The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey

PALAEO-07329; No of Pages 17 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo

The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey Okan Tüysüz a,⁎, Mihaela C. Melinte-Dobrinescu b, İsmail Ömer Yılmaz c, Sabri Kirici d, Lilian Švabenická e, Petr Skupien f a

Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology (GEOECOMAR), Bucharest, 23–25 Dimitrie Onciul Street, RO 024053, Romania Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Geology, ODTÜ, Ankara, Turkey d Turkish Petroleum Co, Söğütözü Mahallesi 2180. Cad. 86, 06520 Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey e Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 131/3, 118 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic f VSB, Technical University Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Geological Engineering, 17, Listopadu 15, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic b c

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 20 January 2015 Received in revised form 19 June 2015 Accepted 24 June 2015 Available online xxxx Keywords: Central Pontides Sinop Basin Albian–Turonian interval Litho- and biostratigraphy Tectonics Palaeoenvironment

a b s t r a c t The Pontides forming the south-western continental margin of the Black Sea consist of two tectonic units, the Istanbul Zone in the west, and the Sakarya Zone in the central and eastern parts. The Sinop Basin in the Sakarya Zone is filled, from base to top, by Hauterivian to Albian turbidites, Cenomanian–Turonian red pelagic sediments, Turonian–Campanian magmatic-arc and related deposits, and by the uppermost Campanian to middle Eocene post-magmatic units developed on the southern passive margin of the Black Sea. Based on nannofossil, dinoflagellate, Foraminifera and Radiolaria data we describe the Kapanboğazı Formation, a Cenomanian–Turonian unit in the Sinop Basin, represented by red calcareous/siliceous pelagic shales, limestones and cherts passing gradually from the Albian black shales. These sediments possibly represent deepest depositional conditions of the basin during the Cenomanian–Turonian interval and also reflect the transition from an anoxic to an oxic palaeoenvironmental setting. The Istanbul Zone to the west was emerged during the deposition of the Kapanboğazı Formation in the Sakarya Zone. In the Pontides, red pelagic sediments were deposited at different times during the Cenomanian–Maastrichtian interval. Because the Kapanboğazı Formation was deposited only in the Sakarya Zone and because it is present in limited outcrops due to structural reorganization and thick overlying volcanoclastic pile, most previous authors assumed Cenomanian–Turonian hiatus. Herein we describe detailed palaeontological data from this unit and discuss their importance to the interpretation of depositional history and tectonics of the Black Sea region, as well as climatic and eustatic implications. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The western part of the Pontides (Ketin, 1966; Şengör and Yılmaz, 1981; Okay and Tüysüz, 1999), forming the southern continental margin of the Black Sea, consists of two tectonic units: the Istanbul Zone in the west and the Sakarya Zone in the east (Fig. 1a; Okay, 1989; Okay and Tüysüz, 1999). These two tectonic units are also known, geographically, as the Western and Central Pontides, respectively. The Zonguldak and Ulus basins in the Istanbul Zone, and the Sinop Basin in the Sakarya Zone (Fig. 1b) were mainly filled by Lower Cretaceous sediments and by Upper Cretaceous volcanic/volcanosedimentary rocks (Fig. 2). The Upper Barremian up to Albian sediments of both the ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (O. Tüysüz), [email protected] (M.C. Melinte-Dobrinescu), [email protected] (İ.Ö. Yılmaz), [email protected] (S. Kirici), [email protected] (L. Švabenická), [email protected] (P. Skupien).

Zonguldak and Ulus basins in the Istanbul Zone, and the Hauterivian up to Cenomanian sediments of the Sinop Basin in the Sakarya Zone (Figs. 1b and 2), reflect opening and deepening periods of these basins (Tüysüz, 1999). Different opinions on the stratigraphic evolution of these basins have been presented in the literature. According to Okay et al. (2006, 2013), and an earlier opinion of Şengör and Yılmaz (1981), the Istanbul and Sakarya zones juxtaposed before the Late Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous sediments filling these basins were fed by a common source to the north. Okay et al. (2006, 2013) assumed that the Pontides had collided with a continental Domuzdağ fragment to the south during the Albian stage, and this collision caused the development of a regional metamorphism along the southern periphery, and the uplifting and emergence of the Western and Central Pontides. Based on calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy, Hippolyte et al. (2010) showed that sedimentation was continuous in the Zonguldak Basin from the Late Barremian to Late Albian in a deepening upward

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028 0031-0182/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Fig. 1. a: Tectonic units of Turkey; b: simplified geological map of the Pontides. Red dashed line indicates boundary between Istanbul and Sakarya Zones (Intra-Pontide Suture, after Tüysüz et al., 2012). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

2

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

3

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Cretaceous of the Istanbul and Sakarya zones. Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Zonguldak basin are represented by marginal marine sediments at the base. These consists of the Çengelli, İncigez, Kilimli and Velibey formations (shallow marine siliciclastics) and Kapuz formation (platform carbonate) at the base and the Sapça and Tasmaca formations at the top (deepening-upward glauconitic sandstones and bluish marls, respectively). The Ulus and Çağlayan formations are represented by siliciclastic turbidites with debrisflow horizons. See the text for the other formations (partly modified after Tüysüz et al., 2004).

environment, in contrast to the Albian uplift hypothesis of Okay et al. (2013). The Zonguldak Basin was uplifted and eroded during the Cenomanian as previously indicated by Tüysüz (1999). Except for the suspicious ammonite finding by Tokay (1952) no other fossil data indicate a depositional interval in the Istanbul Zone during the Cenomanian stage. The Hauterivian to Albian sediments of the Sinop Basin in the Sakarya Zone are also represented by deepening-upward siliciclastic sediments. In contrast to the Istanbul Zone, the Cenomanian–Turonian interval in this basin was the deposition time of deep marine sediments, namely the Kapanboğazı Formation (Fig. 2). This formation was originally described by Ketin and Gümüş (1963) as being composed of red pelagic micritic limestone and shale. In the original description, these authors determined the age of the formation as Upper Cenomanian–Turonian based on the planktic foraminifera Ticinella roberti, Globigerinella aequilateralis, Globotruncana delrioensis turbinata, Globotruncana renzi, Globotruncana imbricata, Globotruncana lapparenti inflata, Globotruncana lapparenti lapparenti, Globotruncana lapparenti coronata, Globotruncana lapparenti bulloides, and Globotruncana lapparenti tricarinata. According to Tüysüz (1999) the Istanbul and the Sakarya zones were separated by the Intra-Pontide Ocean until the Cenomanian. A thick volcanic/volcanosedimentary succession, the Dereköy Formation, forms the first common cover of both tectonic units (Fig. 2). The lower part of the succession, reaching up to 800 m in thickness, starts with a thick basal conglomerate grading upward into an alternation of calcalkaline and acidic to intermediate lavas and pyroclastics, with pelagic micritic limestones and turbiditic clastics. The foraminiferal assemblages found in the oldest pelagic limestone beds and in the matrix of debris flow horizons in the middle part of the formation indicate the Middle Turonian age (Tüysüz et al., 2012). Tüysüz (1999) advocated

that the Dereköy Formation forms the first common cover of the Istanbul and Sakarya zones, and postdates the juxtaposition of these zones during the Cenomanian, just prior to the start of the Pontide arc magmatism. The Dereköy Formation is unconformably overlain by the Upper Santonian pelagic limestones of the Unaz Formation and volcanic/ volcanosedimentary rocks of the Campanian Cambu Formation (Fig. 2). Following the report of Ketin and Gümüş (1963), subsequent studies by Görür et al. (1993), Okay et al. (2006) and Hippolyte et al. (2010) erroneously used the name “Kapanboğazı Formation” for all Upper Cretaceous red pelagic sediments occurring in the Western and Central Pontides, without reference to their age and stratigraphic position. Recently, Tüysüz et al. (2012) separated and described one of these sedimentary horizons, the Unaz Formation, and discussed its importance for the geological evolution of the Black Sea region. The aim of this paper is to present the newly acquired data on the lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Kapanboğazı Formation that was deposited at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous times only in the Sakarya Zone. Observed modifications in the overall geological context are linked herein to tectonic and eustatic changes. 2. Geological setting The Pontide magmatic arc extends from the Srednagorie region in Bulgaria up to the Caucasus in Georgia, including both the Istanbul and the Sakarya zones. First products of the Pontide magmatic arc alternate with the Middle Turonian sediments (Tüysüz et al., 2012). This magmatic activity lasted until the end of the Campanian and locally until the Maastrichtian. There is a general agreement that this arc was established in response to northward subduction of the northern Tethys, namely the İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan Ocean (Çoğulu, 1975;

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

4

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Akın, 1978; Moore et al., 1980; Akıncı, 1984; Ohta et al., 1988; Aykol and Tokel, 1991; Berza et al., 1998; von Quadt et al., 2005; Karacık and Tüysüz, 2010). Tüysüz (1999) and Tüysüz et al. (2012) divided this magmatic activity into two depositional intervals, separated by a regional unconformity, which is overlain by the Upper Santonian Unaz Formation composed mainly of pelagic limestones (Fig. 2). The lower volcanic succession, the Dereköy Formation, was formed between the Middle Turonian and Early Santonian, while the upper volcanic succession, the Cambu Formation, during the Campanian. Geochemical characteristics of these two magmatic periods are also different (Keskin and Tüysüz, 1999, 2001; Keskin et al, 2003). Hippolyte et al. (2010) disregarded the Dereköy Formation and assumed a stratigraphic gap between the Late Albian and Coniacian. Both volcanic units are dominantly composed of volcanosedimentary rocks associated with basaltic and andesitic lava, as well as pyroclastics; the total thickness of both volcanic units exceeds 3000 m in places. Some Campanian to Maastrichtian intrusive bodies also exist, such as the Demirköy and Dereköy Plutons in the Rhodope– Strandja Zone in the westernmost Pontides (Fig. 1a; Moore et al., 1980; Aydın, 1982; Ohta et al., 1988), the Çavuşbaşı Granitoide in the vicinity of Istanbul (Şahin et al., 2012) and the Hamitli rhyodacite near Cide in the Western Pontides (Akyol et al., 1974), as well as the Dodurga granitoides, located south of Sinop, in the Central Pontides (see Fig. 1b; Tüysüz, 1993). Red pelagic limestones and calcareous shales are present as thin interlayers at different horizons within both these volcanic and postvolcanic successions. Some of these horizons can be traced at regional level, tens of kilometres (see Unaz Formation, Tüysüz et al., 2012) along the Pontides, while some others have a local lateral extension. All these red pelagic sediments were erroneously grouped into a single formation, namely the Kapanboğazı Formation (Gedik and Korkmaz, 1984; Görür et al., 1993; Hippolyte et al., 2010). Some of the red pelagic sediments occurring in the Kapanboğazı Formation overlie Lower Cretaceous dark grey shales; hence, this lithological modification was interpreted as indicator of changing depositional conditions from an anoxic to an oxic depositional regime (Görür et al., 1993). Görür et al. (1993) concluded that the rifting of the Black Sea backarc basin initiated during the Aptian, and was followed by syn-rift sedimentation and subsidence until the Late Cenomanian, when ocean floor spreading and thermally induced subsidence began. After the breakup of the continental crust during the Late Cenomanian, the southern margin of the Black Sea subsided and tilted basinward, which caused a wide transgression. As a result of this transgression a major post-breakup unconformity developed at the base of the pelagic limestones and marls. Following the onset of spreading in the Black Sea, the anoxic conditions of the rift stage were replaced by oxic conditions, giving way to the deposition of red pelagic sediments. Tüysüz (1999) and Tüysüz et al. (2012) also agree with this tectonic scenario but, based on both new biostratigraphic data from the sediments below and above this unconformity and absence of subduction-related magmatism before the Turonian, they concluded that the back-arc rifting of the Western Black Sea Basin occurred during the Turonian– Early Santonian period, and that the regional unconformity at the base of the Upper Santonian sediments corresponds to the break-up of the continental crust and beginning of oceanic spreading. Based on offshore seismic data, Nikishin et al. (2015a, 2015b) also agree to the Turonian– Early Santonian rifting model.

3. Material and methods The Kapanboğazı Formation, occurring in the Sinop Basin of the Sakarya Zone, was studied in two outcrops, the Kayadibi and Namazlık sections, and one borehole, the Fasıllı-1 well (Fig. 3). Sections were investigated from a lithological point of view and sampled for

micropalaeontological studies that include non-calcareous dinoflagellates, foraminifers, radiolarians, and calcareous nannofossils. Fifty thin sections of samples for planktic foraminifera were prepared and investigated using the Olympus transmitting light microscope at Turkish Petroleum Co. Research Department, Ankara, Turkey. Biostratigraphic data were interpreted applying biostratigraphy of Postuma (1971), Robaszynski and Caron (1979), Caron (1985), and Premoli Silva and Verga (2004). Samples for non-calcareous dinoflagellate cysts were processed by standard palynological technique. After washing and drying, the standard processing involved chemical treatment of 40 g of the sample with HCl to remove the calcareous fraction and with HF to remove silicates. Sieving was performed with a 10 μm nylon mesh, and the samples were centrifuged to concentrate the residues. Three slides of each sample were prepared. Whole slides of residues were investigated under a binocular transmitted light microscope to identify and count the organic particles and dinoflagellate cysts. The palynological permanent mounts are stored at the Institute of Geological Engineering at the VSB — Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic. Calcareous nannofossils were investigated in the fraction of 2–30 μm separated by decantation method using 7% solution of H2O2. At first, the red-brown limestone was disintegrated into fine powder. Smearslides were mounted with Canada Balsam and inspected at 1000 × magnification, using an oil-immersion objective on a Nikon MicrophotFXA transmitting light microscope. Biostratigraphic data were interpreted applying Burnett (1998) UC (Upper Cretaceous) zones. Calcareous nannoplankton taxonomic identification follows PerchNielsen (1985) and Burnett (1998). 4. Results 4.1. Kayadibi section This section is located north of Boyabat Town in Sinop Province (Fig. 1b) just to the north of Günpınar–Kayadibi Village (36 T 647280/ 4614340, WGS84). The oldest sediments of the region are Triassic turbidites of the Akgöl Formation (Ketin and Gümüş, 1963), unconformably overlain by Upper Jurassic red continental conglomerates and mudstones (the Bürnük Formation), and by Kimmeridgian to Berriasian platform carbonates (the İnaltı Formation). The base of the Kayadibi section is formed by the Çağlayan Formation represented by siliciclastic turbidites with abundant debris-flow horizons and olistoliths exceeding 1 km in size. The Çağlayan Formation was deposited in a highly active tectonic environment, as indicated by the emplacement of huge olistoliths from underlying units, i.e., Permian up to the lowermost Cretaceous, as well as by laterally and vertically changing facies properties and thickness. This formation is regarded as having been deposited during the rifting phase of the Sinop Basin that took place between the Hauterivian and the Albian stages (Görür, 1988; Yiğitbaş et al., 1990; Tüysüz, 1990, 1993; Hippolyte et al, 2010). The youngest part of the Çağlayan Formation, beginning of the section studied, is represented by black to dark grey, thinly bedded to laminated siliceous shales alternating with fine to very fine grained lithic silts and sandstones (Fig. 4; Plate 1a and 1b). Td-e Bouma's (1962) sequences within this finegrained part of the formation imply a distal turbidite environment. Up the section, the silts and sandstones replaced by red shales alternating with thin (0.5–3 cm) dark-grey and blackish shales and the Çağlayan Formation passes into the Kapanboğazı Formation. Towards the top of the section, red silicified shales, marls, and light grey micritic limestones with some black shale alternations are the main lithological components (Plate 1b). In fact, the uppermost 10 m of the section exhibit cm to mm cyclic alternations of red shales, marls and cherts, with no dark grey or black shale (Plate 1c). The total thickness of the Kapanboğazı Formation in the section described above is about 27 m (Fig. 4). The dark-grey shales of the upper part of the Çağlayan Formation yielded non-calcareous dinoflagellates (Figs. 4 and 5; Table 1) with

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

5

Fig. 3. The simplified geological map of the Sinop Basin showing location of studied sections.

the stratigraphically significant taxa Cerbia tabulata, Florentinia stellata, and Systematophora cretacea, indicating Lower and Middle Albian ages (Skupien, 2003).

The dinoflagellate assemblages found in the dark-grey shales in the uppermost part of the Çağlayan Formation and in the alternating black and red shales and micritic limestones in the lowermost part of the

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

6

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Fig. 4. Litho- and biostratigraphy of the Kayadibi and Namazlık sections.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

7

Plate 1. Outcrop photos of the Çağlayan and Kapanboğazı formations. a) Albian black shales alternating with thin-bedded turbiditic sandstones, the Kayadibi Section, b) Albian, Cenomanian and Turonian units in the Kayadibi Section, c) Turonian red shales and cherts in the Kayadibi Section, d) Turonian red calcareous shales and micritic limestones in the Namazlık Section.

Kapanboğazı Formation contain, above others, the marker species F. stellata, Odontochitina costata and Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides (see Table 1) that support a latest Albian to Early Cenomanian age (Skupien et al., 2009). The occurrence of the dinocyst species O. costata (Fig. 4, sample D5) indicates Cenomanian (Skupien et al., 2009). Nannofossils identified in the samples collected from the lower part of the Kapanboğazı Formation indicate Cenomanian and lowermost Turonian (Fig. 4). In these horizons, nannofossils were found only in the red marls and limestones that provided mostly fragmented and strongly overgrowth specimens. Watznaueria barnesiae forms about 60–70% of the assemblage and this phenomenon may indicate strong dissolution (Roth and Krumbach, 1986). The co-occurrence of Corollithion kennedyi and Prediscosphaera cretacea indicates the upper part of the UC1 zone, Lower Cenomanian (Figs. 4 and 6). Upwards in the section, the nannoplankton assemblages contain biostratigraphically significant taxa indicating Middle Cenomanian (UC3a zone): Gartnerago theta, Gartnerago segmentatum, Gartnerago nanum, Axopodorhabdus albianus and Microrhabdulus decorates (Table 2, Figs. 4 and 6). A latest Cenomanian–early Turonian age, UC5c subzone for the middle part of the section is indicated by the end-Cenomanian marker Quadrum

intermedium (specimens with 5 segments) (Table 2; Figs. 4 and 6). Many authors have argued that the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary falls within the UC5c subzone, and hence the first occurrence of the nannofossil Q. intermedium is the youngest Cenomanian nannofloral event (Burnett, 1998; Paul et al., 1999; Hardas and Mutterlose, 2006; Wagreich et al., 2008; Švábenická, 2012; Melinte-Dobrinescu et al., 2013). Radiolarian assemblages found in the uppermost part of the Kayadibi section contain the taxa Crucella cachensis, Alievum superbum, Patellulla verteoensis, Patellulla elliptica, Stichomitra mediocris, Stichomitra stocki, Dictyomitra multicostata, Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacrocephala, Diacanthocapsa ovoidea, Halesium triacanthum, Pessagnobrachia fabianii, Cavaspongiae c. uganea and Pseudoaulophacus putahensis. According to these data, Luo (2005) assumed a Turonian age for the Kapanboğazı Formation at this locality. Recently, Yılmaz et al. (2010) have established a biostratigraphic framework for the same section, by using planktic foraminiferal and radiolarian microfaunas. A late Cenomanian age was determined for the Kapanboğazı Formation based on the successive occurrence of the planktic foraminifer Rotalipora cushmani total range zone and Dicarinella algeriana partial zone, respectively, and the presence of the Dactyliosphaera silviae radiolarian total range zone (Fig. 4). The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary interval was pointed out by the

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

8

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Fig. 5. Dinoflagellate cysts from the dark-grey shales of the upper part of the Çağlayan Formation (1–9) and from dark-grey shales of the lowermost part of the Kapanboğazı Formation (10–16), Kayadibi section. Scale bars 20 μm. 1 — Circulodinium distinctum, 2 — Callaiosphaeridium asymmetricum, 3, 4 — Palaeoperidinium cretaceum, 5 — Hystrichodinium pulchrum, 6 — Spiniferites ramosus, 7 — Florentinia laciniata, 8 — Oligosphaeridium complex, 9 — Tehamadinium tenuiceras, 10 — Palaeohystrichophota infusorioides, 11 — Coronifera oceanica, 12 — Pervosphaeridium sp., 13 — Pervosphaeridium pseudhystrichodinium, 14 — Surculosphaeridium longifurcatum, 15 — Odontochitina costata, and 16 — O. operculata.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

9

Table 1 Kayadibi Section — non-calcareous dinoflagellte cyst distribution and stratigraphic interpretation. Bold — stratigraphically significant taxa, * present.

Fig. 6. Calcareous nannofossils from the red marlstones to limestones, lower part of the Kapanboğazı Formation, Kayadibi section, Lower Cenomanian. Specimens are mostly fragmented and highly overgrown. Photographs in cross-polarized light (XL), 13 and 19 in plane-polarized light (PL). 1, 2 — Eiffellithus turriseiffelii, 3, 4 — Corollithion kennedyi, 5 — Gartnerago nanum (fragment), 6 — Axopodorhabdus albianus, 7 — Biscutum ellipticum, 8 — Broinsonia enormis, 9 — Rhagodiscus achlyostaurion, 10 — Zeugrhabdothus bicrescenticus, 11, 12 — Zeugrhabdothus embergerii (highly overgrown specimens), 13, 14 — Prediscosphaera columnata, owergrowth specimen in PL and XL, 15 — Prediscosphaera sp. (spine), 16 — Lithraphidites carniolensis, 17 — Cretarhabdus striatus (fragment), 18 — Manivitella pemmatoidea (fragment), 19–21 — Eprolithus floralis (19 and 20 same specimen in PL and XL), 22 — Watznaueria barnesiae, 23 — Watznaueria biporta, and 24 — Quadrum intermedium.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

10

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Table 2 Kayadibi Section nannofossil distribution and stratigraphic interpretation. Abundance of nannofossil taxa: F (few) = ±1 specimen/1 field of view, R (rare) = 1–9 specimens/10 fields of view, VR (very rare) = b1 specimen/10 fields of view, EP = only 12 specimens were found, f = fragments. Sample abundance: L = N5 specimens/10 fields of view, VL = 1–5 specimens/ 10 field of view, EL = b1 specimen/10 fields of view. Nannofossil preservation: VP (very poor) = nannofossils are dissolved and/or fragmented and some specimens are difficult to identify, EP (extremely poor) = nannofossils are dissolved, fragmented, most of the specimens are difficult to identify.

presence of planktonic foraminifera Whiteinella archeocretacea partial range zone and the radiolarian Alievium superbum/C. cachensis partial range zones. 4.2. Namazlık section This section is located on Namazlık Hill (36 T 632412/4623760, WGS 84), about 1 km NE of Kapanboğazı Hill (Kirici et al., 2011; Fig. 3) and represents the stratotype of the Kapanboğazı Formation (Ketin and Gümüş, 1963). In this outcrop, the base and the top of the formation is covered and the contact with underlying and overlying formations is not obvious. Red and dark grey calcareous/siliceous radiolarian shales, cherts and micritic limestones are exposed at the visible base of the section (Plate 1d), very similar to those described in the Kayadibi section. Below these red strata, black shales of the Çağlayan Formation occur, including thin turbiditic sandstone intercalations, containing the Late Albian dinocyst taxon Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum. Similar to the Kayadibi section, the contact between the Çağlayan and Kapanboğazı formations, i.e., between the distal turbidites and the overlying red sediments, is probably gradual at Namazlık Hill. The red calcareous/siliceous radiolarian shales, cherts and micritic limestones of the Kapanboğazı Formation are barren of fossils here. Up the section, thin-bedded argillaceous, brownish red micritic limestones and wackestones occur. This 35 m thick horizon (Fig. 4) is rich in radiolarian tests and comprises planktic foraminifers including Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica, Whiteinella praehelvetica, Whiteinella paradubia, Praeglobotruncana stephani, Praeglobotruncana cf. gibba, Dicarinella hagni, Dicarinella canaliculata, Dicarinella imbricata, Marginotruncana renzi, Marginotruncana coronata, Muricohedbergella cf. ultramicrus/prainehillensis, Muricohedbergella simplex, Macroglobigerinelloides sp., Praeglobotruncana sp., Dicarinella sp. and Heterohelix sp. (Fig. 7), indicating Middle–Late Turonian age (Robaszynski and Caron, 1979; Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). The Kapanboğazı Formation in the Namazlık section is disconformably overlain by whitish beige, sandy limestones enclosing some volcanic fragments. These bioclastic grainstones and wackestones can be correlated with the Upper Santonian–Campanian Unaz Formation in the Zonguldak Basin by means on their fossil content (Kirici et al., 2011), lithology and stratigraphic position (Tüysüz et al., 2012). 4.3. Fasıllı-1 Well The Fasıllı-1 exploration well was drilled in 1967. It is situated about 20 km NW of the Kayadibi location, on the crest of the Domuz anticline (36 T 639645/4630491, WGS84) of the Sinop Basin (Demirer and Kirici, 1996; Fig. 3). The Fasıllı-1 well (Fig. 8) penetrated Upper Cretaceous volcanic and volcanogenic units, and red pelagic limestones and shales

below these. From 1246 m depth down to its base at 2626 m the drill traverses a thick sequence of low-grade metamorphosed spilitic lava and serpentinites, possibly belonging to the Triassic ophiolites of the Küre Unit (see Güner, 1980; Tüysüz, 1990, 1999; Okay et al., 2013, 2014). The contact between the ophiolites and the overlying red limestone/ shale succession does not crop out in the field; hence, its nature remains controversial. Based on the complicated tectonics in the region, with many folds and imbricate thrusts (see Sunal and Tüysüz, 2002), the existence of a detachment fault, a member of a duplex structure developed during the Eocene, may be assumed. On the other hand, identification of serpentinite fragments at the base of Cretaceous red strata may suggest a nonconformity at the base of red pelagic limestones and shales. This phenomenon may explain the absence of the Albian dark-grey shales that were discovered in the surface sections. The ophiolitic rocks at the base of the Fasıllı-1 can also be interpreted as a huge synsedimentary block within the Çağlayan Formation. Such blocks, exceeding 1–2 km in size, were already found in some outcrops of this formation (Yiğitbaş et al., 1990; Tüysüz, 1993; Aydın et al., 1995). The lowermost part of the red limestones, shales and radiolarian cherts, interpreted as the Kapanboğazı Formation, contains foraminiferal assemblages with Parathalmanninella appenninica, Praeglobotruncana gibba, Muricohedbergella cf. delrioensis, Rotalipora sp., Muricohedbergella sp., Macroglobigerinelloides sp., Heterohelix sp. and some undetermined radiolarian tests, indicating uppermost Albian and Cenomanian. Up the section, in the red, pinkish and white, thinly bedded micritic limestones alternating with basaltic and andesitic lava, pyroclastics tuffs and volcanoclastic sandstones, the foraminiferal microfauna contains the following taxa: Marginotruncana angusticarinata, M. cf. coronata, Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana, Dicarinella cf. imbricata, Muricohedbergella sp., Macroglobigerinelloides sp. and Heterohelix sp., and undetermined radiolarian tests (Fig. 9). Foraminifers indicate Turonian–Coniacian (Postuma, 1971; Robaszynski and Caron, 1979; Robaszynski et al, 1984; Caron, 1985; Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). Based on its lithology, age and stratigraphic position this part of the section can be attributed to the Dereköy Formation (Tüysüz et al., 2012). On top of the volcanic and volcanogenic units is a thin horizon of pinkish to white, thinly bedded micritic limestones of the Unaz Formation with an intraclastic conglomerate at the base. This part of the section is overlain by volcanic and volcanogenic units of the Cambu Formation that also contain some interbedded red limestones. Limestones of both formations contain rich foraminiferal assemblages with Globotruncanita conica, Globotruncanita stuarti, Globotruncana arca, Contusotruncana fornicata, Globotruncana gr. linneiana, Globotruncana sp., Muricohedbergella sp., Macroglobigerinelloides sp., and Heterohelix sp., indicating a depositional interval from the Santonian up to

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

11

Fig. 7. Planktic foraminifera from the Namazlık Section. 1–4 Whiteinella preahelvetica, 5 — Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica, 6 — Marginotruncana renzi, 7 — Marginotruncana coronata, 8–10 — Dicarinella hagni, 11 — Praeglobotruncana cf. gibba, 12,13 — Praeglobotruncana stephani, 14 — Dicarinella imbricata, 15 — Muricohedbergella flandrini, 16 — M. simplex, and 17 — Radiolaria.

Maastrichtian (Robaszynski et al., 1984; Caron, 1985; Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). Although it was not detected in the borehole log, existence of an unconformity is assumed at the base of the Santonian micritic limestones (Unaz Formation). This hypothesis is supported by the surface relationships observed in the same region in the Upper Cretaceous sediments, and by the occurrence of intraclastic conglomerates, which are characteristic of the base of the Unaz Formation (see Tüysüz et al., 2012). In contrast to the Kayadibi section, the Çağlayan dark-grey shales were not observed in the lowermost parts of the Fasıllı-1 well, but microfossil data from the base of the sediments, penetrated by the drilling, indicate an open marine setting during the uppermost Albian–Cenomanian interval.

5. Discussion The presented stratigraphic sections indicate the existence of a deep marine environment in the Sakarya Zone during the Albian to Turonian interval, before the development of the Pontide magmatic arc. This conclusion differs from previous interpretations that proposed a stratigraphic gap within the Albian–Coniacian (Hippolyte et al., 2010) or Albian–Turonian interval (Okay et al., 2013). Tüysüz et al. (2012) mapped a regional unconformity at the base of the Late Santonian all along the Istanbul Zone. According to our field observations, this unconformity also continues into the Sakarya Zone to the east. In contrast to the Istanbul Zone (see Akyol et al., 1974 and Tüysüz et al., 2012),

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

12

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Fig. 8. Borehole log for Fasıllı-1 well.

detailed stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous volcanic sequence in the Sakarya Zone have not been studied yet, and the whole unit is grouped into a single formation, the Yemişliçay Formation (Ketin and Gümüş, 1963). In fact, the Late Santonian unconformity is a widespread event and had also been documented in the northern part of the Black Sea, in Crimea (Nikishin et al, 2015a, 2015b), in the Çankırı Basin of the Central Anatolia (Tüysüz and Dellaoğlu, 1992) and in the Haymana Basin in the SW Sakarya Zone. Tüysüz et al. (2012) showed that the Istanbul Zone was affected by an intense normal faulting (rifting) period that created a horst–graben topography during the Middle Turonian to Early Santonian time. This extensional period is attributed to the period of the opening of Western Black Sea Basin. Uplifted areas by normal faults (horst or rift shoulders) became emerged and were eroded at this time, but sedimentation was more or less continuous within the grabens, where a disconformity corresponding to the Late Santonian unconformity is obvious. All these units were covered first by thin but widespread Upper Santonian pelagic micritic limestones of the Unaz Formation, indicating sudden subsidence of the whole region due to

breaking up of the continental crust, and by a thick Campanian volcanosedimentary unit. In the Istanbul Zone, in the vicinity of Cide (Fig. 1b), badly sorted and angular Upper Barremian to Cenomanian blocks and pebbles are present within the Middle Turonian pelagic sediments of the Dereköy Formation. This phenomenon indicates intense erosion due to fast uplifting of the horsts (Tüysüz et al., 2012). In the Istanbul Zone, sedimentation in the Zonguldak and Ulus basins began during the Late Barremian (Tüysüz, 1999; Masse et al, 2009), with normal fault-controlled continental to shallow marine deposition, and initiated the development of a short-lived Urgonian-type carbonate platform along the northern parts of the Istanbul Zone during Late Barremian to Early Aptian times (Yılmaz and Altıner, 2007). Fast deepening of the region as a result of the opening of the Zonguldak Basin caused the demise of this platform (Masse et al., 2009) and the filling of the basin with deepening upward siliciclastic sediments (Görür, 1997; Tüysüz, 1999; Hippolyte et al., 2010). The Ulus Basin to the south was filled mainly by turbidites with debris flow horizons, olistoliths and some hemipelagic mudstones, representing deeper part of the Zonguldak

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

13

Fig. 9. Planktic foraminifera from the Fasıllı-1 Well 1: Parathalmanninella appenninica, 2, 3 — Rotalipora spp., 4 — Praeglobotruncana gibba, 5 — Heterohelix sp., 6–8 — Macroglobigerinelloides spp., 9 — Muricohedbergella cf. delrioensis, and 10 — Muricohedbergella sp.

Basin. Both basins were probably a southward dipping single basin, but later on the overlying Devrek Tertiary Basin separated them. The Zonguldak and the Ulus basins were possibly affected by a latest Aptian continental collision to the south (Okay et al., 2006, 2013). Based on fossil data, there is no indication for deposits of Albian age in the Ulus Basin. This southern basin was probably uplifted and emerged during the Albian and Cenomanian. In contrast, deposits of the Zonguldak Basin provided nannofossils with Tranolithus orionatus (Tüysüz et al., 1997) and dinocyst L. siphoniphorum (Hippolyte et al., 2010), and gave evidence for marine conditions in the Middle and Upper Albian. Except for the ammonite assemblage described by Tokay (1952), there is no other fossil data from the Istanbul Zone supporting that this tectonic unit was not emerged during the Cenomanian. Tokay (1952) assigned a Cenomanian age to the Tasmaca Formation (Fig. 2), based on the ammonite species Schloenbachia inflata, Hoplites auritas and Scaphites hugardianum. The same ammonite assemblages from the Tasmaca Formation were originally attributed to the Late Albian interval (Arni,

1931; Türkünal, 1962). Therefore, there is not any precise and reliable age data from the Istanbul Zone indicating the deposition of Cenomanian sediments. The regional unconformity at the base of the Turonian–Coniacian Dereköy Formation (Tüysüz et al., 2012) also indicates an erosional period between the Late Albian and Turonian. Data presented above show that marine sedimentation continued from the Late Barremian to the Late Albian in most parts of the Pontides. The exception forms the westernmost part of the Istanbul Zone, that possibly remained emerged during the Late Jurassic–Late Santonian interval (see Tüysüz et al., 2012), but the most of this zone was emerged during the Cenomanian. The litho- and biostratigraphy of the sections described in this paper imply that, in contrast to the Istanbul Zone, deep marine conditions prevailed in the Sakarya Zone during the whole Albian–Turonian interval. Siliciclastic sedimentation in the Sinop Basin started during the Hauterivian (Hippolyte et al., 2010), earlier than in the Istanbul Zone, and no Urgonian carbonate platform developed before or during the

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

14

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

early deposition interval (Hauterivian–Barremian) of the Çağlayan Formation. In contrast to the Istanbul Zone, the black shales and very fine grained distal turbidites together with the radiolarian cherts in the uppermost part of the Çağlayan Formation indicate that, the Sinop Basin continued deepening during the Albian. The Cenomanian and Turonian radiolarian cherts indicate deep marine palaeoenvironment: the abyssal zone. Deepening of the depositional areas within the Cenomanian– Turonian interval documented by variegated radiolarian cherts was also reported from other Tethyan areas, i.e., the Outer Western Carpathians, Poland (Bąk, 2007) and Czech Republic (Stráník et al., 1996; Skupien et al., 2009), the Eastern Carpathians, Romania (Melinte-Dobrinescu and Roban, 2011), the Middle East (Oman, Cowan et al., 2014) and many other regions. This change is coincident with the highest eustatic level of the Cretaceous recorded for the Cenomanian–Turonian interval (Haq et al., 1987; Haq, 2014). The Istanbul and the Sakarya zones are separated by the Araç–Daday Shear Zone, which is regarded as an eastern continuation of the IntraPontide suture (Tüysüz, 1999). This zone is mainly formed by Hauterivian to Albian turbidites, enclosing debris flow horizons and huge olistoliths of Upper Jurassic limestones, and tectonic slices of pillow lava and radiolarian cherts. Chert slices alternating with basaltic lava contain radiolarian taxa of the Middle and Late Jurassic, Late Bathonian to Callovian (Bragin et al., 2002), and Oxfordian (Kuru et al., 1994) intervals. However, some of the magmatic rocks within this complex were dated as 137 Ma, thus being Early Cretaceous, Valanginian in age (Terzioğlu et al., 2000). The geochemistry of the Jurassic magmatic rocks indicates their oceanic origin (Kibaroğlu and Satır, 2000; Tüysüz et al., 2000). This unit was affected by syn- and post-sedimentary deformation and is regarded as an accretionary complex that developed within the Intra-Pontide Ocean (Tüysüz, 1999; Tüysüz et al, 2000).

Tüysüz (1999, 2009) concluded that, regarding the facies difference of the Lower Cretaceous sediments in both zones and the age of the Araç–Daday Shear Zone, the Intra-Pontide Ocean separating the Istanbul and Sakarya zones was closing during the Albian–Cenomanian period, definitely before the deposition of the Dereköy Formation (Middle Turonian to Coniacian). Differences in the palaeoenvironmental setting within the Albian up to the Cenomanian stratigraphic interval of the Istanbul and Sakarya zones, indicated by the data presented in this paper, supports this tectonic evolution scenario (Fig. 10). The Zonguldak and the Ulus basins probably existed as a single basin in the Istanbul Zone (Fig. 10), and the depth of the basin increased towards the Intra-Pontide Ocean to the south. The Istanbul Zone collided with the Sakarya Zone along the Intra-Pontide Suture during the late Albian and its southern part was metamorphosed and uplifted. The Istanbul Zone was emerged during the Cenomanian. The Sinop Basin developed in the Sakarya Zone reached its deepest stage during the Cenomanian and Turonian. The Pontide magmatic arc started to be active after the juxtaposition of the Istanbul and the Sakarya zones. 6. Conclusions Field observations and geological mapping during the past thirtyfive years, some results of which are summarized here, show that Cenomanian and Turonian deep marine sediments are present in the Sakarya Zone. In contrast, pelagic sedimentary rocks of the same age are absent in the Istanbul Zone because it was mainly emerged or locally drowned by shallow marine waters. This assumption is supported by our multidisciplinary study including microbiostratigraphy, according to non-calcareous dinoflagellates, foraminifers, radiolarians and calcareous nannofossils.

Fig. 10. Palinspastic palaeogeography of the Pontides from the Albian up to the Turonian. Red Vs indicate location of Pontide magmatic arc. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

The Kapanboğazı Formation, originally defined by Ketin and Gümüş (1963), is lithostratigraphically redefined here. We recommend to apply this term only to the Cenomanian and Turonian deep marine sediments overlying the Hauterivian–Albian siliciclastic turbidites and black shales of the Çağlayan Formation, the latter being related to the rifting and deepening phase of the Sinop Basin (Görür, 1988; Tüysüz, 1993; Görür and Tüysüz, 1997; Leren, 2003; Leren et al., 2007; Espurt et al., 2014). A wider application of the term “Kapanboğazı Formation” to various lithologic units, such as different red pelagic limestone levels, as it was done in some previous studies (Gedik and Korkmaz, 1984; Görür et al., 1993; Hippolyte et al., 2010; Okay et al., 2013), would result in inappropriate structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the geological evolution of the Pontides, and should therefore be avoided. The changes from black to red deep marine sediments within the Albian–Cenomanian interval point to palaeoenvironmental fluctuations in the Pontides during mid-Cretaceous time. Black shale deposition indicates prevailing anoxic conditions during the Albian in the Sinop Basin, while the occurrence of CORBs (Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds; Hu et al., 2009; Wagreich et al., 2009) mirrors a shift to oxic conditions in the Cenomanian–Turonian interval. Yet, alternating dark grey and red shales and cherts indicate a cyclicity of oxic and anoxic conditions during the Cenomanian, while an oxic setting prevailed in the Pontides after the Cenomanian–Turonian interval. The positive excursion of δ13C – the overprint of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) within the Cenomanian–Turonian interval – was identified in the Kayadibi section presented above (Yılmaz et al., 2010). Similar palaeoenvironmental changes within the Albian–Cenomanian boundary interval, from black and dark-grey shales to CORBs has also been described in detail from other Tethyan areas (Hu et al., 2005, 2012; Wagreich and Krenmayr, 2005; Wang et al., 2009; Roban and Melinte-Dobrinescu, 2012; Melinte-Dobrinescu et al., 2015, among many others). Although the red colour of the Cretaceous deep marine sediments has mainly been attributed to the climatic changes so far, at least for the Cretaceous sediments, previous studies from the Pontides show that the volcanism was one of the controlling mechanisms of the deposition of such strata (Tüysüz et al., 2012). In addition to this, in the Yenipazar region (SW Sakarya Zone) the Upper Cenomanian pyroclastic succession directly below the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (Yılmaz et al., 2010) could have contributed to the deposition of red coloured beds. As discussed above, in the Middle Turonian to Campanian volcanosedimentary formations, many red pelagic limestone/shale horizons alternate with the volcanic and volcanogenic sediments. Two of these horizons, the Kapanboğazı and the Unaz formations were possibly not affected by volcanism. There is no direct evidence of volcanism before the Middle Turonian in the Pontides indicating a connection of the red colour of the sediments of the Kapanboğazı Formation with magmatic activity; hence, we assume that in this interval the deposition of CORBs is linked to the anoxic to oxic mid-Cretaceous palaeoceanographic changes (Wang et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2012). Acknowledgements This study is a contribution to the UNESCO/IUGS IGCP Project 609 ‘Climate-environmental deteriorations during greenhouse phases: Causes and consequences of short-term Cretaceous sea-level changes’. We also thank the Turkish Petroleum Company for supporting field studies of Okan Tüysüz and Sabri Kirici. We also thank two anonymous reviewers, and editors of this special publication, Michael Wagreich and Benjamin Sames. Appendix A. List of calcareous nannofossils mentioned in the text, in alphabetical order of genera epithets Axopodorhabdus albianus (Black, 1967) Wind and Wise in Wise and Wind, 1977

15

Biscutum ellipticum (Górka, 1957) Grün in Grün and Allemann, 1975 Broinsonia enormis (Shumenko, 1968) Manivit, 1971 Broinsonia signata (Noël, 1969) Noël, 1970 Corollithion kennedyi Crux, 1981 Cretarhabdus striatus (Stradner, 1963) Black, 1973 Cribrosphaerella ehrenbergii (Arkhangelsky, 1912) Deflandre in Piveteau, 1952 Eiffellithus turriseiffelii (Deflandre in Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Eprolithus floralis (Stradner, 1962) Stover, 1966 Eprolithus moratus (Stover, 1966) Burnett, 1998 Eprolithus octopetalus Varol, 1992 Gartnerago nanum Thierstein, 1974 Gartnerago obliquum (Stradner, 1963) Noël, 1970 Gartnerago segmentatum (Stover, 1966) Thierstein, 1974 Gartnerago theta (Black in Black and Barnes, 1959) Jakubowski, 1986 Helenea chiastia Worsley, 1971 Isocrystallithus compactus Verbeek, 1976 Lithraphidites acutus Verbeek and Manivit in Manivit et al. 1977 Lithraphidites carniolensis Deflandre, 1963 Manivitella pemmatoidea (Deflandre in Manivit, 1965) Thierstein, 1971 Microrhabdulus decoratus Deflandre, 1959 Nannoconus truitti Brönnimann, 1955 Placozygus fibuliformis (Reinhardt, 1964) Hoffmann, 1970 Prediscosphaera columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1984 Prediscosphaera cretacea (Arkhangelsky, 1912) Gartner, 1968 Prediscosphaera ponticula (Bukry, 1969) Perch-Nielsen, 1984 Quadrum intermedium Varol, 1992 Retacapsa angustiforata Black, 1971 Retacapsa crenulata (Bramlette and Martini, 1964) Grün in Grün and Allemann, 1975 Rhagodiscus achlyostaurion (Hill, 1976) Doeven, 1983 Rhagodiscus angustus (Stradner 1963) Reinhardt 1971 Rhagodiscus asper (Stradner 1963) Reinhardt 1967 Tranolithus gabalus Stover, 1966 Tranoltithus orionatus (Reinhardt, 1966a) Reinhardt, 1966b Watznaueria barnesiae (Black, 1959) Perch-Nielsen, 1968 Watznaueria biporta Bukry, 1969 Watznaueria ovata Bukry, 1969 Zeugrhabdothus bicrescenticus (Stover, 1966) Burnett in Gale et al. 1996 Appendix B. List of non-calcareous dinoflagellte cyst mentioned in the text, in alphabetical order of genera epithets Achomosphaera neptunii (Eisenack, 1958a) Davey and Williams, 1966 Achomosphaera ramulifera (Deflandre, 1937b) Evitt, 1963 Callaiosphaeridium asymmetricum (Deflandre and Courteville, 1939) Davey and Williams, 1966 Canningia sp. Cauca parva (Alberti, 1961) Davey and Verdier, 1971 Cerbia tabulata (Davey and Verdier, 1974) Below, 1981 Chlamydophorella nyei Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Chlamydophorella sp. Circulodinium distinctum (Deflandre andCookson, 1955) Jansonius, 1986 Circulodinium sp. Cribroperidinium sp. Cleistosphaeridium? multispinosum (C. Singh, 1964) Brideaux, 1971 Coronifera oceanica Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Cyclonephelium paucimarginatum Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b Dapsilidinium warrenii (Habib, 1976) Lentin and Williams, 1981 Dissiliodinium globulus Drugg, 1978 Endoscrinium campanula (Gocht, 1959) Vozzhennikova, 1967 Endoscrinium sp.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

16

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Florentinia laciniata Davey and Verdier, 1973 Florentinia radiculata (Davey and Williams, 1966) Davey and Verdier, 1973 Florentinia stellata (Maier, 1959) Below, 1981 Hystrichodinium pulchrum Deflandre, 1935 Kiokansium polypes Tasch, 1964 Kleithriasphaeridium sp. Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum (Cookson and Eisenack, 1958) Davey and Williams, 1966 Odontochitina costata (Wetzel, 1933) Deflandre and Cookson, 1955 Odontochitina operculata (Wetzel, 1933) Deflandre and Cookson, 1955 Oligosphaeridium? asterigerum (Gocht, 1959) Davey and Williams, 1969 Oligosphaeridium complex (White, 1842) Davey and Williams, 1969 Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre, 1935 Palaeoperidinium cretaceum Pocock, 1962 Pervosphaeridium pseudhystrichodinium (Deflandre, 1937) Yun, 1981 Pervosphaeridium sp. Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg, 1838) Mantell, 1854 Spiniferites sp. Subtilisphaera perlucida (Alberti, 1959b) Jain and Millepied, 1973 Subtilisphaera sp. Surculosphaeridium? longifurcatum (Firtion, 1952) Davey et al., 1966 Systematophora cretacea Davey, 1979 Systestaphora sp. Tanyosphaeridium isocalamus (Deflandre and Cookson, 1955) Davey and Williams, 1969 Tehamadinium tenuiceras (Eisenack, 1958) Jan du Chêne et al., 1986 Trichodinium sp. Wallodinium krutzschii (Alberti, 1961) Habib, 1972 References Akın, H., 1978. Geologie, Magmatismus und Lagerstättenbildung im ostpontischen Gebirge/Türkei aus Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geol. Rundsch. 68, 253–283. Akıncı, Ö.T., 1984. The Eastern Pontide volcano–sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: Dixon, J.E., Robertson, A.H.F. (Eds.), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society Special Publication 17, pp. 415–428. Akyol, Z., Arpat, E., Erdoğan, B., Göğer, E., Şaroğlu, F., Şentürk, İ., Tütüncü, K., Uysal, Ş., 1974. Cide–Kurucaşile dolayının jeoloji haritası (Geology Map of Cide–Kurucaşile and surroundings). General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Series of 1:50.000 scale Geology map of Turkey, Ankara (Explanation in Turkish). Arni, P., 1931. Zur Stratigraphie und Tektonik der Kreideschichten östlich Ereğli an der Schwarzmeerküste. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 24, 305–345. Atlas of Late Cretaceous Globotruncanids. In: Robaszynski, F., Caron, M., Gonzales Donoso, J.M., Wonders, A.H. (Eds.), Rev. Micropaleontol. 26, 145–305. Aydın, Y., 1982. Yıldız Dağları (Istranca) Masifinin Jeolojisi (Geology of Yıldız–Istranca Mountains). Unpublished Docentus Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mines, Istanbul, Turkey, 107 p. (In Turkish). Aydın, M., Demir, O., Özçelik, Y., Terzioğlu, N., Satır, M., 1995. Geological revision of Inebolu, Devrekani, Ağlı, and Küre areas: new observations in PaleoTethys– NeoTethys sedimentary successions. In: Erler, A., Ercan, T., Bingöl, E., Örçen, S. (Eds.), Geology of the Black Sea Region. Directorate of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, pp. 33–38. Aykol, A., Tokel, S., 1991. The geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Demirköy–Istranca granitoid chain, NW Turkey. Mineral. Mag. 55, 249–256. Bąk, K., 2007. Deep-water facies succession around the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary in the Outer Carpathian basin: sedimentary, biotic and chemical records in the Silesian Nappe, Poland. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 248, 255–290. Berza, T., Constantinescu, E., Vlad, S.N., 1998. Upper-Cretaceous magmatic series and associated mineralization in the Carpathian–Balkan orogen. Resour. Geol. 48 (4), 291–306. Bouma, A.H., 1962. Sedimentology of some flysch deposits. A Graphic Approach to Facies Interpretation. Elsevier, Amsterdam (160 pp). Bragin, N.Yu., Tekin, U.K., Özçelik, Y., 2002. Middle Jurassic Radiolarians from the Akgöl Formation, Central Pontides, northern Turkey. Neues Jb. Geol. Paläontol. Monat. 10, 609–628. Burnett, J.A., 1998. Upper Cretaceous. In: Bown, P.R. (Ed.), Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, British Micropalaeontological Society Publication Series. Chapman and Hall Ltd/Kluwer Academic Press, London, pp. 132–199. Caron, M., 1985. Cretaceous Planktic Foraminifera. In: Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., PerchNilsen, K. (Eds.), Cambridge Earth Science SeriesPlankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–86. Çoğulu, E., 1975. Gümüşhane ve Rize granitik plütonlarının mukayeseli petrografik ve jeokronometrik etüdü (Petrological and geochronological studies in the Gümüşhane

and Rize regions). Unpublished PhD Thesis (In Turkish), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 112 pp. Cowan, R.J., Searle, M.P., Waters, D.J., 2014. Structure of the metamorphic sole of the Oman Ophiolite, Sumeini Window and Wadi Tayyin: implications for ophiolite obduction processes. In: Rollinson, H.R., Searle, M.P., Abbasi, I.A., Al-Lazki, A., Al-Kindi, M.H. (Eds.), Tectonic Evolution of the Oman Mountains. Geological Society Special Publication 392, pp. 155–177. Demirer, A., Kirici, S., 1996. Boyabat Baseni'nde açılan Fasılı-1, Akveren-1, Soğuksu-1, Erfelek-1, Boyabat-1, Boyabat-2, Boyabat-3, Boyabat-4 ve Ekinveren-1 kuyularının stratigrafisi. Stratigraphy of the Fasılı-1, Akveren-1, Soğuksu-1, Erfelek-1, Boyabat-1, Boyabat-2, Boyabat-3, Boyabat-4 and Ekinveren-1 wells that drilled in the Boyabat Basin. Turkish Petroleum Co. Internal Report, No: 2173. p. 24 (In Turkish). Espurt, N., Hippolyte, J.C., Kaymakcı, N., Sangu, E., 2014. Litospheric structural control on inversion of the southern margin of the Black Sea Basin, Central Pontides, Turkey. Litosphere 6 (1), 26–34. Gedik, A., Korkmaz, S., 1984. Sinop havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları (Geology and petroleum potential of the Sinop Basin). J. Geol. Eng. 19, 53–79 (In Turkish). Görür, N., 1988. Timing of opening of the Black Sea basin. Tectonophysics 147, 247–262. Görür, N., 1997. Cretaceous syn- to postrift sedimentation on the southern continental margin of the Western Black Sea Basin. In: Robinson, A.G. (Ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir 68, pp. 227–240. Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., 1997. Petroleum geology of the southern continental margin of the Black Sea. In: Robinson, A.G. (Ed.), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir 68, pp. 241–254. Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., Aykol, A., Sakınç, M., Yiğitbaş, E., Akkök, R., 1993. Cretaceous red pelagic carbonates of northern Turkey: their place in the opening history of the Black Sea. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 86 (3), 819–838. Güner, M., 1980. Küre civarının masif sülfit yatakları ve jeolojisi, Pontidler (Kuzey Türkiye) (Geology of the massive sulphide deposits of Küre region, Pontides, N Turkey) Bulletin of General Directorate of the Mineral Research and Exploration. 93/94 pp. 65–109. Haq, B.U., 2014. Cretaceous eustacy revisited. Glob. Planet. Chang. 113, 44–58. Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235, 1156–1167. Hardas, P., Mutterlose, J., 2006. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary interval of ODP Leg 207 at the Demerara Rise. Rev. Micropaleontol. 49, 165–179. Hippolyte, J.C., Müller, C., Kaymakci, N., Sangu, E., 2010. Dating of the Black Sea Basin: new nannoplankton ages from its inverted margin in the Central Pontides (Turkey). In: Stephenson, R.A., Kaymakci, N., Sosson, M., Starostenko, V., Bergerat, F. (Eds.), Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform. Geological Society London, Special Publications 340, pp. 113–136. Hu, X.M., Jansa, L., Wang, C.S., Sarti, M., Bak, K., Wagreich, M., Michalik, J., Sotak, J., 2005. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs) in the Tethys: occurrences, lithofacies, age, and environments. Cretac. Res. 26, 3–20. Hu, X.M., Wang, C., Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., Jansa, L., 2009. Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: stratigraphy, composition, origins, and paleoceanographic and paleoclimatologic significance. SEPM Spec. Publ. 91 (276 pp). Hu, X., Scott, R., Cai, Y., Wang, C., Melinte-Dobrinescu, M., 2012. Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (CORBs): different time scales, different origin models. Earth-Sci. Rev. 115, 217–248. Karacık, Z., Tüysüz, O., 2010. Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Demirköy Igneous Complex in the NW Turkey: implications for magma genesis in the Strandja Zone. Lithos 114 (3–4), 369–384. Keskin, M., Tüysüz, O., 1999. Geochemical evidence for nature and evolution of the rift volcanism related to opening of the Black Sea, Central Pontides, Turkey. J. Conf. Abstr. EUG vol. 4 (1), 816. Keskin, M., Tüysüz, O., 2001. Interaction between magmas derived from diverse lithospheric and asthenospheric sources during the opening of the Black Sea, Western Pontides, Turkey. Fourth International Turkish Geology Symposium. Work in Progress on the Geology of Turkey and Its Surroundings, Abstracts, p. 119. Keskin, M., Ustaömer, T., Yeniyol, M., 2003. İstanbul kuzeyinde yüzeylenen Üst Kretase yaşlı volkano–sedimenter birimlerin stratigrafisi, petrolojisi ve tektonik ortamı (Stratigraphy, petrology and tectonic environment of Upper Cretaceous volcano–sedimentary units cropping out in the north of Istanbul). İstanbul'un Jeolojisi Sempozyumu pp. 23–35 (in Turkish). Ketin, İ., 1966. Anadolu'nun tektonik birlikleri (Tectonic Units of Asia minor). Bulletin of Directorate of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara 66 pp. 20–34 (in Turkish). Ketin, İ., Gümüş, A., 1963. Sinop–Ayancık güneyinde üçüncü bölgeye dahil sahaların jeolojisi hakkında rapor (2.Kısım: Jura ve Kretase formasyonlarının etüdü) (Report on the geology of district-III to the south of Sinop–Ayancık, (Part-2: Jurassic and Cretaceous formations)). Turkish Petroleum Co. Internal Report. 288 p. 33 (in Turkish). Kibaroğlu, M., Satır, M., 2000. Geochemistry of basaltic rocks af the Küre–Ophiolitic Complex and volcanics of Kervansaray, Central Pontides, Northern Turkey. Abstract in IESCA 2000, İzmir p. 109. Kirici, S., Güran, H.Ö., Yılmaz, E., Geyikçioğlu, B., Alay, Z., 2011. Petrography, sedimentology, biostratigraphy and reservior characteristics of the Upper Cretaceus–Early Eocene carbonates, central Pontides Black Sea area (Seydiler–Devrekani–Taşköprü/ Kastamonu field). Turkish Petroleum Co. Internal Report. No: 3609p. 236 (in Turkish). Kuru, F., Bragin, N.Y., Özçelik, Y., 1994. Radiolarian biostratigraphy of Jurassic–Cretaceous units in the Western Black Sea Region. Turkish Petroleum Co. Internal Report 2015p. 29 (in Turkish). Leren, B.L.S., 2003. Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Sedimentation in the Sinop–Boyabat Basin, North-Central Turkey: Facies Analysis of Turbiditic to Shallow Marine Deposits. Unpublished Cand. Scient. Thesis, University of Bergen, 140 pp.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028

O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Leren, B.L.S., Janbu, N.E., Nemec, W., Kırman, E., Ilgar, A., 2007. Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene sedimentation in the Sinop–Boyabat Basin, north-central Turkey: a deepwater turbiditic system evolving into littoral carbonate platform. In: Nichols, G., Williams, E.A., Paola, C. (Eds.), Sedimentary Processes. Environments and Basins: A Tribute to Peter Friend. IAS Special Publication 38, pp. 401–456. Luo, H., 2005. Radiolarians from Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds in Sinop basin, northern Turkey. Earth Sci. Front. 12 (2), 45–50 (In Chinese with English abstract). Masse, J.P., Tüysüz, O., Fenerci-Masse, M., Özer, S., Sarı, B., 2009. Stratigraphic organisation, spatial distribution, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, and demise of Lower Cretaceous (Barremian–lower Aptian) carbonate platforms of the Western Pontides (Black Sea region, Turkey). Cretac. Res. 30 (5), 1170–1180. Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., Roban, R.D., 2011. Cretaceous oxic–anoxic changes in the Romanian Carpathians. Sediment. Geol. 235, 79–90. Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., Bernandez, E., Kaiho, K., Lamolda, M.A., 2013. Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in the Arobes section, northern Spain: calcareous nannofossil fluctuations and isotopic events. In: Bojar, A.V., Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., Smit, J. (Eds.), Isotopic Studies in Cretaceous Research. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 382, pp. 82–98. Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., Roban, R.D., Stoica, M., 2015. Palaeoenvironmental changes across the Albian–Cenomanian boundary interval of the Eastern Carpathians. Cretac. Res. 54, 68–85. Moore, W.J., McKee, E.H., Akıncı, Ö., 1980. Chemistry and chronology of plutonic rocks in the Pontide mountains, northern Turkey: Symposium on the European copper deposits: Belgrade, Yugoslavia. pp. 209–216. Nikishin, A.M., Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., Demirer, A., Amelin, N., Petrov, E., 2015a. The Black Sea basins structure and history: new model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 1: Basins structure and fill. Mar. Pet. Geol. 59, 638–655. Nikishin, A.M., Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., Demirer, A., Wannier, M., Amelin, N., Petrov, E., 2015b. The Black Sea basins structure and history: New model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 2: Tectonic history and paleogeography. Mar. Pet. Geol. 59, 656–670. Ohta, E., Doğan, R., Batık, H., Abe, M., 1988. Geology and mineralization of Dereköy Porphyry copper deposits, northern Thrace, Turkey. Bull. Geol. Surv. Jpn. 39 (2), 115–134. Okay, A.İ., 1989. Tectonic units and sutures in the Pontides, northern Turkey. In: Şengör, A.M.C. (Ed.), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluwer Academic Publ., pp. 109–116. Okay, A.İ., Tüysüz, O., 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Hovarth, F., Séranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Soc. London Spec. Publ. 156, pp. 475–515. Okay, A.İ., Tüysüz, O., Satır, M., Özkan-Altıner, S., Altıner, D., Sherlock, S., Eren, R.H., 2006. Cretaceous and Triassic subduction–accretion, HP/LT metamorphism and continental growth in the Central Pontides, Turkey. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 118 (9/10), 1247–1269. Okay, A.İ., Sunal, G., Sherlock, S., Altıner, D., Tüysüz, O., Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Aygül, M., 2013. Early Cretaceous sedimentation and orogeny on the active margin of Eurasia: Southern Central Pontides, Turkey. Tectonics 32, 1–25. Okay, A.İ., Sunal, G., Tüysüz, O., Sherlock, S., Keskin, M., Kylander, R.C., 2014. Low pressure–high temperature metamorphism during extension in a Jurassic magmatic arc, Central Pontides, Turkey. J. Metamorph. Geol. 32, 49–69. Paul, C.R.C., Lamolda, M.A., Mitchell, S.F., Vaziri, M.R., Gorostidi, A., Marshall, J.D., 1999. The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary at Eastbourne (Sussex, UK): a proposed European reference section. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 150, 83–121. Perch-Nielsen, K., 1985. Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils. In: Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., Perch-Nielsen, K. (Eds.), Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 329–426. Postuma, J.A., 1971. Manual of Planktonic Cretaceous Foraminifera. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam (420 pp). Premoli Silva, I., Verga, D., 2004. Practical manual of Cretaceous foraminifera. Course 3. In: Verga, D., Rettori, R. (Eds.), International School on Planktonic Foraminifera. Universities of Perugia and Milan, Tipografia Pontefelcino, Perugia (283 pp). Roban, R.D., Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C., 2012. Lower Cretaceous lithofacies of the black shales rich Audia Formation, Tarcău Nappe, Eastern Carpathians: genetic significance and sedimentary palaeoenvironments. Cretac. Res. 38, 52–67. Robaszynski, F., Caron, M., The European Working Group on Planktonic Foraminifera (Eds.), 1979. Atlas of Mid Cretaceous planktonic Foraminifera (Boreal Sea and Tethys), Parts 1-2, Cahiers de Micropaléentologie 366p, 80 pl. Roth, P.H., Krumbach, K.R., 1986. Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biogeography and preservation in the Atlantic and Indian oceans: implications for palaeoceanography. Mar. Micropaleontol. 10, 235–266. Şahin, S.Y., Aysal, N., Güngör, Y., 2012. Petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous adakitic magmatism in the İstanbul Zone (Çavuşbaşı Granodiorite, NW Turkey). Turk. J. Earth Sci. 21, 1029–1045. Şengör, A.M.C., Yılmaz, Y., 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–241. Skupien, P., 2003. Dinoflagellate study of the Lower Cretaceous deposits in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Rochovica section, Slovak Western Carpathians). Bull. Czech Geol. Surv. 78 (1), 67–82.

17

Skupien, P., Bubík, M., Švábenická, L., Mikuláš, R., Vašíček, Z., Matýsek, D., 2009. Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds in the Outer Western Carpathians of the Czech Republic. In: Hu, X., Wang, C., Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., Jansa, L. (Eds.), Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins, and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM Special publication 91, pp. 99–109. Stráník, Z., Bubík, M., Čech, S., Švábenická, L., 1996. The Upper Cretaceous in South Moravia. Věstnik Českého geologického ústavu 71 (1), 1–30. Sunal, G., Tüysüz, O., 2002. Palaeostress analysis of Tertiary post-collisional structures in the Western Pontides, Northern Turkey. Geol. Mag. 139 (3), 343–359. Švábenická, L., 2012. Nannofossil record across the Cenomanian–Coniacian interval in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and Tethyan foreland basins (Outer Western Carpathians), Czech Republic. Geol. Carpath. 63, 201–217. Terzioğlu, M.N., Satır, M., Saka, K., 2000. Geochemistry and geochronology of basaltic rocks of Küre basin, Central Pontides (N Turkey). Abstract in IESCA 2000, İzmir. 219. Tokay, M., 1952. Karadeniz Ereğlisi–Alaplı–Kızıltepe–Alacaağız Bölgesi jeolojisi (Contribution à l'étude géeologique de la région comprise entre Ereğli, Alaplı, Kızıltepe et Alacaağzı). MTA Dergisi 42/43pp. 35–78 (In French with Turkish Abstract). Türkünal, M., 1962. Türkiye'de Ammonit Faunası İhtiva Eden Lokaliteler Hakkında Not — Kısım II: Kuzey Anadolu Bölgesi İle Bazı Münferit Lokaliteler (A report on the ammonite bearing regions of Turkey. Part II: North Anatolia and some individual outcrops). Bull. Mineral Res. Explor. Inst. Turk. 59, 107–122 (in Turkish). Tüysüz, O., 1990. Tectonic evolution of a part of the Tethyside orogenic collage: the Kargı massif, Northern Turkey. Tectonics 9 (1), 141–216. Tüysüz, O., 1993. Karadeniz'den Orta Anadolu'ya bir Jeotravers: Kuzey Neo-Tetisin Tektonik evrimi. Turk. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 5 (1), 1–33 (in Turkish with English abstract). Tüysüz, O., 1999. Geology of the Cretaceous sedimentary basins of the Western Pontides. Geol. J. 34, 75–93. Tüysüz, O., 2009. A new approach to the tectonic evolution of the Pontides. IPETGAS 2009 17th International Petroleum and Natural Gas Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, May 13th–15th, 2009 Proceedings Book, pp. 20–24. Tüysüz, O., Dellaloğlu, A.A., 1992. Çankırı havzasının tektonik birlikleri ve jeolojik evrimi (Tectonic Units and Geological Evolution of the Çankırı Basin). 9th Petroleum Congress of Turkey, Chamber of Petroleum Geologists and Chamber of Petroleum Engineers, Ankara, Presentations, Geology, pp. 333–349 (in Turkish). Tüysüz, O., Kirici, S., Sunal, G., 1997. Geology of Cide–Kurucaşile Region. Turkish Petroleum Co. Internal Report No: 3736p. 127 (in Turkish). Tüysüz, O., Keskin, M., Natalin, B., Sunal, G., 2000. Geology of İnebolu–Ağlı–Azdavay Region. Turkish Petroleum Co. Internal Report No: 4250p. 240 (in Turkish). Tüysüz, O., Aksay, A., Yiğitbaş, E., 2004. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi Litostratigrafi Birimleri. (Stratigraphic Nomenclature of the Western Black Sea Region, General Directorate of Mineral Research, Ankara). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Stratigrafi Komitesi Litostratigrafi Birimleri Serisi-1, Ankara p. 92 (in Turkish). Tüysüz, O., Yılmaz, İ.Ö., Švabenická, L., Kirici, S., 2012. The Unaz Formation: a key unit in the Western Black Sea Region, N Turkey. Turk. J. Earth Sci. 21, 1009–1028. von Quadt, A., Moritz, R., Peytcheva, I., Heinrich, C.A., 2005. Geochronology and geodynamics of Late Cretaceous magmatism and Cu–Au mineralization in the Panagyurishte region of the Apuseni–Banat–Timok–Srednogorie belt, Bulgaria. Ore Geol. Rev. 27, 95–126. Wagreich, M., Krenmayr, H.G., 2005. Upper Cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORB) in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Nierental Formation, Austria): slope topography and clastic input as primary controlling factors. Cretac. Res. 26, 57–64. Wagreich, M., Bojar, A.V., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Neuhuber, S., Egger, H., 2008. Calcareous nannoplankton, planktonic foraminiferal, and carbonate carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary section in the Ultrahelvetic Zone (Eastern Alps, Upper Austria). Cretac. Res. 29, 965–975. Wagreich, M., Neuhuber, S., Egger, H., Wendler, I., Scott, R., Malata, E., Sanders, D., 2009. Cretaceous oceanıc red beds (CORBs) in the Austrian Eastern Alps: passive-margin vs. active-margin depositional settings. SEPM Spec. Publ. 91, 73–88. Wang, C., Hu, X., Huang, Y., Scott, R.W., Wagreich, M., 2009. Overview of cretaceous oceanic red beds (CORBs): a window on global oceanic and climate change. SEPM Spec. Publ. 91, 13–33. Yiğitbaş, E., Tüysüz, O., Serdar, H.S., 1990. Orta Pontidlerde Üst Kretase yaşlı aktif kıta kenarının jeolojik özellikleri (Geology of Late Cretaceous active continental margin in Central Pontides). 8th Petroleum Congress of Turkey, Chamber of Petroleum Geologists and Chamber of Petroleum Engineers, Ankara, PresentationsGeology pp. 141–151 (in Turkish with English abstract). Yılmaz, İ.Ö., Altıner, D., 2007. Cyclostratigraphy and sequence boundaries of inner platform mixed carbonate–siliciclastic successions (Barremian–Aptian) (Zonguldak, NW Turkey). J. Asian Earth Sci. 30, 253–270. Yılmaz, İ.Ö., Altıner, D., Tekin, U.K., Tüysüz, O., Ocakoğlu, F., Açıkalın, S., 2010. Cenomanian–Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2) in the Sakarya Zone, northwestern Turkey: sedimentological, cyclostratigraphical and geochemical records. Cretac. Res. 31 (2), 207–226.

Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028