 4. Architektur -- Photogrammetrie I, II und III (Bonn Symposium, 1976). Landeskonservator Rheinland Arbeitshefte No. 16, 17 and 18~ Bonn, 1976--1977, 70 + 175 + 196 pp. 5. Fifth International Symposium for Photogrammetry in Architecture and Conservation of Monuments (Sibenik Symposium, 1978). Union of Geodetic Engineers and Surveyors, Belgrade, 1980, 512 pp. 6. Papers for the VI CIPA International Symposium on the Contribution of Photogrammetry and Geodesy to the Revalorization of Historic Sites (Cracow Symposium, 1979). Cracow Geodetic Enterprise, Cracow, 1979, 398 pp. 7. Photogrammetrie in der Architektur und Denkmalpflege (Vienna Symposium, 1981). Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna, 1983, 450 pp. 8. (Siena Symposium, 1982: in course of printing). 9. (Tunis Symposium, 1984: in preparation).
193
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY (CIPA) --AIMS, ACHIEVEMENTS, ACTIVITIES
MAURICE CARBONNELL' and ROSS W.A. DALLAS 2
'President, CIPA, 2 Avenue Pasteur, 94160 Saint-Mand~, France 2The King's Manor, York Y01 2EP, United Kingdom (Received May 20, 1985; accepted for publication August 7, 1985)
ABSTRACT Carbonnell, M. and Dallas, R.W.A., 1985. The International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) -- Aims, achievements, activities. Photogrammetria, 40: 193--202. The International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) was set up as a result of a resolution of the International Colloquium on the Application of Photogrammetry to Architecture, organised in July 1968 by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). CIPA is one of the international specialist committees of ICOMOS but at the same time is also a liaison committee between ICOMOS and the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), who jointly sponsor it. It is at present made up of eight active committee members. Its aims are to promote architectural photogrammetry, to contribute to its technical development, and to ensure contacts between photogrammetrists and those who commission or use photogrammetric surveys of buildings in architecture. To achieve these aims the Committee is active in collecting and spreading information on the subject of architectural photogrammetry, in organising international meetings and in supporting the study of techniques and training activities. The paper describes these activities and ends with a look into the future.
THE ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION OF CIPA P h o t o g r a m m e t r i s t s are, f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , a w a r e t h a t t h e v e r y f i r s t attempts in photogrammetric methods were made about the middle of the 1 9 t h c e n t u r y u s i n g b u i l d i n g s , a n d t h a t t h e t e r m p h o t o g r a m m e t r y was d e v i s e d a b o u t this t i m e b y a G e r m a n a r c h i t e c t , A l b r e c h t M e y d e n b a u e r . I t was h e who founded, in 1885 the KSnigliche Preussische Messbildanstalt, a department charged with carrying out surveys of historic monuments by photog r a m m e t r i c m e t h o d s , o r m o r e p r e c i s e l y " b y i n t e r s e c t i o n m e t h o d s " , t h a t is, b y d e t e r m i n i n g grid l o c a t i o n s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p o i n t s o n t h e b u i l d i n g s , a r r i v e d a t b y g r a p h i c c o n s t r u c t i o n as f a r as t h e i r p o s i t i o n o n p l a n was c o n cerned, and by simple calculation for their elevation. M e y d e n b a u e r ' s Instit u t e , w h i c h c a r r i e d o n its w o r k u n t i l 1 9 4 5 , has b e q u e a t h e d t o p o s t e r i t y
0031-8663/85/$03.30
© 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
194 above all else large and very precious photogrammetric archives of monuments, consisting for the most part of glass plate negatives. After these first steps, the history of architecturalphotogrammetry, right up to the days following the Second World War can be summed up in a very simple fashion. On the one hand, with the sole exception of the German Messbildanstalt, photogrammetric methods aroused little interest in those departments responsible for historic monuments. On the other hand, stereophotogrammetry, devised and developed at the beginning of the 20th century, was used in various countries to produce excellent surveys of buildings, but its application remained sporadic in character. Edward Dolezal, Professor at the Vienna Technical University, who was founder and first president of the International Society for Photogrammetry in 1910, led a veritable crusade in favour of applying stereophotogrammetry to architecture, but was not listened to. Regrettably, the architects responsible for historic monuments did n o t seem very interested in the opportunities offered by photogrammetry, because it did n o t seem to be of any use in their work, given the attitudes current at that time to the conservation and restoration of the architectural heritage. The debates of Subcommission 4(a) {Architecture) during the International Society of Photogrammetry's congress at Zurich in 1930 and Paris in 1934 show this quite clearly (Carbonnell. 1968). That the use of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y was revived and indeed has been greatly expanded, since the Second World War is due largely to the new understanding of the conservation of historic m o n u m e n t s which has arisen since that time. This understanding was given expression, at the end of the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians for Historic Monuments, by the Venice Charter. This same congress took the decision to set up a new international organisation devoted to the architectural heritage, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) which was founded in 1965. Three years later, in July 1968, ICOMOS held the first international colloquium on the application of photogrammetry to architecture, at Saint-Mand~ in France (ICOMOS, 1969). In the resolutions passed by this colloquium, the wish was expressed that an international specialised committee should be constituted in collaboration with the International Society for Photogrammetry (ISP). ISP gave its approval, and following contacts between the two presidents, Professor Piero Gazzola (ICOMOS) and Professor Luigi Solaini (ISP}, the two organisations agreed in 1969 to set up the International Committee on Architectural Photogrammetry (CIPA) which held its first meeting in Paris, 18 19 June 1970. The composition of the Committee was fixed at the time of its foundation, and confirmed later in 1979, by its statutes. It is made up of eight active members who must belong to eight different countries: of these, four represent ICOMOS and their appointment must be ratified by the corresponding national committee of ICOMOS; the other four represent ISP (now ISPRS) and for each of these the agreement of their national society for p h o t o g r a m m e t r y is required. All are directly involved in the execution or
195
utilisation of photogrammetric surveys in architecture. In addition, because of the missions carried out by the International Centre for the Study and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage at Rome (ICCROM) the Centre's Director is an ex officio member of CIPA. At the m o m e n t (March 1985) the eight members of CIPA are: for ICOMOS, Professor Dr Cevat Erder (Turkey), Arch. Wojciech Kolataj (Poland), Ing. Arch. Gertraud Masanz (Austria) and Mr. Ross Dallas (United Kingdom); for ISPRS, Prof. Franjo Braum (Yugoslavia), Ing. Gen. Maurice Carbonnell (France), Prof. Mario Fondelli (Italy), and Prof. Dr. Wilfried Wester-Ebbinghaus (FR Germany). Prof. Erder, a member of CIPA from its foundation, is now also director of ICCROM. M. Carbonnell has been President of the Committee from the beginning. At its last annual meeting (October 1984) CIPA decided to increase the membership of the committee by two, principally to extend its membership beyond the confines of Europe. The ISPRS President agreed to this move in January 1985, the ICOMOS President in February 1985; nomination of the two extra members will take place in due course. Besides its active members, CIPA's organisation also includes: -- h o n o r a r y m e m b e r s : people who have rendered important services to the committee, either as active members for a number of years, or by inviting CIPA to their own country for one of its annual meetings. There are at present eight honorary members. c o r r e s p o n d i n g m e m b e r s , about 250 in number, spread in an uneven manner across some 40 countries. These corresponding members are either practitioners of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y or they are architects, archaeologists, art historians, etc who are involved in the use of these surveys. CIPA is in the process of providing a more formal structure of national CIPA groups, coordinated in each country by a national correspondent. Because of its joint sponsorship CIPA reports to both ICOMOS and ISPRS and acts in conformity with the regulations and directives of both bodies. To ICOMOS, CIPA is one of its nine international specialist committees; the president is an ex officio member of the organisation's Consultative Committee, and each year submits a report on CIPA's activities. As for ISPRS, CIPA keeps in close touch with the president and the secretary of Commission V, for which it acts as a permanent working party; the president presents a report on CIPA's work at each international congress of the ISPRS (Carbonnell, 1980, 1984); Ross Dallas is now the Committee's "liaison officer" with Commission V. -
-
AIMS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMITTEE CIPA's tasks are: promote applications of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to m o n u m e n t s and sites, especially with regard to the built environment;
--to
196 TABLE 1 Committee meetings of CIPA, and associated international symposia Year
Working meeting of Committee
International Symposium
Other activities
1970 1971 1972
Paris/St Mand6 (France) Prague (Czechoslovakia) Zurich (Switzerland)
1. Brno (Czechoslovakia) --
-Zurich: seminar with Swiss experts responsible for preservation of monuments ---
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
Florence (Italy) Athens (Greece) London (United Kingdom) Bonn (F.D.R.) Ankara (Turkey)
1978 1979 1980
Sibenik (Yugoslavia) Warsaw (Poland) Rouen (France)
5. Sibenik 6. Cracow (Poland)
1981
Vienna (Austria)
7. Vienna
1982 1983
Siena (Italy) Lisbon (Portugal)
8 Siena
1984
Tunis (Tunisia)
9. Tunis
2. Lucca (Italy) 3. Athens
4. Bonn Ankara: Colloquium, attended by members of CIPA and Turkish experts
Paris: meeting of international experts on the o p t i m u m techniques to be used for the production of photogrammetric surveys Venzone (Italy): Colloquium on the application of architectural photogrammetry in a seismic region Lisbon: International workshop, with CIPA members and portuguese experts
to c o n t r i b u t e to the technical d e v e l o p m e n t o f these applications; - t o enhance as m uc h as possible contacts between, the practitioners, institutions, and specialist organisations in p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , and on the other hand the architects, archaeologists, art historians, and others concerned with the problems o f measuring and surveying in their own particular fields o f activity as relatec] to historic m onum ent s. To cary o u t these tasks, CIPA arranges a programme of activities which are reviewed and co-ordinated each year, in the course of a working meeting o f its active member s (Table 1). -
-
197
Collection and dissemination o f information on architectural photogrammetry This very important activity is carried out primarily through the network of corresponding members and, of course, at the time of any international meetings. The Committee endeavours to collect the maximum a m o u n t of technical information from practitioners of architectural photogrammetric surveys, and also operational information on the organisation and execution of surveys in all countries of the world. This is a difficult activity, but one which nonetheless is bearing fruit: CIPA now receives many publications, copies of surveys and news items from its correspondents. The Committee had hoped to produce a synthesis of all this information from time to time and distribute it widely, and indeed several such reports were prepared, but after a few years this was seen to be somewhat overoptimistic undertaking. The series of reports (CIPA, 1972b, 1973, 1974, 1977) which had been started had to be suspended for the time being due to lack of time, and of means to ensure adequate distribution. Nonetheless, in addition to the symposia and other reunions, the lectures and courses with CIPA members give both in their own countries and while travelling abroad contribute considerably to the spreading of information. To promote architectural photogrammetry, CIPA has itself published three kinds of documents: (a) A general information and publicity folder, " P h o t o g r a m m e t r y of m o n u m e n t s and sites" (CIPA, 1972a), with a text in four languages (French, English, German, Spanish); some 5000 copies have been distributed throughout the world. (b) A collection of 48 transparencies (CIPA, 1976), 24 on the technique of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , and 24 examples of its use, with a printed booklet with a c o m m e n t a r y in French or in English (a German c o m m e n t a r y in type-script may be obtained on request from CIPA). (c) A d o c u m e n t on optimal standards for architectural photogrammetric surveys, to which further reference will be made later.
International meetings (Table 1) The Committee's annual meetings, which are each year held in different countries, as Table 1 shows, have almost always developed into a wider meeting. Nine times already, these meetings have taken the form of an international symposium. Such symposia, attracting an average of 150 participants, have displayed different characters. In Brno (June 1971), Lucca (September 1973), Athens {May 1974), Sibenik (October 1978), Cracow (June 1979) the papers presented consisted in the main of presentation of surveys, and of studies of the methods and instruments employed; they thus allowed participants to follow the progressive adoption of photogrammetric methods in architectural surveys. The symposium in May 1976
198 (Bonn), on the other hand, emphasised the relations between photogrammetric methods and legal aspects of conservation. In Vienna {September 1981) the principal themes considered were the dialogue between a r c h i t e c t conservators and photogrammetrists, the use of photogrammetric surveys in art history, and the aesthetic aspects of these surveys. The Siena symposium (October 1982) concerned itself more particularly with surveys concerning the stability and deformation of monuments, the standardisation of survey techniques, numerical and analytical methods, and training/education. Finally, in October 1984, in Tunis, a very precise theme, but at the same time a most appropriate one was chosen: " P h o t o g r a m m e t r y and Islamic architecture". The proceedings of the first seven symposia have been published. Those of the Siena symposium are in press and those of the Tunis symposium are in preparation (cf. References}. CIPA's committee meeting has sometimes been accompanied by an event concerned more directly with the c o u n t r y in which the meeting has taken place. Thus in Zurich in October 1972, the initiative of the late Professor Hugo Kasper {whose interest, during the last years of his life, in architectural applications of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y is well known) ted to a one-day meeting being devoted to an exchange of views and discussions with officials responsible for heritage conservation in Switzerland. A similar exchange lasted several days in Ankara {October 1977) and was based on a series of lectures given by the members of the Committee, attended also by Turkish photogrammetrists. The same approach, but on a large scale, was seen in Lisbon in October 1983, where the meeting coincided with an "International Works h o p " of three days: the papers were delivered to about 70 Portuguese participants and gave rise to some lively discussions which also involved some specialists who had come from other countries. It is perhaps worthwhile to point out that all of these events, whatever their individual character, also furnish CIPA members with the opportunity to meet those people who can influence policy towards architectural conservation, such as government ministers, mayors, directors of heritage conservation services, national cartographic services, institutes of photogrammetry etc. They also allow friendly contacts to develop with photogrammetric societies and with national committees of ICOMOS. The meeting which t o o k place in Paris in September 1980 was different in character from all the others. For three days t w e n t y five experts in architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , all with a great deal of practical experience either as producers, users or those who commission surveys, were asked to reflect upon the best ways to employ p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in this field. The result was a d o c u m e n t on Optimum practice in architectural photogrammetry surveys (CIPA, 1981) prepared and drawn up by the Committee. It was published in three languages (French, English, Spanish) by UNESCO, which also assumed responsibility for the first distribution of copies to all corresponding members of CIPA, national committees of ICOMOS, organisations belonging to ISPRS, and of course to the governing bodies of ICOMOS and ISPRS. A
199 German translation made by our sadly missed colleague Hans Foramitti, who did so much for the development of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y {CIPA, 1983) is available at the Fachhochschule at Karlsruhe, thanks to Prof. Manfred D6hler. There is also an Italian translation; this has been published in the manual of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y edited by Prof. Cesare Cundari (Cundari, 1983). Finally, CIPA has been involved for several years with the applications of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in seismic regions. CIPA believes that much more widespread use should be made of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in any zone where the architectural heritage is permanently under threat of earthquake damage. Failing this, emergency actions in disaster areas are of vital importance for restorations or indeed reconstructions which might be undertaken later. A particularly important example of this kind of emergency action was that in Friuli (Italy) where a joint operation was carried out in 1976 by the Austrian Bundesdenkmalamt and ICCROM from Rome immediately following the first earthquake shock. A small colloquium organised by CIPA and the Commune of Venzone was held in that town in October 1981 on the subject of the contribution of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to the protection of historic town centres damaged by earthquakes. This led to the drawing up of recommendations which have been forwarded to the Italian government, to ICOMOS and UNESCO.
Technical studies. Training~education For the last fifteen years CIPA has carried out or instigated a number of studies relating to various practical and technical questions, and also to the means of applying p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to the understanding of monuments. We may quote in particular: - - p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c measurements relating to the structural problems of buildings; - - t h e theory and choice of reference planes for surveys; -- methods of control for architectural photogrammetry; --analysis of stone-cutting methods by photogrammetric measurement of the traces left by the tools used {this study was carried out for CIPA by Hans Foramitti); - approaches made to manufacturers concerning the improvement of photographic and plotting equipment used in architectural photogrammetry; --activity in collaboration with companies and with Commission V of ISPRS for the supply of the necessary photographic glass plates for terrestrial metric cameras; -- support offered to the German Democratic Republic's General Conservation Office for Historical Monuments in the delicate operation of restoration and archival work carried out on the Meydenbauer collection of photogrammetric plates. CIPA has also concerned itself with the initiation of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to
200 those who commission or use architectural surveys, and with the training of the technicians who carry t hem out. In addition to the teaching and lecturing functions carried out by the active members, either in their own countries or abroad t he Committee: -- has taken part in two international courses on architectural photogramm e t r y (Zurich, March 1972 and Heerbrugg, Switzerland, May 1975), -- some o f the c o m m i t t e e members have also c o n t r i b u t e d to the courses in p h o t o g r a m m e t r y which are included in the programmes of ICCROM ( R o me) and o f the International S t u d y Centre for the Conservation of the Architectural and Urban Heritage (Bruges, then Leuven, Belgium). - has developed a series o f outline curricula for the teaching of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y , ranging from brief i nf orm at i on to in-depth training for practitioners (obtainable on request f r om CIPA). A LOOK AT THE FUTURE Various circumstances have led to a steady t urnover of members of the Committee. At present, only two members, M. Carbonnetl and C. Erder have sat on the C o m m i t t e e since its f or m a t i on in 1970. The renewal o f t he Committee's membership has accompanied a progressive evolution and developm e n t o f its activities, both in the technological sphere and in architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y ' s fields of application. At a technical level, architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y is following the evolution of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in general, and of close range p h o t o g r a m m e t r y in particular: e.g., d e v e l o p m e n t of computerised and a u t o m a t e d procedures, of numerical and analytical methods, o f the d e v e l o p m e n t of both metric and of non-metric cameras, progress in the use of film as against glass plates. It is quite clear that this technological evolution is going to continue in the course o f the years to come, and CIPA will of course m o n i t o r and r e p o r t developments, as indeed the c o n t e n t of the last t w o international symposia have clearly shown. As far as areas o f application are concerned, CIPA's efforts (besides its continuing involvement in i n f o r m a t i o n and p r o m o t i o n ) lean already and will in future lean even m or e towards: T he all i m p o r t a n t collaboration between practitioners of architectural p h o t o g r a m m e t r y and those w ho commission or use surveys: the word " s u r v e y s " mo r e over being under s t ood in the widest c o n t e x t of any m at t er concerning the measurement and conceptual understanding o f monuments. The extension of p h o t o g r a m m e t r y to apply no longer only to m o n u m e n t s and groups o f m o n u m e n t s , but also to historic urban centres considered as a whole. This ef f or t is n o t a new one; indeed it was begun some fifteen years ago, at the very c o n c e p t i o n o f CIPA. But if notable and very satisf acto r y results have been achieved on the technological level, results are much less satisfactory in the field of applications, which remain very -
-
201 limited in their e x t e n t . T h a t is w h y t h e C o m m i t t e e will organise a m e e t i n g o f experts, in S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 , in the same spirit and with the same aims as the 1 9 8 0 m e e t i n g in Paris, b u t d e v o t e d this time to o p t i m u m p r o c e dures f o r the a p p l i c a t i o n o f p h o t o g r a m m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s to the understanding, a n a l y s i s , i a d a p t a t i o n and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f historic centres. - - A n increase o f t h e C o m m i t t e e ' s activities b e y o n d the confines o f the Western World also r e p r e s e n t a m a j o r area o f activity. The a r c h i t e c t u r a l heritage o f t h o s e regions o f t h e w o r l d w h i c h have o t h e r civilisations and o t h e r standards o f living is an e x t r e m e l y rich one; it is o f t e n in great danger. T h e possibilities o f f e r e d b y p h o t o g r a m m e t r y s h o u l d be e x t e n d e d t o this heritage also. T h e Tunis s y m p o s i u m o f O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 was a very i m p o r t a n t step a l o n g this road. C I P A has every i n t e n t i o n o f following it further.
REFERENCES Carbonnell, M., 1968. L'histoire et la situation prdsente des applications de la photogramm~trie a l'architecture. Int. Arch. Photogramm., XVII/4, Lausanne, 42 pp. Carbonnell, M., 1980. Comitd International de Photogramm~trie Architecturale, compte rendu d'activitg pour la p~riode 1976--1980. Int. Arch. Photogramm., XXIII/B5, Hamburg, pp. 103--108. Carbonnell, M., 1984. Comit~ International de Photogramm~trie Architecturale, compte rendu d'activit~ pour la p~riode 1980--1984. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sensing, XXV/A5, Rio de Janeiro-Brazil, pp. 151--155. Carbonnell, M. and Dallas, R.W.A., 1983. The International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry: a review of past achievements and future intentions. Photogramm. Rec., 11/62: 209--214. CIPA, 1972a. Photogramm~trie des monuments et des sites. ICOMOS, Paris, 34 pp. CIPA, 1972b. La Photogramm~trie architecturale de 1968 ~ 1971. Bull. Soc. Fr. Photogramm., 45: 3--39. CIPA, 1973. La photogramm6trie architecturale en 1972. Bull. Soc. Fr. Photogramm., 51 : 3--30. CIPA, 1974. La photogramm~trie architecturale en 1973 et 1974. Bull. Soc. Ft. Photogramm., 56: 3--28. CIPA, 1976. Photogramm~trie architecturale. Collection of 48 transparencies with commentary. Laboratory of Photogrammetry, National Technical University, Athens, Greece. CIPA, 1977. La Photogramm4trie architecturale en 1975 et 1976. Bull. Soc. Fr. Photogramm., 67, 39 pp. CIPA, 1981. Optimisation des relev~s photogramm~triques d'architecture. UNESCO, Paris, 99 pp. CIPA, 1983. Hans Foramitti et le d6veloppement de la photogramm~trie architecturale. ICOMOS/CIPA, Paris, 40 pp. Cundari, C., 1983. Fotogrammetria Architettonica. Kappa, Roma, 208 pp. ICOMOS, 1969. Etude sur la photogramm~trie appliqu~e aux monuments historiques. Proceedings of the Colloquium held at Saint Mande-France. ICOMOS. 181 pp.
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIA OF CIPA 1. Symposium international sur le mesurage des monuments (Brno Symposium 1971). Institut d'Etat pour la Protection des Monuments Historiques, Prague, 1971. 155 pp. 2. Fotogrammetria dei Monumenti (Lucca Symposium, 1973). Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, Florence, 1976. °61 pp. 3. Photogrammetric Surveys of Monuments and Sites (Athens Symposium, 1974)~ North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1975. 176 pp. (Published also in Photogrammetria, 30 (3--6). 4. Architektur -- Photogrammetrie I, II und III (Bonn Symposium, 1976). Landeskonservator Rheinland Arbeitshefte No. 16, 17 and 18~ Bonn, 1976--1977, 70 + 175 + 196 pp. 5. Fifth International Symposium for Photogrammetry in Architecture and Conservation of Monuments (Sibenik Symposium, 1978). Union of Geodetic Engineers and Surveyors, Belgrade, 1980, 512 pp. 6. Papers for the VI CIPA International Symposium on the Contribution of Photogrammetry and Geodesy to the Revalorization of Historic Sites (Cracow Symposium, 1979). Cracow Geodetic Enterprise, Cracow, 1979, 398 pp. 7. Photogrammetrie in der Architektur und Denkmalpflege (Vienna Symposium, 1981). Bundesdenkmalamt, Vienna, 1983, 450 pp. 8. (Siena Symposium, 1982: in course of printing). 9. (Tunis Symposium, 1984: in preparation).