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The Effect of Fish Meal and Extracts of Fish Meal on Hatchability of Hens’ Eggs and Growth of Progeny1
T h e Effect of Fish Meal and Extracts of Fish Meal on Hatchability of Hens' Eggs and Growth of Progeny 1 J. M. PENSACK, R. M. BETHKE AND D. C. KENNARD Department of Animal Science and Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio
I
NVESTIGATIONS at many research institutions have shown that rations made primarily from plant products may be satisfactory for egg production but fail to support maximum hatchability. This deficiency was corrected by supplementing the plant-products rations with animal protein concentrates, such as liver, fish meals, condensed fish solubles, meat scraps, dried skimmilk, and casein (Byerly, Titus, and Ellis (1933), Gillis, Heuser, and Morris (1942), Wilgus and Zander (1944), Cravens, Halpin, and McGibbon (1946), Bird et al. (1946), Heuser et al. (1946), Bethke and associates (1946-a), and Petersen, Wiese, and Lampman (1948). Evidence has been presented by Bethke and associates (1946-b, 1947) that the factor present in animal protein concentrates essential for hatchability is not choline, riboflavin, methionine, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, niacin, biotin, or folic acid. It has also been reported that the addition of dried cow manure or an acid precipitate of a water extract of cow manure to an all-plant ration improved hatchability (Whitson, Titus, and Bird (1946), Groschke, Rubin, and Bird (1947, 1948), and Rubin, Groschke, and Bird (1947). 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
398
More recent work by Petersen et al. (1948) and Kennard, Bethke, and Chamberlin (1948) indicates that hen feces also contains a similar hatchability stimulant. Previous results from this laboratory (Bethke, Pensack, and Kennard, 1947) showed that sardine fish meal and condensed fish solubles contained a growth factor (s) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick. McGinnis and Carver (1947) substantiated these observations and further indicated that a supplement of 4.6 percent fish meal to the soybean oil meal hen diet permitted storage in the egg of a sufficient amount of the unidentified factor (s) required for maximum chick growth to four weeks of age. Robblee and associates (1948) also found that the growth of chicks was influenced by the diet fed the dams. Rubin and Bird (1947) in studies on the growth factor in cow manure, reported that eggs laid by hens fed a diet deficient in the growth factor were relatively deficient in this factor. When the hens' diet contained the factor, much more of it was deposited in the yolk than in the albumen. The present experiments were a continuation of previous trials to obtain further information on the characteristics of the hatchability factor present in sardine fish meal and to determine the effect
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(Received for publication October 9, 1948)
EFFECTS OF FISH PRODUCTS ON HATCHABILITY
of different amounts of sardine fish meal and extracts of fish meal in the diet of hens on hatchability and on the growth of progeny. EXPERIMENTAL
Ground yellow corn ,\ 40.00 Ground oats 20.00 Standard wheat middlings 7.50 Standard wheat bran 7.50 Soybean oil meal, expeller blended.... 15.00 Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) 5.00 BY fermentation solubles (250 micrograms riboflavin per gram) 1.00 Steamed bone meal 2.50 Ground limestone 1.00 Iodized salt 0.50 Feeding oil (2000A-400D) 0.25 Manganese sulfate, 6 grams per 100 pounds of ration
After the hens had been on the above all-mash ration for 4-5 weeks, the eggs were saved for incubation purposes. All eggs Were set at weekly intervals in the same incubator and pedigree hatched for 7 and 8 consecutive weeks in the 1946-47 and 1947-48 trials, respectively. At the end of this preliminary period the hens selected for experimental feeding were individually weighed and divided into 6 pens of 24 hens each. Two male birds were placed in each pen. The males were rotated among the different pens once each week. Morning lights, so as to provide a 14-15 hour day, were used. Oyster shells
were fed ad libitum. Dried sugar cane (Servall) was used as litter. This was renewed at approximately 6-week intervals. After the start of the experiment, the eggs were pedigree hatched in the same incubator at weekly intervals for 19 consecutive weeks in the 1946-47, and 20 consecutive weeks in the 1947-48 trial, starting with the eggs laid 10 days after the hens were put on the experimental ration. The basal ration in both years had the following composition: Ground yellow corn 43.25 Ground oats 20.00 Standard wheat middlings 7.50 Standard wheat bran 7.50 Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) 2.50 Soybean oil meal, expeller blended 15.00 Steamed bone meal 2.50 Ground limestone 1.00 Iodized salt 0.50 Feeding oil (2000A-400D) 0.25 Riboflavin, milligrams per pound 1.36 Manganese sulfate—6 grams per 100 pounds of ration
The soybean oil meal was a blend of four commercial sources. The fish meal used in both experiments was of sardine (Pacific Coast) origin. All rations were approximately equalized in total protein content. In the 1946-47 experiment, 2 pens of hens were fed the basal ration and the remaining 4 pens the basal ration supplemented either with 2.0 or 6.0 percent fish meal, or the 80 percent ethanol soluble or insoluble fraction of fish meal equivalent to 2.0 percent fish meal: After 9 weeks of feeding, the basal ration fed to Pen 1 was supplemented with the ethanol soluble fraction of fish meal fed to Pen 5. In the 1947-48 experiment, 2 pens of hens were fed the basal ration and the remaining 4 pens the basal ration supplemented either with 3.0 percent fish meal, or the 80 percent ethanol soluble fraction of fish meal equivalent to 3.0 percent fish meal, or the adsorbed or non-adsorbed fraction from the water solution of sardine
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Two hatchability experiments were conducted, one in 1946-47, the other in 1947-48. White Leghorn and White Leghorn X Rhode Island Red hens were used in the 1946-47 and White Leghorns in the 1947-48 trials. They were in partial molt when transferred to indoor quarters in the fall and fed an all-mash ration for 88 days in the 1946-47 trial and 91 days in the 1947-48 trial. The ration was the same in both years except that the alfalfa meal was reduced from 5.0 to 2.5 percent and the yellow corn increased proportionally in the 1947-48 trial. The 1946-47 ration had the following composition:
399
400
J. M. PENSACK, R. M. BETHKE AND D. C. KENNARD
Darco G-60, equivalent by weight to twice the solids present in the extract, was added directly to a water or an 80 percent ethanol solution of the active material extracted by 80 percent ethanol from fish meal and adjusted to pH 3.0 with hydrochloric acid. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and filtered. The process was repeated on the filtrate two additional times with fresh amounts of Darco G-60 using one-half and one-third as much as originally in the second and third treatments, respectively. The non-adsorbed filtrates were combined and concentrated at room temperature before a fan. The three charcoal portions were combined and stirred for 30 minutes with an equivalent by weight quantity of 10 percent ammonium hydroxide in 95 percent ethanol. The mixture was filtered and the residue treated two additional times with similar quantities of the eluting mixture. The filtrates were concentrated before a fan at room temperature. Chicks from the five pens of hens in each of the two hatchability experiments were used in trials to determine the effect
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets fed to chicks Ingredients Ground yellow corn Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) Soybean oil meal* Dried fermentation solubles f Dried fermentation solubles % Sardine fish meal Steamed bone meal Iodized salt Ground limestone Feeding oil (2000 A-400 D) . Choline chloride Calcium pantothenate Niacin Manganese sulfate
1948
1947 60.60 5.00 29.00 1.00
63.50 5.00 22.70 1.00
43.25 3.00 50.00
— .—
—
0.50
2.50 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.15 §
4.00 1.90 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.15 §
II ++
II ++
* A blend of four expeller meals. t B.Y. feed containing 113 milligrams of riboflavin per pound. I B.Y. feed containing 226 milligrams of riboflavin per pound. § Calcium pantothenate—5.44 milligrams per pound of feed. || Niacin—8.00 milligrams per pound of feed. + Niacin—4.50 milligrams per pound of feed. -j-+ Manganese sulfate—6.00 grams per 100 pounds of feed.
— —
61.10 5.00 29.00
—
0.50
—
— —
2.50 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.15 §
+ ++
II ++
1.50 0.50 1.00 0.25
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fish meal soluble in 80 percent ethanol equivalent to 3.0 percent fish meal. After 10 weeks of feeding, the basal ration fed to Pen 1 was supplemented with a nonadsorbed fraction from an 80 percent ethanol solution of sardine fish meal soluble in 80 percent ethanol equivalent to 3.0 percent of the original fish meal. The sardine fish meal extracts were prepared as follows: (1) 80 percent ethanol soluble and insoluble extracts. A quantity of fish meal was exhaustively extracted with ethyl ether, dried, and refluxed with 80 percent ethanol for 5 hours. The mixture was filtered and a fresh quantity of 80 percent ethanol added. The refluxing was repeated four times for a total of 20 hours refluxing. The filtrates were combined and the solvent removed by distillation under reduced pressure. The extract was adjusted to pH 4.5 with hydrochloric acid to prevent decomposition. The extracted fish meal was dried at 80°C. (2) Adsorbed and non-adsorbed 80 percent ethanol soluble fractions.
401
EFFECTS OF F I S H PRODUCTS ON HATCHABILITY
TABLE 2.—The effect on hatchability of adding sardine fish meal and sardine fish meal fractions to a soybean oil meal ration—1946-1947 Preliminary* Pen
Period 1 Supplements to ration
Period 2 Fertile eggs
Hatch of fertile eggs
No. 16
No. 242
Percent 78.6
None
No. 318
Percent 55.4
17
241
81.3
None
410
19
290
77.5
2% sardine fish meal
18
280
82.2
15
239
14
209
Supplements to ration
Fertile eggs
Hatch of fertile eggs
No.
Percent
80% etbanol soluble sardine fish mealS2%
294
.65.2
66.5
None
200
30.0
478
82.9
2% sardine fish meal
200
70.9
6% sardine fish meal
351
80.9
6% sardine fish meal
319
68.1
86.4
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish meale*2%
326
78.6
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish meals2%
205
72.7
70.8
80% ethanol insoluble sarfish mealS2%
57.5
80% ethanol insoluble sarfish meal=*2%
255
44.5
366
* The preliminary period consisted of 7 weekly settings while all hens were on the same ration. Period 1 consisted of 9 weekly settings—February 10 to April 7. Period 2 consisted of 10 weekly settings—April 14 to June 16.
of hens' diet on the growth of progeny. In all instances the chicks from a particular pen of hens were divided into two lots on a random basis and brooded on screen floors. Only chicks which appeared normal when hatched were used. In the 1947 studies, five separate trials were run. The chicks in the first three trials were from eggs laid between the fifth and eighth weeks after the hens had been put on the experimental diets, and in the last two trials from eggs laid between the thirteenth and fifteenth week. The chicks were fed either the soybean oil meal or the soybean oil meal-sardine fish meal diets shown in Table 1. The 1948 studies consisted of two trials in which the chicks were fed either a 29 percent or a 50 percent soybean oil meal-yellow corn diet (Table 1). The chicks were hatched from eggs laid between the third and fifth week after the hens had been put on the experimental diets. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The hatchability figures (Tables 2 and 3) are the averages of the individual hen results and include only those birds which
had fertile eggs in the preliminary and experimental periods. It is apparent from the results (Tables 2 and 3) that the inclusion of sardine fish meal in the soybean oil meal diet caused a significant increase in hatchability which is in agreement with previous findings (Bethke et al. 1946b-1947) from our laboratory. The data (Table 2) also show that 2 percent sardine fish meal was as effective as 6 percent fish meal in promoting hatchability. It is also evident (Tables 2 and 3) that the hatchability factor,was soluble in 80 percent hot ethanol and that nearly complete extraction was possible. The sardine fish meal residue which contained over 90 percent of the solids of the original meal had very little effect in supplementing the hen diet (Table 2). The results (Table 3) further show that Darco G-60 can incompletely adsorb the hatchability factor at pH 3.0 from a water solution of an ethanol extract of sardine fish meal (Pen 5) but cannot absorb the factor at pH 3.0 from an 80 percent ethanol solution of the same extract (Pen 6). The results of the chick growth trials were averaged and are presented in Tables
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6
Hens Fertile eggs
Hatch of fertile eggs
402
J . M . P E N S A C K , R. M . B E T H K E AND D . C. K E N N A R D
TABLE 3.—The effect on hatchability of adding sardine fish meal and sardine fish meal fractions to a soybean oil meal ration—1947-1948 Preliminary* Pen
Hens
Period 2
Period 1
Hatch Fertile of fertile eggs eggs
Supplements t o ration
No. 18
No. 431
Percent 82.4
None
2
20
460
87.6
3
20
449
82.8
4
20
449
5
21
6
21
Hatch Fertile of fertile eggs eggs
Supplements t o ration
No. 593
Percent 80.8
None
584
67.2
3 % sardine fish meal
548
84.1
91.6
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish m e a l ^ 3 %
622
85.0
625
83.6
Adsorbed from water solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l s 3 %
558
81.3
585
79.9
Non-adsorbed from H O H solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l ^ 3 %
549
73.5
No. 582
Percent 72.1
None
633
74.6
3 % sardine fish meal
658
91.1
85.6
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish meal = 3 %
652
458
84.7
Adsorbed from water solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l ^ 3 %
491
82.6
Non-adsorbed from H O H solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l ^ 3 %
Non-adsorbed from 8 0 % ethanol solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % ethanol
* The preliminary period consisted of 8 weekly settings while all hens were on the same ration. Period 1 consisted of 10 weekly settings—February 2 to April 5. Period 2 consisted of 10 weekly settings—April 12 to June 14.
4 a n d 5. I t is evident from the results in
the chick t h a n those fed either 2 or 3 per-
both years t h a t m a t e r n a l diet was a factor
cent sardine fish meal. T h e q u a n t i t y of
in subsequent chick growth.
growth factor obtained from
6 percent
Hens fed 6 percent sardine fish meal
sardine fish meal in t h e h e n s ' diet did not
t r a n s m i t t e d more of the growth factor t o
give, however, as great a response as did 4
TABLE 4.—Effect
of different amounts of sardine fish meal and fish meal fractions in hen diet on growth of progeny—1947
Diets Hens Soybean oil meal
Soybean oil m e a l + 2 % fish meal
Soybean oil m e a l + 6 % fish meal
Soybean oil meal+80% EtOH soluble fish meal ^2% Soybean oil meal+80% EtOH insoluble fish meal ^2%
Number chicks Chicks
Average weights—mixed sexes—in grams Owk. 2 wks.
4 wks.
6 wks.
Mortality percent
Soybean oil meal
63
42.5
95.7
173.1
278.9
6.5
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
62
43.4
116.2
264.6
474.6
0.0
Soybean oil meal
73
44.6
116.2
228.7
368.8
2.8
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
59
42.6
124.2
275.1
470.0
3.4
Soybean oil meal
93
43.6
120.5
261.8
432.5
0.0
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
31
43.4
123.7
284.8
511.0
0.0
136
43.2
104.9
194.1
310.8
2.1
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
34
42.7
122.1
276.5
480.1
9.1
Soybean oil meal
89
44.0
94.8
167.9
280.4
4.2
Soybean oil meal
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1
Hatch Fertile of fertile eggs eggs
403
EFFECTS OF FISH PRODUCTS ON HATCHABILITY
percent sardine fish meal in the chick diet, indicating that a greater quantity of sardine fish meal is required in the hens' diet to secure a maximum growth stimulation in chicks to 6 weeks of age. An 80 percent ethanol soluble extract of sardine fish meal equivalent to 2 percent of the original fish meal in the 1947 experiments (Table 4) contained less of the growth factor than the original fish meal. However, TABLE 5.—Effect
When 4 percent fish meal was included in the chick diet (Table 4) there was no significant difference in the average weight either at 2, 4, or 6 weeks between the chicks hatched from the hens on the soybean oil meal or the soybean oil meal-fish fraction diets. Relatively comparable results were obtained with either the 29 percent or 50 percent soybean oil meal diets except that
Average weights—mixed sexes—in grams
Chicks
Number chicks
Owk.
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.8
76.1
141.5
268.1
6.0
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.8
105.8
181.7
313.6
6.0
50% soybean oil meal
50
42.7
122.4
256.6
438.2
2.0
29% soybean oil meal
50
40.0
114.7
233.2
377.6
4.0
Soybean oil meal+80% EtOH soluble fish meal ^ 3 %
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.7
122.8
239.7
416.4
2.0
29% soybean oil meal
50
41.7
114.9
228.0
377.3
2.0
Soybean oil meal+adsorbed 80% EtOH soluble fish m e a l ^ 3 %
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.8
121.8
237.7
405.9
4.0
29% soybean oil meal
50
40.9
118.5
226.8
365.9
2.0
Soybean oil meal+nonadsorbed 80% EtOH soluble fish m e a l ^ 3 %
50% soybean oil meal
47
41.7
82.5
164.4
317.2
8.5
29% soybean oil meal
48
41.5
109.0
208.7
354.4
0.0
Diets Hens Soybean oil meal
Soybean oil m e a l + 3 % fish meal
the 80 percent ethanol soluble extract equivalent to 3 percent of the original fish meal in the 1948 experiments (Table 5) appeared to be about as effective as the original fish meal. The hens' diet supplemented with the residue of the sardine fish meal after extraction with 80 percent ethanol gave no subsequent increase in chick growth (Table 4). The results (Table 5) also show that the chick growth factor was adsorbed on Darco G-60 at pH 3.0 and was almost completely eluted with 10 percent ammonium hydroxide in 95 percent ethanol. The non-adsorbed fraction contained very little growth activity.
Mortality percent
2 wks. 4 wks. 6 wks.
50 percent soybean oil meal in the chick diet magnified the difference in growth response resulting from the growth factor transmitted from the hen. The results show that sardine fish meal contains a growth factor(s) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick, and which is soluble in 80 percent ethanol and adsorbed on Darco G-60 at pH 3.0 in water solution. There also appears to be a close relationship between the hatchability factor and the chick growth factor, because similar fractions prepared from sardine fish meal stimulated both hatchability of
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of sardine fish meal and fish meal fractions in hen diet on growth of progeny 1948
404
J. M. PENSACK, R. M. BETHKE AND D. C. KENNARD
eggs and growth of chicks when added to soybean oil meal diets (Pensack, Bethke, and Kennard, 1949). Further correlation is provided by the fact that chicks fed a diet deficient in the unidentified growth factor grew better if their dams were fed a diet containing the hatchability factor (Bethke, Pensack, and Kennard, 1947). SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Bethke, R. M., D. C. Kennard, and V. D. Chamberlin, 1946a. The relation of nutrition to egg production and hatchability in chickens. II. Effect of choline chloride, methionine, and certain animal and marine products. Poultry Sci. 25: 579-583. , 1947. The relation of nutrition to production and hatchability of chicken eggs. III. Effect of pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid, biotin, and certain marine products. Poultry Sci. 26: 377-380. Bethke, R. M., J. M. Pensack, and D. C. Kennard, 1947. The influence of hen's diet on growth of progeny. Poultry Sci. 26: 128-131. Bethke, R. M., P. R. Record, D. C. Kennard, and V. D. Chamberlin, 1946b. The relation of nutrition to egg production and hatchability in chickens. I. Effect of protein supplements and alfalfa meal. Poultry Sci. 25: 570-578. Bird, H. R., M. Rubin, D. Witson, and S. K. Haynes, 1946. Effectiveness of dietary supplements in increasing hatachability of eggs and viability of progeny of hens fed a diet containing a high level of soybean oil meal. Poultry Sci. 25: 285-293. Byerly, T. C , H. W. Titus, and N. R. Ellis, 1933. Effect of diet on egg composition. II. Mortality of embryos in eggs from hens on diets containing protein supplements of different origin. J. Nutri. 6: 225-242. Cravens, W. W., J. G. Halpin, and W. H. McGibbon, 1946. The use of various vitamin supplements in rations for laying and breeding hens. Poultry Sci. 25:99-104. Gillis, M. B., G. F. Heuser, and L. C. Norris, 1942. The need for pantothenic acid and an unidentified factor in reproduction in the domestic fowl. J. Nutr. 23: 153-163. Groschke, A. C , M. Rubin, and H. R. Bird, 1947. Seasonal variation in hatchability and its relation to the unidentified dietary factor in cow manure. Poultry Sci. 26: 541. , 1948. Seasonal variation in hatchability and its relation to an unidentified factor. Poultry Sci. 27: 302-307. Heuser, G. F., L. C. Norris, H. L. Lucas, and G. F. Combs, 1946. Further studies on the need by poultry for an unidentified factor associated with animal proteins. Poultry Sci. 25: 403. Kennard, D. C , R. M. Bethke, and V. D. Chamber-
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Two experiments with hens showed that a diet of yellow corn, oats, wheat byproducts, dehydrated alfalfa meal, soybean oil meal (expeller), minerals, and adequate vitamin A, D, and riboflavin is deficient in a factor essential for good hatchability. The essential hatchability factor was present in sardine fish meal and was soluble in 80 percent hot ethanol and was adsorbed by Darco G-60 at pH 3.0 from a water solution of an ethanol extract of fish meal but was not adsorbed at pH 3.0 from an 80 percent ethanol solution of a similar extract. Sardine fish contains a growth factor(s) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick. The growth factor which is transmitted to the chick by the hen is soluble in 80 percent hot ethanol and can be adsorbed from a water solution of 80 percent ethanol soluble fish meal by Darco G-60 at pH 3.0. A supplement of 2 to 6 percent sardine fish meal to the soybean oil meal hen diet permitted storage in the egg of an unidentified growth factor (s) which greatly increased the rate of growth of the progeny but which was not sufficient to meet the chick's maximum need to 6 weeks of age. Six percent sardine fish meal in the hen diet caused a greater storage in the chick of the unidentified growth factor(s) than a supplement of 2 percent sardine fish meal.
The relationship between the hatchability factor and the chick growth factor(s) present in sardine fish meal is discussed.
405
N E W S AND NOTES
hen diet and chick diet on the need of chicks for an unidentified growth factor. Poultry Sci. 27: 442-447. Rubin, M., A. C. Groschke, and H. R. Bird, 1947. Chick growth factor in cow manure. VI. Effect on hatchability and storage in hens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med. 66: 36-38. Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird, 1947.-A chick growth factor in cow manure. III. Its occurrence in eggs. Poultry Sci. 26: 309-310. Whitson, D., H. W. Titus, and H. R. Bird, 1946. The effect of feeding cow manure on egg production and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 25: 143-147. Wilgus, H. S., and D. V. Zander, 1944. Minimum levels of animal protein for reproduction. Poultry Sci. 23:344-346.
News and Notes {Continued from page 371)
German institutions should appreciate receiving journals and bulletins for their libraries largely destroyed by war: (1) Dr. Fangauf, Lehr, U. Versuchsanstalt fur Kleintierzucht, Kiel-Steenbek, Germany; (2) Dr. L. Kruger, Lehr, U. Versuchwirtschaft des Tierzucht-Instituts, Universitat Giessen, Giessen-Lahn, Germany.
search Fellowship Award in Poultry Husbandry. Second alternate chosen for the Award was Leonard M. Dansky. whose home state is New York and is now at Fort Collins, Colorado. In addition to the two Awards in Poultry Husbandry, the Ralston Purina Company has named three recipients in Animal Husbandry and two in Dairy Husbandry.
James R. Jowsey of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, and Rollin H. Thayer of Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A., have been awarded the Research Fellowship Awards in Poultry Husbandry for 1949-50 by the Ralston Purina Company of St. Louis. Mr. Jowsey has selected Macdonald College and Mr. Thayer the State College of Washington as the Institution preferred for pursual of their graduate work. Milton L. Sunde, a native of South Dakota and now at Madison, Wisconsin, was chosen as first alternate for the Ralston Purina Company Re-
D R . F. N. MARCELLUS
Frank Nathan Marcellus, B.S.A., D.V.M., died in St. Joseph's Hospital, Guelph, Ontario, March 3, 1949, in his 64th year. Graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College in 1911 and of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1925, Dr. Marcellus lectured in Poultry at Iowa State College, Ames, before joining the staff of the Ontario Agricultural College in 1912 as Director of Poultry Extension. He spent two years- as Sales and Advertising Manager of the Louden Machinery Company, Guelph, rejoining the O.A.C.
{Continued on page 449)
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lin, 1948. Built-up floor litter a source of dietary factors essential for hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 27: 477-481. McGinnis, J., and J. S. Carver, 1947. The storage of an unidentified growth factor or factors in the egg and its relation to chick growth and mortality. Poultry Sci. 26: 457-462. Pensack, J. M., R. M. Bethke, and D. C. Kennard. Some properties of an unidentified growth factor present in fish products. J. Nutrition 37:353-360. Petersen, C. F., A. C. Wiese, and C. E. Lampman, 1948. The effect of several protein supplements on hatchability when fed to hens in open pens and batteries. Poultry Sci. 27: 471-476. Robblee, A. R., C. A. Nichol, W. W. Cravens, C. A. Elvehjem, and J. G. Halpin, 1948. The effect of
I
NVESTIGATIONS at many research institutions have shown that rations made primarily from plant products may be satisfactory for egg production but fail to support maximum hatchability. This deficiency was corrected by supplementing the plant-products rations with animal protein concentrates, such as liver, fish meals, condensed fish solubles, meat scraps, dried skimmilk, and casein (Byerly, Titus, and Ellis (1933), Gillis, Heuser, and Morris (1942), Wilgus and Zander (1944), Cravens, Halpin, and McGibbon (1946), Bird et al. (1946), Heuser et al. (1946), Bethke and associates (1946-a), and Petersen, Wiese, and Lampman (1948). Evidence has been presented by Bethke and associates (1946-b, 1947) that the factor present in animal protein concentrates essential for hatchability is not choline, riboflavin, methionine, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, niacin, biotin, or folic acid. It has also been reported that the addition of dried cow manure or an acid precipitate of a water extract of cow manure to an all-plant ration improved hatchability (Whitson, Titus, and Bird (1946), Groschke, Rubin, and Bird (1947, 1948), and Rubin, Groschke, and Bird (1947). 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
398
More recent work by Petersen et al. (1948) and Kennard, Bethke, and Chamberlin (1948) indicates that hen feces also contains a similar hatchability stimulant. Previous results from this laboratory (Bethke, Pensack, and Kennard, 1947) showed that sardine fish meal and condensed fish solubles contained a growth factor (s) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick. McGinnis and Carver (1947) substantiated these observations and further indicated that a supplement of 4.6 percent fish meal to the soybean oil meal hen diet permitted storage in the egg of a sufficient amount of the unidentified factor (s) required for maximum chick growth to four weeks of age. Robblee and associates (1948) also found that the growth of chicks was influenced by the diet fed the dams. Rubin and Bird (1947) in studies on the growth factor in cow manure, reported that eggs laid by hens fed a diet deficient in the growth factor were relatively deficient in this factor. When the hens' diet contained the factor, much more of it was deposited in the yolk than in the albumen. The present experiments were a continuation of previous trials to obtain further information on the characteristics of the hatchability factor present in sardine fish meal and to determine the effect
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(Received for publication October 9, 1948)
EFFECTS OF FISH PRODUCTS ON HATCHABILITY
of different amounts of sardine fish meal and extracts of fish meal in the diet of hens on hatchability and on the growth of progeny. EXPERIMENTAL
Ground yellow corn ,\ 40.00 Ground oats 20.00 Standard wheat middlings 7.50 Standard wheat bran 7.50 Soybean oil meal, expeller blended.... 15.00 Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) 5.00 BY fermentation solubles (250 micrograms riboflavin per gram) 1.00 Steamed bone meal 2.50 Ground limestone 1.00 Iodized salt 0.50 Feeding oil (2000A-400D) 0.25 Manganese sulfate, 6 grams per 100 pounds of ration
After the hens had been on the above all-mash ration for 4-5 weeks, the eggs were saved for incubation purposes. All eggs Were set at weekly intervals in the same incubator and pedigree hatched for 7 and 8 consecutive weeks in the 1946-47 and 1947-48 trials, respectively. At the end of this preliminary period the hens selected for experimental feeding were individually weighed and divided into 6 pens of 24 hens each. Two male birds were placed in each pen. The males were rotated among the different pens once each week. Morning lights, so as to provide a 14-15 hour day, were used. Oyster shells
were fed ad libitum. Dried sugar cane (Servall) was used as litter. This was renewed at approximately 6-week intervals. After the start of the experiment, the eggs were pedigree hatched in the same incubator at weekly intervals for 19 consecutive weeks in the 1946-47, and 20 consecutive weeks in the 1947-48 trial, starting with the eggs laid 10 days after the hens were put on the experimental ration. The basal ration in both years had the following composition: Ground yellow corn 43.25 Ground oats 20.00 Standard wheat middlings 7.50 Standard wheat bran 7.50 Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) 2.50 Soybean oil meal, expeller blended 15.00 Steamed bone meal 2.50 Ground limestone 1.00 Iodized salt 0.50 Feeding oil (2000A-400D) 0.25 Riboflavin, milligrams per pound 1.36 Manganese sulfate—6 grams per 100 pounds of ration
The soybean oil meal was a blend of four commercial sources. The fish meal used in both experiments was of sardine (Pacific Coast) origin. All rations were approximately equalized in total protein content. In the 1946-47 experiment, 2 pens of hens were fed the basal ration and the remaining 4 pens the basal ration supplemented either with 2.0 or 6.0 percent fish meal, or the 80 percent ethanol soluble or insoluble fraction of fish meal equivalent to 2.0 percent fish meal: After 9 weeks of feeding, the basal ration fed to Pen 1 was supplemented with the ethanol soluble fraction of fish meal fed to Pen 5. In the 1947-48 experiment, 2 pens of hens were fed the basal ration and the remaining 4 pens the basal ration supplemented either with 3.0 percent fish meal, or the 80 percent ethanol soluble fraction of fish meal equivalent to 3.0 percent fish meal, or the adsorbed or non-adsorbed fraction from the water solution of sardine
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Two hatchability experiments were conducted, one in 1946-47, the other in 1947-48. White Leghorn and White Leghorn X Rhode Island Red hens were used in the 1946-47 and White Leghorns in the 1947-48 trials. They were in partial molt when transferred to indoor quarters in the fall and fed an all-mash ration for 88 days in the 1946-47 trial and 91 days in the 1947-48 trial. The ration was the same in both years except that the alfalfa meal was reduced from 5.0 to 2.5 percent and the yellow corn increased proportionally in the 1947-48 trial. The 1946-47 ration had the following composition:
399
400
J. M. PENSACK, R. M. BETHKE AND D. C. KENNARD
Darco G-60, equivalent by weight to twice the solids present in the extract, was added directly to a water or an 80 percent ethanol solution of the active material extracted by 80 percent ethanol from fish meal and adjusted to pH 3.0 with hydrochloric acid. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and filtered. The process was repeated on the filtrate two additional times with fresh amounts of Darco G-60 using one-half and one-third as much as originally in the second and third treatments, respectively. The non-adsorbed filtrates were combined and concentrated at room temperature before a fan. The three charcoal portions were combined and stirred for 30 minutes with an equivalent by weight quantity of 10 percent ammonium hydroxide in 95 percent ethanol. The mixture was filtered and the residue treated two additional times with similar quantities of the eluting mixture. The filtrates were concentrated before a fan at room temperature. Chicks from the five pens of hens in each of the two hatchability experiments were used in trials to determine the effect
TABLE 1.—Composition of diets fed to chicks Ingredients Ground yellow corn Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) Soybean oil meal* Dried fermentation solubles f Dried fermentation solubles % Sardine fish meal Steamed bone meal Iodized salt Ground limestone Feeding oil (2000 A-400 D) . Choline chloride Calcium pantothenate Niacin Manganese sulfate
1948
1947 60.60 5.00 29.00 1.00
63.50 5.00 22.70 1.00
43.25 3.00 50.00
— .—
—
0.50
2.50 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.15 §
4.00 1.90 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.15 §
II ++
II ++
* A blend of four expeller meals. t B.Y. feed containing 113 milligrams of riboflavin per pound. I B.Y. feed containing 226 milligrams of riboflavin per pound. § Calcium pantothenate—5.44 milligrams per pound of feed. || Niacin—8.00 milligrams per pound of feed. + Niacin—4.50 milligrams per pound of feed. -j-+ Manganese sulfate—6.00 grams per 100 pounds of feed.
— —
61.10 5.00 29.00
—
0.50
—
— —
2.50 0.50 1.00 0.25 0.15 §
+ ++
II ++
1.50 0.50 1.00 0.25
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fish meal soluble in 80 percent ethanol equivalent to 3.0 percent fish meal. After 10 weeks of feeding, the basal ration fed to Pen 1 was supplemented with a nonadsorbed fraction from an 80 percent ethanol solution of sardine fish meal soluble in 80 percent ethanol equivalent to 3.0 percent of the original fish meal. The sardine fish meal extracts were prepared as follows: (1) 80 percent ethanol soluble and insoluble extracts. A quantity of fish meal was exhaustively extracted with ethyl ether, dried, and refluxed with 80 percent ethanol for 5 hours. The mixture was filtered and a fresh quantity of 80 percent ethanol added. The refluxing was repeated four times for a total of 20 hours refluxing. The filtrates were combined and the solvent removed by distillation under reduced pressure. The extract was adjusted to pH 4.5 with hydrochloric acid to prevent decomposition. The extracted fish meal was dried at 80°C. (2) Adsorbed and non-adsorbed 80 percent ethanol soluble fractions.
401
EFFECTS OF F I S H PRODUCTS ON HATCHABILITY
TABLE 2.—The effect on hatchability of adding sardine fish meal and sardine fish meal fractions to a soybean oil meal ration—1946-1947 Preliminary* Pen
Period 1 Supplements to ration
Period 2 Fertile eggs
Hatch of fertile eggs
No. 16
No. 242
Percent 78.6
None
No. 318
Percent 55.4
17
241
81.3
None
410
19
290
77.5
2% sardine fish meal
18
280
82.2
15
239
14
209
Supplements to ration
Fertile eggs
Hatch of fertile eggs
No.
Percent
80% etbanol soluble sardine fish mealS2%
294
.65.2
66.5
None
200
30.0
478
82.9
2% sardine fish meal
200
70.9
6% sardine fish meal
351
80.9
6% sardine fish meal
319
68.1
86.4
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish meale*2%
326
78.6
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish meals2%
205
72.7
70.8
80% ethanol insoluble sarfish mealS2%
57.5
80% ethanol insoluble sarfish meal=*2%
255
44.5
366
* The preliminary period consisted of 7 weekly settings while all hens were on the same ration. Period 1 consisted of 9 weekly settings—February 10 to April 7. Period 2 consisted of 10 weekly settings—April 14 to June 16.
of hens' diet on the growth of progeny. In all instances the chicks from a particular pen of hens were divided into two lots on a random basis and brooded on screen floors. Only chicks which appeared normal when hatched were used. In the 1947 studies, five separate trials were run. The chicks in the first three trials were from eggs laid between the fifth and eighth weeks after the hens had been put on the experimental diets, and in the last two trials from eggs laid between the thirteenth and fifteenth week. The chicks were fed either the soybean oil meal or the soybean oil meal-sardine fish meal diets shown in Table 1. The 1948 studies consisted of two trials in which the chicks were fed either a 29 percent or a 50 percent soybean oil meal-yellow corn diet (Table 1). The chicks were hatched from eggs laid between the third and fifth week after the hens had been put on the experimental diets. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The hatchability figures (Tables 2 and 3) are the averages of the individual hen results and include only those birds which
had fertile eggs in the preliminary and experimental periods. It is apparent from the results (Tables 2 and 3) that the inclusion of sardine fish meal in the soybean oil meal diet caused a significant increase in hatchability which is in agreement with previous findings (Bethke et al. 1946b-1947) from our laboratory. The data (Table 2) also show that 2 percent sardine fish meal was as effective as 6 percent fish meal in promoting hatchability. It is also evident (Tables 2 and 3) that the hatchability factor,was soluble in 80 percent hot ethanol and that nearly complete extraction was possible. The sardine fish meal residue which contained over 90 percent of the solids of the original meal had very little effect in supplementing the hen diet (Table 2). The results (Table 3) further show that Darco G-60 can incompletely adsorb the hatchability factor at pH 3.0 from a water solution of an ethanol extract of sardine fish meal (Pen 5) but cannot absorb the factor at pH 3.0 from an 80 percent ethanol solution of the same extract (Pen 6). The results of the chick growth trials were averaged and are presented in Tables
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6
Hens Fertile eggs
Hatch of fertile eggs
402
J . M . P E N S A C K , R. M . B E T H K E AND D . C. K E N N A R D
TABLE 3.—The effect on hatchability of adding sardine fish meal and sardine fish meal fractions to a soybean oil meal ration—1947-1948 Preliminary* Pen
Hens
Period 2
Period 1
Hatch Fertile of fertile eggs eggs
Supplements t o ration
No. 18
No. 431
Percent 82.4
None
2
20
460
87.6
3
20
449
82.8
4
20
449
5
21
6
21
Hatch Fertile of fertile eggs eggs
Supplements t o ration
No. 593
Percent 80.8
None
584
67.2
3 % sardine fish meal
548
84.1
91.6
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish m e a l ^ 3 %
622
85.0
625
83.6
Adsorbed from water solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l s 3 %
558
81.3
585
79.9
Non-adsorbed from H O H solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l ^ 3 %
549
73.5
No. 582
Percent 72.1
None
633
74.6
3 % sardine fish meal
658
91.1
85.6
80% ethanol soluble sardine fish meal = 3 %
652
458
84.7
Adsorbed from water solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l ^ 3 %
491
82.6
Non-adsorbed from H O H solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % e t h a n o l ^ 3 %
Non-adsorbed from 8 0 % ethanol solution sardine fish meal soluble in 8 0 % ethanol
* The preliminary period consisted of 8 weekly settings while all hens were on the same ration. Period 1 consisted of 10 weekly settings—February 2 to April 5. Period 2 consisted of 10 weekly settings—April 12 to June 14.
4 a n d 5. I t is evident from the results in
the chick t h a n those fed either 2 or 3 per-
both years t h a t m a t e r n a l diet was a factor
cent sardine fish meal. T h e q u a n t i t y of
in subsequent chick growth.
growth factor obtained from
6 percent
Hens fed 6 percent sardine fish meal
sardine fish meal in t h e h e n s ' diet did not
t r a n s m i t t e d more of the growth factor t o
give, however, as great a response as did 4
TABLE 4.—Effect
of different amounts of sardine fish meal and fish meal fractions in hen diet on growth of progeny—1947
Diets Hens Soybean oil meal
Soybean oil m e a l + 2 % fish meal
Soybean oil m e a l + 6 % fish meal
Soybean oil meal+80% EtOH soluble fish meal ^2% Soybean oil meal+80% EtOH insoluble fish meal ^2%
Number chicks Chicks
Average weights—mixed sexes—in grams Owk. 2 wks.
4 wks.
6 wks.
Mortality percent
Soybean oil meal
63
42.5
95.7
173.1
278.9
6.5
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
62
43.4
116.2
264.6
474.6
0.0
Soybean oil meal
73
44.6
116.2
228.7
368.8
2.8
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
59
42.6
124.2
275.1
470.0
3.4
Soybean oil meal
93
43.6
120.5
261.8
432.5
0.0
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
31
43.4
123.7
284.8
511.0
0.0
136
43.2
104.9
194.1
310.8
2.1
Soybean oil m e a l + 4 % fish meal
34
42.7
122.1
276.5
480.1
9.1
Soybean oil meal
89
44.0
94.8
167.9
280.4
4.2
Soybean oil meal
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1
Hatch Fertile of fertile eggs eggs
403
EFFECTS OF FISH PRODUCTS ON HATCHABILITY
percent sardine fish meal in the chick diet, indicating that a greater quantity of sardine fish meal is required in the hens' diet to secure a maximum growth stimulation in chicks to 6 weeks of age. An 80 percent ethanol soluble extract of sardine fish meal equivalent to 2 percent of the original fish meal in the 1947 experiments (Table 4) contained less of the growth factor than the original fish meal. However, TABLE 5.—Effect
When 4 percent fish meal was included in the chick diet (Table 4) there was no significant difference in the average weight either at 2, 4, or 6 weeks between the chicks hatched from the hens on the soybean oil meal or the soybean oil meal-fish fraction diets. Relatively comparable results were obtained with either the 29 percent or 50 percent soybean oil meal diets except that
Average weights—mixed sexes—in grams
Chicks
Number chicks
Owk.
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.8
76.1
141.5
268.1
6.0
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.8
105.8
181.7
313.6
6.0
50% soybean oil meal
50
42.7
122.4
256.6
438.2
2.0
29% soybean oil meal
50
40.0
114.7
233.2
377.6
4.0
Soybean oil meal+80% EtOH soluble fish meal ^ 3 %
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.7
122.8
239.7
416.4
2.0
29% soybean oil meal
50
41.7
114.9
228.0
377.3
2.0
Soybean oil meal+adsorbed 80% EtOH soluble fish m e a l ^ 3 %
50% soybean oil meal
50
41.8
121.8
237.7
405.9
4.0
29% soybean oil meal
50
40.9
118.5
226.8
365.9
2.0
Soybean oil meal+nonadsorbed 80% EtOH soluble fish m e a l ^ 3 %
50% soybean oil meal
47
41.7
82.5
164.4
317.2
8.5
29% soybean oil meal
48
41.5
109.0
208.7
354.4
0.0
Diets Hens Soybean oil meal
Soybean oil m e a l + 3 % fish meal
the 80 percent ethanol soluble extract equivalent to 3 percent of the original fish meal in the 1948 experiments (Table 5) appeared to be about as effective as the original fish meal. The hens' diet supplemented with the residue of the sardine fish meal after extraction with 80 percent ethanol gave no subsequent increase in chick growth (Table 4). The results (Table 5) also show that the chick growth factor was adsorbed on Darco G-60 at pH 3.0 and was almost completely eluted with 10 percent ammonium hydroxide in 95 percent ethanol. The non-adsorbed fraction contained very little growth activity.
Mortality percent
2 wks. 4 wks. 6 wks.
50 percent soybean oil meal in the chick diet magnified the difference in growth response resulting from the growth factor transmitted from the hen. The results show that sardine fish meal contains a growth factor(s) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick, and which is soluble in 80 percent ethanol and adsorbed on Darco G-60 at pH 3.0 in water solution. There also appears to be a close relationship between the hatchability factor and the chick growth factor, because similar fractions prepared from sardine fish meal stimulated both hatchability of
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of sardine fish meal and fish meal fractions in hen diet on growth of progeny 1948
404
J. M. PENSACK, R. M. BETHKE AND D. C. KENNARD
eggs and growth of chicks when added to soybean oil meal diets (Pensack, Bethke, and Kennard, 1949). Further correlation is provided by the fact that chicks fed a diet deficient in the unidentified growth factor grew better if their dams were fed a diet containing the hatchability factor (Bethke, Pensack, and Kennard, 1947). SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Bethke, R. M., D. C. Kennard, and V. D. Chamberlin, 1946a. The relation of nutrition to egg production and hatchability in chickens. II. Effect of choline chloride, methionine, and certain animal and marine products. Poultry Sci. 25: 579-583. , 1947. The relation of nutrition to production and hatchability of chicken eggs. III. Effect of pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid, biotin, and certain marine products. Poultry Sci. 26: 377-380. Bethke, R. M., J. M. Pensack, and D. C. Kennard, 1947. The influence of hen's diet on growth of progeny. Poultry Sci. 26: 128-131. Bethke, R. M., P. R. Record, D. C. Kennard, and V. D. Chamberlin, 1946b. The relation of nutrition to egg production and hatchability in chickens. I. Effect of protein supplements and alfalfa meal. Poultry Sci. 25: 570-578. Bird, H. R., M. Rubin, D. Witson, and S. K. Haynes, 1946. Effectiveness of dietary supplements in increasing hatachability of eggs and viability of progeny of hens fed a diet containing a high level of soybean oil meal. Poultry Sci. 25: 285-293. Byerly, T. C , H. W. Titus, and N. R. Ellis, 1933. Effect of diet on egg composition. II. Mortality of embryos in eggs from hens on diets containing protein supplements of different origin. J. Nutri. 6: 225-242. Cravens, W. W., J. G. Halpin, and W. H. McGibbon, 1946. The use of various vitamin supplements in rations for laying and breeding hens. Poultry Sci. 25:99-104. Gillis, M. B., G. F. Heuser, and L. C. Norris, 1942. The need for pantothenic acid and an unidentified factor in reproduction in the domestic fowl. J. Nutr. 23: 153-163. Groschke, A. C , M. Rubin, and H. R. Bird, 1947. Seasonal variation in hatchability and its relation to the unidentified dietary factor in cow manure. Poultry Sci. 26: 541. , 1948. Seasonal variation in hatchability and its relation to an unidentified factor. Poultry Sci. 27: 302-307. Heuser, G. F., L. C. Norris, H. L. Lucas, and G. F. Combs, 1946. Further studies on the need by poultry for an unidentified factor associated with animal proteins. Poultry Sci. 25: 403. Kennard, D. C , R. M. Bethke, and V. D. Chamber-
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Two experiments with hens showed that a diet of yellow corn, oats, wheat byproducts, dehydrated alfalfa meal, soybean oil meal (expeller), minerals, and adequate vitamin A, D, and riboflavin is deficient in a factor essential for good hatchability. The essential hatchability factor was present in sardine fish meal and was soluble in 80 percent hot ethanol and was adsorbed by Darco G-60 at pH 3.0 from a water solution of an ethanol extract of fish meal but was not adsorbed at pH 3.0 from an 80 percent ethanol solution of a similar extract. Sardine fish contains a growth factor(s) which is transmitted from the hen through the egg to the chick. The growth factor which is transmitted to the chick by the hen is soluble in 80 percent hot ethanol and can be adsorbed from a water solution of 80 percent ethanol soluble fish meal by Darco G-60 at pH 3.0. A supplement of 2 to 6 percent sardine fish meal to the soybean oil meal hen diet permitted storage in the egg of an unidentified growth factor (s) which greatly increased the rate of growth of the progeny but which was not sufficient to meet the chick's maximum need to 6 weeks of age. Six percent sardine fish meal in the hen diet caused a greater storage in the chick of the unidentified growth factor(s) than a supplement of 2 percent sardine fish meal.
The relationship between the hatchability factor and the chick growth factor(s) present in sardine fish meal is discussed.
405
N E W S AND NOTES
hen diet and chick diet on the need of chicks for an unidentified growth factor. Poultry Sci. 27: 442-447. Rubin, M., A. C. Groschke, and H. R. Bird, 1947. Chick growth factor in cow manure. VI. Effect on hatchability and storage in hens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med. 66: 36-38. Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird, 1947.-A chick growth factor in cow manure. III. Its occurrence in eggs. Poultry Sci. 26: 309-310. Whitson, D., H. W. Titus, and H. R. Bird, 1946. The effect of feeding cow manure on egg production and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 25: 143-147. Wilgus, H. S., and D. V. Zander, 1944. Minimum levels of animal protein for reproduction. Poultry Sci. 23:344-346.
News and Notes {Continued from page 371)
German institutions should appreciate receiving journals and bulletins for their libraries largely destroyed by war: (1) Dr. Fangauf, Lehr, U. Versuchsanstalt fur Kleintierzucht, Kiel-Steenbek, Germany; (2) Dr. L. Kruger, Lehr, U. Versuchwirtschaft des Tierzucht-Instituts, Universitat Giessen, Giessen-Lahn, Germany.
search Fellowship Award in Poultry Husbandry. Second alternate chosen for the Award was Leonard M. Dansky. whose home state is New York and is now at Fort Collins, Colorado. In addition to the two Awards in Poultry Husbandry, the Ralston Purina Company has named three recipients in Animal Husbandry and two in Dairy Husbandry.
James R. Jowsey of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, and Rollin H. Thayer of Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S.A., have been awarded the Research Fellowship Awards in Poultry Husbandry for 1949-50 by the Ralston Purina Company of St. Louis. Mr. Jowsey has selected Macdonald College and Mr. Thayer the State College of Washington as the Institution preferred for pursual of their graduate work. Milton L. Sunde, a native of South Dakota and now at Madison, Wisconsin, was chosen as first alternate for the Ralston Purina Company Re-
D R . F. N. MARCELLUS
Frank Nathan Marcellus, B.S.A., D.V.M., died in St. Joseph's Hospital, Guelph, Ontario, March 3, 1949, in his 64th year. Graduate of the Ontario Agricultural College in 1911 and of the Ontario Veterinary College in 1925, Dr. Marcellus lectured in Poultry at Iowa State College, Ames, before joining the staff of the Ontario Agricultural College in 1912 as Director of Poultry Extension. He spent two years- as Sales and Advertising Manager of the Louden Machinery Company, Guelph, rejoining the O.A.C.
{Continued on page 449)
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lin, 1948. Built-up floor litter a source of dietary factors essential for hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 27: 477-481. McGinnis, J., and J. S. Carver, 1947. The storage of an unidentified growth factor or factors in the egg and its relation to chick growth and mortality. Poultry Sci. 26: 457-462. Pensack, J. M., R. M. Bethke, and D. C. Kennard. Some properties of an unidentified growth factor present in fish products. J. Nutrition 37:353-360. Petersen, C. F., A. C. Wiese, and C. E. Lampman, 1948. The effect of several protein supplements on hatchability when fed to hens in open pens and batteries. Poultry Sci. 27: 471-476. Robblee, A. R., C. A. Nichol, W. W. Cravens, C. A. Elvehjem, and J. G. Halpin, 1948. The effect of