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The Response of Chicks to Fish Meal in Relation to the Composition of the Basal Diet
924
K. GOODWIN, G. E. DICKERSON, W. F. F. LAMOREUX, K. SCHAAF AND W. D. URBAN
Stanford University Publications, Medical Science, Vol. 7, US pp. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Lush, J. L., W. F. Lamoreux and L. N. Hazel, 1948. The heritability of resistance to death in the fowl. Poultry Sci. 27: 375-388. Moultrie, F., D. F. King and A. J. Cottier. 1952. Influence of heterosis and maternal effects on viability in an inter-strain cross of White Leghorns. Poultry Sci. 32 : 935-941. Nordskog, A. W., and F. J. Ghostley, 1954.
Heterosis in poultry. Strain crossing and crossbreeding compared with closed flock breeding. Poultry Sci. 33 : 704-715. Robertson, A., and I. M. Lerner, 1949. The heritability of all-or-none traits: viability in poultry. Genetics, 34: 395-411. Schaaf, K., and W. F. Lamoreux, 1955. Control of avian encephalomyelitis by vaccination. Am. J. Vet. Res. 16: 627-633. Shull, G. H., 1952. Heterosis. Chapter 2. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. 552 pp.
H. M. SCOTT, B. CONNOR JOHNSON AND M. W. MOELLER Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana (Received for publication March 26, 1956)
T ? VIDENCE has been presented support-•—' ing the view that carbohydrates influence the sensitivity of purified diets to unidentified growth factors. Arscott et al. (1955) have reviewed this aspect of the problem and submitted data of their own showing that significantly greater growth responses to unidentified factors were obtained with sucrose diets than from cerelose diets and greater responses from diets containing iodinated casein than from diets not containing this compound. The possibility of increasing the sensitivity of the purified diet shown in Table 1 to the growth factor in fish meal by replacing dextrose (cerelose) with sucrose and/or the addition of iodinated casein has been investigated. Cockerel chicks from a mating of New Hampshire males to Columbian females were used in the first experiment and females in Experiment 2. The parent stock had been fed a ration containing a liberal amount of fish meal. Each experimental lot was made up of ten chicks with each treatment being replicated four times. The outcome groups were assigned at random to
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Percent Carbohydrate Drackett assay protein C-l Salts (Glista) Corn oil, refined DL-methionine Glycine Choline CI Vitamins 1
57.11 35.30 5.34 1.00 0.75 0.30 0.20 + 100
Vitamins (mg./kg. diet) Thiamine HC1 Niacin Riboflavin Ca-pantothenate Bl2
Pyridoxine HC1 Biotin Folic acid Inositol P-aminobenzoic acid Menadione Ascorbic acid Alpha toe. acetate Vit. A acetate Vit. D 3
100 100 16 20 .02 6 0.6 4 100 2 5 250 20 10,000 I.U. 600 I.C.I
compartments of an electrically heated chick battery. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis and individual chick weights were recorded at weekly intervals. Assays conducted previously had demon-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Simon Fraser University on June 6, 2015
The Response of Chicks to Fish Meal in Relation to the Composition of the Basal Diet
925
DIET AND RESPONSE TO FISH MEAL TABLE 2.—Effect
of carbohydrate and iodinated casein on response of chicks to fish meal Av. wt. (gm.)—28 days Gain
Diet modification
Av.
Feed
344 458 360 446 374 455
386 443 427 413 388 442
392 420 369 410 379 469
400 432 360 427 391 454
381 438 379 424 383 455
.558 .590 .609 .604 .552 .585
326 314
287 295
321 311
302 295
309 304
.510 .500
strated that the defatted fish meal was a potent source of "fish factor" activity. Its incorporation in the basal diet was accomplished by replacing an equal amount of carbohydrate. RESULTS The experimental design and results are presented in Table 2. Chick growth was equally as good on the sucrose containng diet as when cerelose was the source of carbohydrate. Ten percent fish meal markedly improved growth and to the same degree regardless of the carbohydrate present in the diet. In contrast to the results reported by Arscott et al. (19SS) iodinated casein failed to depress growth when added to the cerelose basal. Supplementing the iodinated casein diet with fish meal resulted in a response slightly greater than that noted when the alleged stress factor was not present, but the difference is of doubtful significance. The male chicks used in this experiment grew exceedingly well on the unsupplemented basal diets. Nevertheless growth was improved about IS percent by fish meal supplementation. In contrast Arscott et al.
(1955) observed that a liver fraction improved the relative growth of males by only 3.3 percent and that of females by 20.5 percent, thus indicating that females were more sensitive than males to the deficiency. They also observed that iodinated casein depressed the growth of female but not male chicks. The results obtained in Experiment 2 would not indicate that 0.03 percent iodinated casein exerts an adverse effect on the growth of female chicks. SUMMARY The growth of male chicks on a purified diet was essentially the same when sucrose was used as the carbohydrate as when dextrose was employed. Ten percent fish meal significantly improved chick growth and to the same degree for both carbohydrate sources. Iodinated casein (0.03 percent) failed to accentuate the chick's requirement for the unidentified factor in fish meal. REFERENCES Arscott, G. H., and G. F. Combs, 1955. Unidentified growth factors required by chicks and poults. 4. Experimental variables which influence the dietary requirements of chicks for these factors. Poultry Sci. 34: 843-850.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Simon Fraser University on June 6, 2015
Experiment 1 (Male chicks) 1. Cerelose 2. Cerelose+10% fish meal 3. Sucrose 4. Sucrose+10% fish meal 5. Cerelose+.03% iodinated casein 6. As 5 + 1 0 % fish meal Experiment 2 (Female chicks) 1. Cerelose 2. Cerelose+. 0 3 % iodinated casein
Replicate No.
K. GOODWIN, G. E. DICKERSON, W. F. F. LAMOREUX, K. SCHAAF AND W. D. URBAN
Stanford University Publications, Medical Science, Vol. 7, US pp. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Lush, J. L., W. F. Lamoreux and L. N. Hazel, 1948. The heritability of resistance to death in the fowl. Poultry Sci. 27: 375-388. Moultrie, F., D. F. King and A. J. Cottier. 1952. Influence of heterosis and maternal effects on viability in an inter-strain cross of White Leghorns. Poultry Sci. 32 : 935-941. Nordskog, A. W., and F. J. Ghostley, 1954.
Heterosis in poultry. Strain crossing and crossbreeding compared with closed flock breeding. Poultry Sci. 33 : 704-715. Robertson, A., and I. M. Lerner, 1949. The heritability of all-or-none traits: viability in poultry. Genetics, 34: 395-411. Schaaf, K., and W. F. Lamoreux, 1955. Control of avian encephalomyelitis by vaccination. Am. J. Vet. Res. 16: 627-633. Shull, G. H., 1952. Heterosis. Chapter 2. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. 552 pp.
H. M. SCOTT, B. CONNOR JOHNSON AND M. W. MOELLER Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Urbana (Received for publication March 26, 1956)
T ? VIDENCE has been presented support-•—' ing the view that carbohydrates influence the sensitivity of purified diets to unidentified growth factors. Arscott et al. (1955) have reviewed this aspect of the problem and submitted data of their own showing that significantly greater growth responses to unidentified factors were obtained with sucrose diets than from cerelose diets and greater responses from diets containing iodinated casein than from diets not containing this compound. The possibility of increasing the sensitivity of the purified diet shown in Table 1 to the growth factor in fish meal by replacing dextrose (cerelose) with sucrose and/or the addition of iodinated casein has been investigated. Cockerel chicks from a mating of New Hampshire males to Columbian females were used in the first experiment and females in Experiment 2. The parent stock had been fed a ration containing a liberal amount of fish meal. Each experimental lot was made up of ten chicks with each treatment being replicated four times. The outcome groups were assigned at random to
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Percent Carbohydrate Drackett assay protein C-l Salts (Glista) Corn oil, refined DL-methionine Glycine Choline CI Vitamins 1
57.11 35.30 5.34 1.00 0.75 0.30 0.20 + 100
Vitamins (mg./kg. diet) Thiamine HC1 Niacin Riboflavin Ca-pantothenate Bl2
Pyridoxine HC1 Biotin Folic acid Inositol P-aminobenzoic acid Menadione Ascorbic acid Alpha toe. acetate Vit. A acetate Vit. D 3
100 100 16 20 .02 6 0.6 4 100 2 5 250 20 10,000 I.U. 600 I.C.I
compartments of an electrically heated chick battery. Feed and water were offered on an ad libitum basis and individual chick weights were recorded at weekly intervals. Assays conducted previously had demon-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Simon Fraser University on June 6, 2015
The Response of Chicks to Fish Meal in Relation to the Composition of the Basal Diet
925
DIET AND RESPONSE TO FISH MEAL TABLE 2.—Effect
of carbohydrate and iodinated casein on response of chicks to fish meal Av. wt. (gm.)—28 days Gain
Diet modification
Av.
Feed
344 458 360 446 374 455
386 443 427 413 388 442
392 420 369 410 379 469
400 432 360 427 391 454
381 438 379 424 383 455
.558 .590 .609 .604 .552 .585
326 314
287 295
321 311
302 295
309 304
.510 .500
strated that the defatted fish meal was a potent source of "fish factor" activity. Its incorporation in the basal diet was accomplished by replacing an equal amount of carbohydrate. RESULTS The experimental design and results are presented in Table 2. Chick growth was equally as good on the sucrose containng diet as when cerelose was the source of carbohydrate. Ten percent fish meal markedly improved growth and to the same degree regardless of the carbohydrate present in the diet. In contrast to the results reported by Arscott et al. (19SS) iodinated casein failed to depress growth when added to the cerelose basal. Supplementing the iodinated casein diet with fish meal resulted in a response slightly greater than that noted when the alleged stress factor was not present, but the difference is of doubtful significance. The male chicks used in this experiment grew exceedingly well on the unsupplemented basal diets. Nevertheless growth was improved about IS percent by fish meal supplementation. In contrast Arscott et al.
(1955) observed that a liver fraction improved the relative growth of males by only 3.3 percent and that of females by 20.5 percent, thus indicating that females were more sensitive than males to the deficiency. They also observed that iodinated casein depressed the growth of female but not male chicks. The results obtained in Experiment 2 would not indicate that 0.03 percent iodinated casein exerts an adverse effect on the growth of female chicks. SUMMARY The growth of male chicks on a purified diet was essentially the same when sucrose was used as the carbohydrate as when dextrose was employed. Ten percent fish meal significantly improved chick growth and to the same degree for both carbohydrate sources. Iodinated casein (0.03 percent) failed to accentuate the chick's requirement for the unidentified factor in fish meal. REFERENCES Arscott, G. H., and G. F. Combs, 1955. Unidentified growth factors required by chicks and poults. 4. Experimental variables which influence the dietary requirements of chicks for these factors. Poultry Sci. 34: 843-850.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Simon Fraser University on June 6, 2015
Experiment 1 (Male chicks) 1. Cerelose 2. Cerelose+10% fish meal 3. Sucrose 4. Sucrose+10% fish meal 5. Cerelose+.03% iodinated casein 6. As 5 + 1 0 % fish meal Experiment 2 (Female chicks) 1. Cerelose 2. Cerelose+. 0 3 % iodinated casein
Replicate No.