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Effect of Equalized Feed Intake on the Response of Chicks to Fish Meal
RESEARCH NOTES
491
EFFECT OF EQUALIZED FEED INTAKE ON THE RESPONSE OF CHICKS TO FISH MEAL M . W. MOELLER AND H . M . SCOTT Illinois Agrictdtural Experiment Station, Urbana, Illinois (Received for publication February 11, 1956)
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Percent Cerelose Drackett assay protein C-l Salts (Glista) Corn oil refined DL-methionine ' Glycine Choline CI Vitamins 1
57.11 35.30 5.34 1.00 0.75 0.30 0.20
+ 100
1
Vitamins (mg./kg. diet) Thiamine HC1 Niacin Riboflavin Ca-pantothenate Bl2
Pyridoxine HC1 Biotin Folic acid Inositol P-aminobenzoic acid Menadione Ascorbic acid Alpha toe. acetate Vit. A acetate Vit. D 3
100 100 16 20 0.02 6 0.6 4 100 2 5 250 20 10,000 I.U. 600 I.C.U.
ticipated. That a crude supplement stimulates growth by enhancing feed comsumption per se warrants consideration and is the subject of the present report. A large population of male chicks from a mating of New Hampshire males to Columbian females was fed a pretest ration for a period of seven days following hatching. They were then weighed to the nearest gram and forty-eight chicks (24 pairs) within the weight range of 85 to 87 grams were selected for the test. Each chick was assigned to an individual compartment of an electrically heated battery so designed as to lend itself to the care and feeding of individual chicks. In series A twelve pairs of chicks were offered the test diets on an ad libitum basis with one member of each pair receiving the basal diet shown in Table 1 and the pair mate the same diet containing 10 percent defatted fish meal. The fish meal replaced an equal amount of cerelose. The same diets were fed to the twelve pairs assigned to series B. In this instance, feed intake was equalized for both members of a given pair with the chicks consuming the least on a given day dictating the amount of feed given to its pair mate. TABLE 2.—Effect offishmeal on chick growth
Av. initial wt. (gm.) Av. final w t (gm.) Av. gain (gm.) Av. feed cons, (gm.) Gain/gm. feed cons.
Series A
Series B
(Ad libitum)
(Equalized)
Basal
Fish meal
86 269 183 311 0.588
86 301' 215 323 0.667
* Significant at 2% level. ** Significant at 1% level.
Basal 85 240 155 262
0.592
Fish meal 85 256* 171 262
0.654
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 31, 2015
It has been amply demonstrated that the addition of certain crude supplements to both purified and simplified diets stimulates chick growth. The response has been interpreted as indicating the existence of unknown factors in the crude supplements required by the chick for maximum growth since the basal diets were formulated to be adequate in known nutrients. There are, however, alternative explanations that could in part, at least, account for the growth improvement. If, for example, the crude supplements enhence the balance of known nutrients or if they alter the microflora of the digestive tract in a manner favorable to the chick, an improvement in growth would be an-
492
NEWS AND NOTES
The results of the fourteen day test (7 to 21 days) are summarized in Table 2 where it will be noted that fish meal significantly enhanced chick growth with both methods of feeding. With ad libitum feeding the improvement in growth resulting from fish meal was 17.5 percent as compared with 9.4 percent when feed in-
take was equalized. The data permit the conclusion that fish meal improved the nutritional quality of the basal diet independently of its influence on feed consumption. They also suggest that, with ad libitum feeding, part of the growth response from fish meal can be attributed to its favorable action on feed intake.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 490) Association. He has been President of the Virginia Corn Growers Association, Director of the Heatwole-Kagey Implement Company and of the local mutual telephone company. Previous Industry Service Awards have been presented by the Institute to N. R. Clark, Howard C. Pierce and Andrew Christie. Dr. Karl F. Meyer, Director Emeritus of the George Williams Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, and Professor Emeritus of Experimental Pathology at the University of California was named an Honorary Member of the Institute. He has made many important contributions to the welfare and advancement of the poultry industry, and is serving as a consultant in several fields of research in which the Institute is engaged. Born in Switzerland, Dr. Meyer came to the United States in 1910. He is a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and a Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Zurich and has received honorary degrees from the College of Medical Evangelists, the University of Zurich, the University of Southern California, the University of Basel and Tierartzliche Hochschule. The American Board of Veterinary Public Health accorded him an Honorary Fellowship at the 15th International Veterinary Congress in Stockholm in 1953. He received the Sedgwick Memorial Medal, the James D. Bruce Medal, the U. S. Certificate of Merit, the Lasker Award and the Humanitarian Award. Dr. Meyer is the seventh honorary member to be named by the Institute. Previous memberships have been awarded to N. R. Clark, Dr. W. R. Graham, Kathryn Bele Niles, Dr. Mary E. Pennington (deceased), Howard C. Pierce, and James E. Rice (deceased). PURDUE NOTES Lyman B. Crittenden (B.S., California Poly; M.S., Purdue) has been appointed Instructor ef-
(Continued on page 494)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 31, 2015
Rockingham County turkey industry. He is believed to be the first grower to use a high protein starter for poults, to use peanut meal in poultry feed, and to use liver meal in a commercial feed. In 1949, he was recognized as the "father" of the turkey industry in Virginia and the United States. From 1917 to 1927 he was a County Agent and through this association with boys and girls club work, he laid the foundation for much of the poultry expansion in the Shenandoah Valley in the next two decades. The Wampler Feed and Seed Company was the first U. S. feed company to place chicks and feed with a farmer on a profit-sharing basis. In 1937 he started his own hatchery. Wampler was a founder of the National Turkey Federation and served as its President for six years. He was made a life member of its Executive Committee. From 1933 to 1939 he was a member of the Board of the Northeastern Poultry Producers Council, and from 1939 to 1945, a Director of the Poultry and Egg National Board. His portrait was one of the first group to be hung in the Poultry Hall of Fame. His leadership has not been confined to the poultry industry. He has been a member of the Executive Committee of the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia, the National Poultry Defense Council, the Virginia Commission to study and recommend handling of state and local revenue and expenditures, the Virginia Council Committee on Public Financing, and the Advisory Council on Virginia Economy. He has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture since 1936, serving as Chairman for the past 14 years. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and of the Board of Trustees of Bridgewater College. In 1936 he was elected President of the First National Bank of Harrisburg. He keeps a herd of some 100 registered Aberdeen-Angus cattle and the largest herd of Cheviot sheep in the United States. He is a Director of the Virginia Aberdeen-Angus Breeders
491
EFFECT OF EQUALIZED FEED INTAKE ON THE RESPONSE OF CHICKS TO FISH MEAL M . W. MOELLER AND H . M . SCOTT Illinois Agrictdtural Experiment Station, Urbana, Illinois (Received for publication February 11, 1956)
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Percent Cerelose Drackett assay protein C-l Salts (Glista) Corn oil refined DL-methionine ' Glycine Choline CI Vitamins 1
57.11 35.30 5.34 1.00 0.75 0.30 0.20
+ 100
1
Vitamins (mg./kg. diet) Thiamine HC1 Niacin Riboflavin Ca-pantothenate Bl2
Pyridoxine HC1 Biotin Folic acid Inositol P-aminobenzoic acid Menadione Ascorbic acid Alpha toe. acetate Vit. A acetate Vit. D 3
100 100 16 20 0.02 6 0.6 4 100 2 5 250 20 10,000 I.U. 600 I.C.U.
ticipated. That a crude supplement stimulates growth by enhancing feed comsumption per se warrants consideration and is the subject of the present report. A large population of male chicks from a mating of New Hampshire males to Columbian females was fed a pretest ration for a period of seven days following hatching. They were then weighed to the nearest gram and forty-eight chicks (24 pairs) within the weight range of 85 to 87 grams were selected for the test. Each chick was assigned to an individual compartment of an electrically heated battery so designed as to lend itself to the care and feeding of individual chicks. In series A twelve pairs of chicks were offered the test diets on an ad libitum basis with one member of each pair receiving the basal diet shown in Table 1 and the pair mate the same diet containing 10 percent defatted fish meal. The fish meal replaced an equal amount of cerelose. The same diets were fed to the twelve pairs assigned to series B. In this instance, feed intake was equalized for both members of a given pair with the chicks consuming the least on a given day dictating the amount of feed given to its pair mate. TABLE 2.—Effect offishmeal on chick growth
Av. initial wt. (gm.) Av. final w t (gm.) Av. gain (gm.) Av. feed cons, (gm.) Gain/gm. feed cons.
Series A
Series B
(Ad libitum)
(Equalized)
Basal
Fish meal
86 269 183 311 0.588
86 301' 215 323 0.667
* Significant at 2% level. ** Significant at 1% level.
Basal 85 240 155 262
0.592
Fish meal 85 256* 171 262
0.654
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 31, 2015
It has been amply demonstrated that the addition of certain crude supplements to both purified and simplified diets stimulates chick growth. The response has been interpreted as indicating the existence of unknown factors in the crude supplements required by the chick for maximum growth since the basal diets were formulated to be adequate in known nutrients. There are, however, alternative explanations that could in part, at least, account for the growth improvement. If, for example, the crude supplements enhence the balance of known nutrients or if they alter the microflora of the digestive tract in a manner favorable to the chick, an improvement in growth would be an-
492
NEWS AND NOTES
The results of the fourteen day test (7 to 21 days) are summarized in Table 2 where it will be noted that fish meal significantly enhanced chick growth with both methods of feeding. With ad libitum feeding the improvement in growth resulting from fish meal was 17.5 percent as compared with 9.4 percent when feed in-
take was equalized. The data permit the conclusion that fish meal improved the nutritional quality of the basal diet independently of its influence on feed consumption. They also suggest that, with ad libitum feeding, part of the growth response from fish meal can be attributed to its favorable action on feed intake.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 490) Association. He has been President of the Virginia Corn Growers Association, Director of the Heatwole-Kagey Implement Company and of the local mutual telephone company. Previous Industry Service Awards have been presented by the Institute to N. R. Clark, Howard C. Pierce and Andrew Christie. Dr. Karl F. Meyer, Director Emeritus of the George Williams Hooper Foundation for Medical Research, and Professor Emeritus of Experimental Pathology at the University of California was named an Honorary Member of the Institute. He has made many important contributions to the welfare and advancement of the poultry industry, and is serving as a consultant in several fields of research in which the Institute is engaged. Born in Switzerland, Dr. Meyer came to the United States in 1910. He is a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and a Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Zurich and has received honorary degrees from the College of Medical Evangelists, the University of Zurich, the University of Southern California, the University of Basel and Tierartzliche Hochschule. The American Board of Veterinary Public Health accorded him an Honorary Fellowship at the 15th International Veterinary Congress in Stockholm in 1953. He received the Sedgwick Memorial Medal, the James D. Bruce Medal, the U. S. Certificate of Merit, the Lasker Award and the Humanitarian Award. Dr. Meyer is the seventh honorary member to be named by the Institute. Previous memberships have been awarded to N. R. Clark, Dr. W. R. Graham, Kathryn Bele Niles, Dr. Mary E. Pennington (deceased), Howard C. Pierce, and James E. Rice (deceased). PURDUE NOTES Lyman B. Crittenden (B.S., California Poly; M.S., Purdue) has been appointed Instructor ef-
(Continued on page 494)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on May 31, 2015
Rockingham County turkey industry. He is believed to be the first grower to use a high protein starter for poults, to use peanut meal in poultry feed, and to use liver meal in a commercial feed. In 1949, he was recognized as the "father" of the turkey industry in Virginia and the United States. From 1917 to 1927 he was a County Agent and through this association with boys and girls club work, he laid the foundation for much of the poultry expansion in the Shenandoah Valley in the next two decades. The Wampler Feed and Seed Company was the first U. S. feed company to place chicks and feed with a farmer on a profit-sharing basis. In 1937 he started his own hatchery. Wampler was a founder of the National Turkey Federation and served as its President for six years. He was made a life member of its Executive Committee. From 1933 to 1939 he was a member of the Board of the Northeastern Poultry Producers Council, and from 1939 to 1945, a Director of the Poultry and Egg National Board. His portrait was one of the first group to be hung in the Poultry Hall of Fame. His leadership has not been confined to the poultry industry. He has been a member of the Executive Committee of the Agricultural Conference Board of Virginia, the National Poultry Defense Council, the Virginia Commission to study and recommend handling of state and local revenue and expenditures, the Virginia Council Committee on Public Financing, and the Advisory Council on Virginia Economy. He has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture since 1936, serving as Chairman for the past 14 years. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and of the Board of Trustees of Bridgewater College. In 1936 he was elected President of the First National Bank of Harrisburg. He keeps a herd of some 100 registered Aberdeen-Angus cattle and the largest herd of Cheviot sheep in the United States. He is a Director of the Virginia Aberdeen-Angus Breeders