- Email: [email protected]
Use of an APF Supplement* With and Without Fish Meal for Egg Production and Hatchability
132
C. F. PETERSEN, C. E. LAMPMAN AND A. C. W I E S E
have been due to storage of vitamin B12 or to a change in microflora which resulted in intestinal synthesis of B12 or other unknown factors. 3. The two antibiotics studied, streptomycin and aureomycin, did not improve hatchability when fed to hens receiving a sub-optimum amount of vitamin B12.
The vitamin B12 and streptomycin used in this experiment were supplied by Dr. D. F. Green, Merck & Co., Rahway, N. J., and the aureomycin through the courtesy of Dr. T. H. Jukes, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N. Y. REFERENCES Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950a. Effect of an "animal protein factor" fermentation product on
Use of an A P F Supplement* W i t h and Without Fish Meal for Egg Production and Hatchability C. F. PETERSEN, C. E. LAMPMAN AND A. C. W I E S E
Departments of Poultry Husbandry and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (Received for publication May 4. 1951)
V
ITAMIN B12 is recognized as an essential dietary nutrient for hatchability. Limited data is now available concerning animal protein factor supplements as a source of this vitamin and other fac-
Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No. 334. * Since this product contained both vitamin B12 and an antibiotic, it would now be designated, according to the nomenclature adopted by the Association of Feed Control Officials, as "a vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplement."
tors. Carver and McGinnis (1950a) found that a fermentation APF supplement was effective at levels of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 percent in improving hatchability from a low level or maintaining high hatchability in a nine-week experiment with hens on litter or wire. Another APF supplement with a content of 12.5 mg. of vitamin B12 per pound was reported by Hill el al. (1950) to be as effective in maintaining hatchability as 6 percent fish meal. These experimental birds were reared from dayold to 10 months on wire floors and fed
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Nebraka-Lincoln Libraries on April 11, 2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 307-309. Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950b. Effect of vitamin B12 and APF supplements on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 752. Hill, D. C, J. D. McConachie, K. M. Gartley and H. D. Branion, 1950. The use of a commercial animal protein factor supplement in a hatching ration. Poultry Sci. 29: 744-745. Lindstrom, R. G., P. R. Moore, C. F. Petersen and A. C. Wiese, 1949a. Activity of a vitamin B12 concentrate for chick growth and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 28:464-465. Lindstrom, R. G., C. F. Petersen, A. C. Wiese and P. R. Moore, 1949b. Effect on hatchability of fish meal fed to hens deficient in the unidentified hatchability factor. Poultry Sci. 28: 552-555. Milligan, J. J., and G. F. Combs, 1950. Vitamin B]2 requirements for hatchability, viability and growth. Poultry Sci. 29: 772. Petersen, C. F., A. C. Wiese, C. E. Lampman and R. V. Dahlstrom, 1950. Role of crystalline vitamin B12 for hatchability. Poultry Sci. 29: 618619.
APF
133
SUPPLEMENT AND HATCHABILITY
The experiment to be reported here was begun in the fall of 1949 to determine the value of one APF supplement in the ration for egg production, hatchability, and subsequent chick quality.
EXPERIMENTAL
Two hundred and forty White Leghorn pullets were divided into 8 lots of 30 hens each on October 1, 1949. Four experimental rations were fed to two duplicate lots with one duplicate reared on built-up litter and the other reared on I X 2-inch raised wire mesh floors to minimize poultry manure as a source of vitamin B12 and other factors. The four rations fed are given in Table 1. The basal ration fed to lots 1 and 5 contained no animal proteins or other known sources of vitamin. B12. Lots 2 and 6 received the same ration to which was added 0.25 per cent of the APF supplement.1 Lots 3 and 7 and lots 4 and 8 received the same APF supplement plus 1 and 5 percent herring fish meal, respectively. Protein adjustments were made by reducing the amount of soybean oil meal. Data was obtained for egg production, egg size, body weight, and hatchability 1 Kindly supplied by Dr. T. H. Jukes, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N. Y. This product would now be designated as "a vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplement."
TABLE 1.—Experimental rations fed laying hens Ration No. Ingredients
Ground corn Ground wheat Ground oats Ground barley Wheat bran Dehyd. alfalfa meal Soybean oil meal (solvent) Oyster shell flour Steamed bone meal I. salt A & D feeding oil (400D-1.500A) Manganese sulfate Riboflavin A.P.F. supplement* Herring fish meal
1
2
3
4
Percent 25.0 23.0 6.0 6.0 14.S 3.0 16.3 4.0 1.8 0.5
Percent 25.0 22.5 6.0 6.0 14.5 3.0 16.3 4.0 1.8 0.5
Percent 25.0 22.6 6.0 6.0 14.5 3.0 14.7 4.0 1.8 0.5
Percent 25.0 25.6 6.0 6.0 14.5 3.0 8.5 4.0 1.3 0.5
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb.
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb. 0.25
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb. 0.25 1.0
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb. 0.25 5.0
* This product would now be designated as "a vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplement."
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the same supplements during the entire period. This product, when used at 0.11 percent, apparently contained adequate B12 to support good hatchability and permitted even greater transfer to the chick than 6 percent fish meal. Carver and McGinnis (1950b) have also reported that one APF supplement was as effective in maintaining excellent hatchability as 2 percent fish meal when hens were on either wire or litter floors. Further work with APF supplements reported by Olcese et al. (1950) and Couch et al. (1950) indicated vitamin B12 was essential for egg production; however these supplements did not adequately support good hatchability. These workers, employing a purified type diet, apparently encountered a deficiency of some unknown essential nutrient which does not occur when using more practical type rations in which only the animal protein supplements are replaced.
134
C. F. PETERSEN, C. E. LAMPMAN AND A. C. W I E S E
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from feeding an APF supplement produced from aureomycin fermentation on egg production, egg size, body weight, and hatchability are summarized in Table 2. It is apparent that the basal ration is nutritionally inadequate for hatchability when hens are maintained on raised wire floors. It would also appear that this ration was not ad-
equate for maximum egg production since the production of this lot of birds (No. 1) was from 10 to 15 per cent below that of other groups receiving APF, fish meal, or reared on built-up litter. Apparently the litter supplied adequate vitamin B i2 and other essential nutrients to permit good egg production (lot 5) even though the ration contained no animal proteins or APF supplements. The APF supplement produced from aureomycin production was selected in the fall of 1949 for this experiment since earlier work had indicated that it was superior to other APF supplements available at that time for early chick growth. It is now apparent that the superior results obtained were due to the antibiotic content as well as vitamin B 12 . This APF supplement was as effective in promoting egg production as were rations containing both the APF supplement and either 1 or 5 percent herring fish meal. This response may be due to the vitamin B12 supplied or
TABLE 2.—Influence of an A PF supplement* on egg production, body size, egg size, hatchability, and subsequent chick weight 1
2
3
4
5
6
Floor
Wire
Wire
Wire
Wire
Litter
Litter
Litter
Supplement
None
0.25% A P F + A P F + APF l%fish 5% fish
None
0.25% APF
APF+ APF+ 1% fish 5% fish
Av. percent egg production Av. No. eggs per hen (9 months) Av. body weight—lbs. Oct.-Jan.-March Av. egg weight (oz. per doz.) Percent total hatch fertile eggs (6 monthly hatches) Percent hatch of good chicks Av. chick weight at hatching time (grams) Av. 4-week chick weight in grams when fed Bi2-deficient ration (Av. of 3 hatches) Av. 4-week chick weight in grams when fed B12 adequate ration
51.0 139 4.3
66.3 181 4.5
63.5 173 4.5
61.3 167 4.4
60.9 166 4.5
60.0 162 4.5
61.8 169 4.5
61.9 169 4.5
24.5 20.8
25.3 68.5
25.5 81.2
25.5 86.1
24.9 82.5
25.3 89.1
25.6 89.1
25.3 89.4
6.5 37.0
51.7 39.3
76.6 39.9
80.0 40.3
73.4 37.5
83.2 39.4
83.7 39.3
83.1 39.8
(43) f 125.6
(2) 189.9
260.0
(5) 209.8
(2) 222.0
273.3
279.2
284.7
306.2
(ID 200.7 (8) 273.1
275.8
284.2
305.6
Lot No.
No chicks No chicks
7
8 Litter
* APF supplements used supplied through the courtesy of Dr. T. H. Jukes of Lederle Laboratories. Supplements 203B and 8108-110 used were both prepared from aureomycin fermentation with no vitamin Bi2 guarantee. These products now would be designated as "vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplements." t Average percent chick mortality during 4-week experimental periods shown in parenthesis.
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during a 9-month experimental period. All eggs produced during one week of each month, from December to May inclusive, were incubated to determine the influence of the rations upon hatchability. The chicks obtained from the 2nd, 4th, and 6th hatches were banded to maintain identity of source. They were divided into two groups and fed either a ration deficient in vitamin Bj2, or one contiaining adequate B12, in order to determine the effectiveness of the various ration in producing highquality chicks.
APF
135
SUPPLEMENT AND HATCHABILITY
TABLE 3.—Summary of hatchability study by monthly hatches with White Leghorn hens fed APF supplement* and maintained either on built-up litter or -wire-screen floors Lot No.
Supplement to basal ration
Total No. fertile eggs
Dec. 1949
Jan. 1950
Feb. 1950
Mar. 1950
Apr. 1950
Percent • hatch for period— May Av. 1950
Wire Wire Wire Wire Litter Litter Litter Litter
375 411 370 363 383 383 358 417
73.9 72.9 85.5 82.1 86.0 82.3 89.3 87.5
8.5 71.8 84.9 92.5 85.5 91.9 83.6 86.4
17.2 43.7 79.6 82.7 75.2 88.1 89.7 90.3
4.8 52.3 76.7 86.2 85.7 98.2 94.5 90.3
2.8 76.1 78.2 88.6 83.3 81.7 90.8 93.2
17.4 79.1 82.0 84.5 79.4 92.4 86.4 88.7
Percent hatch of fertile eggs during
20.8 68.5 81.2 86.1 82.5 89.1 89.1 89.4
* APF supplement 203-B was fed from October 1, 1949 to March 20, 1950. Supplement 8108-110 was used from March 20, 1950 to completion of experiment on June 30, 1950. These products now would be designated as "vitamin Bi2 and antibiotic feed supplements."
to the antibiotic content. Litter, known to be a source of Bi2, appeared to be equally as effective as the supplement in promoting egg production. Egg size and body weight, although slightly reduced when the basal ration was fed on wire, did not seem to be reduced to the extent that production was affected. Hatchability was materially influenced both by the rearing conditions and by the supplements. The average percent hatchability of fertile eggs for the experimental period is shown in Table 2 and the individual monthly hatches for each lot is given in Table 3. Hatchability dropped to an extremely low level in lot 1 following 3 months of feeding the basal ration to hens on raised wire floors. It continued at a low level throughout the experiment. In contrast, lot 5, fed the same ration but maintained on built-up litter, resulted in fairly satisfactory hatchability of 82.5 percent. The APF supplement fed to the hens in lot 2 (wire floors) did improve hatchability but not to the extent of built-up litter on the two levels of fish meal additions. It was as effective as the fish meal supplements when added to the basal ration of hens on litter (lot 6). It will be noted in Table 3 that lot 2 dropped to 43 and 52 percent
hatch during February and March. Following this, the second APF (No. 8108110) was introduced and hatchability improved in the two subsequent hatches. The original supplement, No. 203B, was reported by Stokstad et al. (1949) to contain from 0.4 to 1.0 microgram Bi2 per gram as determined microbiologically. When fed at 0.25 percent this would supply from 0.45 to 1.1 micrograms per pound of feed. Although the exact requirements have not been definitely determined, it is known that this level is inadequate under the conditions of this experiment. Hens fed the APF supplement, the APF supplement plus 1.0 percent fish meal, or raised on litter, produced poor quality chicks. Feeding experiments, with chicks obtained from these hens, indicated insufficient carry-over of B i 2 since growth was reduced when chicks were fed a B12deficient diet. Chick mortality was 43 percent when the dams' ration contained the APF supplement with wire floor management. The addition of 5 percent fish meal to the dams' ration resulted in chicks which, fed a ration deficient in vitamin Bi2, showed good gains. When chicks were fed a ration containing adequate vitamin Bi2, growth rates were good regardless of the dams' ration. A slight increase in chick
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1 None 2 0.25% APF 3 A P F + 1 % fish meal 4 A P F + 5 % fish meal 5 None 6 0.25% APF 7 A P F + 1 % fish meal 8 A P F + 5 % fish meal
Floor management
136
N E W S AND NOTES
2
birds were reared on raised wire floors, egg production was reduced and hatchability dropped to near zero. Hens fed the same ration, but reared on built-up litter, maintained satisfactory egg production; hatchability was maintained at an average of 82.5 percent during a 9month experimental period. An APF supplement prepared from aureomycin production did not supply sufficient vitamin B12 to maintain hatchability of hens on wire. Hens reared on built-up litter and fed the APF supplement produced eggs which hatched as well as eggs from hens fed 1 and 5 percent herring fish meal. The APF supplement did improve egg production. This may have been due to either its vitamin BX2 content, its aureomycin content, or to both. Vitamin B12 was not transferred through the egg to the chick in sufficient amounts
REFERENCES Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950a. Effect of an "animal protein factor" fermentation product on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 307-309. Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950b. Effect of vitamin B12 and APF supplements on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 752. Couch, J. R., O. Olcese, B. G. Sanders and J. V. Halick, 1950. Vitamin B12, APF concentrates, dried whey, fish solubles, and liver fraction "L" in the nutrition of the mature fowl. J. Nutrition 42:473^-85. Hill, D. C, J. D. McConachie, K. M. Gartley and H. D. Branion, 1950. The use of a commercial animal protein factor supplement in a hatching ration. Poultry Sci. 29: 744-745. Olcese, O., J. R. Couch and C. M. Lyman, 1950. Vitamin B12 concentrates in the nutrition of the mature domestic fowl. J. Nutrition 41: 73-87. Stokstad, E. L. R., T. H. Jukes, J. Pierce, A. C. Page, Jr. and A. L. Franklin, 1949. The multiple nature of the animal protein factor. J. Biol. Chem. 180: 647-654.
NEWS AND NOTES (.Continued from page 122) cal College went on full retirement in September, 1951. Since 1946 he has been on modified service. During his 28 years of service with the College, the Poultry Department grew from a "one-man" organization to one with seventeen full-time employees. Professor Reid was born in Montello, Wisconsin in 1881. He obtained a B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin, in 1919 and a M.S. degree in 1922. He served as Instructor in Poultry Hus-
bandry at the University of Wisconsin from 1919 to 1920, becoming Assistant Professor in 1920. In 1923 he was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Poultry Husbandry, Texas A and M College. He has been active in numerous national and state organizations serving the poultry industry, being Chairman of the Texas State Poultry Improvement. He served as a Director of the Poultry Science Association from 1935 to 1937; was Vice-
{Continued cm page 145)
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growth was obtained when the dams' to assure high-quality chicks when the ration contained 5 percent fish meal. This breeder ration contained the APF supmay have resulted from a greater storage . plement, 1.0 per cent fish meal, or a comof vitamin B l 2 in the chicks' body at bination of the two. hatching time, or may have been due to A level of 5 percent fish meal plus the other factors supplied with this level of APF supplement resulted in chicks with sufficient carry-over to permit good growth fish meal. even when fed a ration low in vitamin B12. SUMMARY The basal all-plant breeder ration fed to Further growth improvement resulted White Leghorn hens was extremely defi- when the chicks were fed a ration containcient in vitamin Bi . When experimental ing adequate vitamin Bi2.
C. F. PETERSEN, C. E. LAMPMAN AND A. C. W I E S E
have been due to storage of vitamin B12 or to a change in microflora which resulted in intestinal synthesis of B12 or other unknown factors. 3. The two antibiotics studied, streptomycin and aureomycin, did not improve hatchability when fed to hens receiving a sub-optimum amount of vitamin B12.
The vitamin B12 and streptomycin used in this experiment were supplied by Dr. D. F. Green, Merck & Co., Rahway, N. J., and the aureomycin through the courtesy of Dr. T. H. Jukes, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N. Y. REFERENCES Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950a. Effect of an "animal protein factor" fermentation product on
Use of an A P F Supplement* W i t h and Without Fish Meal for Egg Production and Hatchability C. F. PETERSEN, C. E. LAMPMAN AND A. C. W I E S E
Departments of Poultry Husbandry and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (Received for publication May 4. 1951)
V
ITAMIN B12 is recognized as an essential dietary nutrient for hatchability. Limited data is now available concerning animal protein factor supplements as a source of this vitamin and other fac-
Published with the approval of the Director of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No. 334. * Since this product contained both vitamin B12 and an antibiotic, it would now be designated, according to the nomenclature adopted by the Association of Feed Control Officials, as "a vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplement."
tors. Carver and McGinnis (1950a) found that a fermentation APF supplement was effective at levels of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 percent in improving hatchability from a low level or maintaining high hatchability in a nine-week experiment with hens on litter or wire. Another APF supplement with a content of 12.5 mg. of vitamin B12 per pound was reported by Hill el al. (1950) to be as effective in maintaining hatchability as 6 percent fish meal. These experimental birds were reared from dayold to 10 months on wire floors and fed
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Nebraka-Lincoln Libraries on April 11, 2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 307-309. Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950b. Effect of vitamin B12 and APF supplements on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 752. Hill, D. C, J. D. McConachie, K. M. Gartley and H. D. Branion, 1950. The use of a commercial animal protein factor supplement in a hatching ration. Poultry Sci. 29: 744-745. Lindstrom, R. G., P. R. Moore, C. F. Petersen and A. C. Wiese, 1949a. Activity of a vitamin B12 concentrate for chick growth and hatchability. Poultry Sci. 28:464-465. Lindstrom, R. G., C. F. Petersen, A. C. Wiese and P. R. Moore, 1949b. Effect on hatchability of fish meal fed to hens deficient in the unidentified hatchability factor. Poultry Sci. 28: 552-555. Milligan, J. J., and G. F. Combs, 1950. Vitamin B]2 requirements for hatchability, viability and growth. Poultry Sci. 29: 772. Petersen, C. F., A. C. Wiese, C. E. Lampman and R. V. Dahlstrom, 1950. Role of crystalline vitamin B12 for hatchability. Poultry Sci. 29: 618619.
APF
133
SUPPLEMENT AND HATCHABILITY
The experiment to be reported here was begun in the fall of 1949 to determine the value of one APF supplement in the ration for egg production, hatchability, and subsequent chick quality.
EXPERIMENTAL
Two hundred and forty White Leghorn pullets were divided into 8 lots of 30 hens each on October 1, 1949. Four experimental rations were fed to two duplicate lots with one duplicate reared on built-up litter and the other reared on I X 2-inch raised wire mesh floors to minimize poultry manure as a source of vitamin B12 and other factors. The four rations fed are given in Table 1. The basal ration fed to lots 1 and 5 contained no animal proteins or other known sources of vitamin. B12. Lots 2 and 6 received the same ration to which was added 0.25 per cent of the APF supplement.1 Lots 3 and 7 and lots 4 and 8 received the same APF supplement plus 1 and 5 percent herring fish meal, respectively. Protein adjustments were made by reducing the amount of soybean oil meal. Data was obtained for egg production, egg size, body weight, and hatchability 1 Kindly supplied by Dr. T. H. Jukes, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, N. Y. This product would now be designated as "a vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplement."
TABLE 1.—Experimental rations fed laying hens Ration No. Ingredients
Ground corn Ground wheat Ground oats Ground barley Wheat bran Dehyd. alfalfa meal Soybean oil meal (solvent) Oyster shell flour Steamed bone meal I. salt A & D feeding oil (400D-1.500A) Manganese sulfate Riboflavin A.P.F. supplement* Herring fish meal
1
2
3
4
Percent 25.0 23.0 6.0 6.0 14.S 3.0 16.3 4.0 1.8 0.5
Percent 25.0 22.5 6.0 6.0 14.5 3.0 16.3 4.0 1.8 0.5
Percent 25.0 22.6 6.0 6.0 14.5 3.0 14.7 4.0 1.8 0.5
Percent 25.0 25.6 6.0 6.0 14.5 3.0 8.5 4.0 1.3 0.5
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb.
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb. 0.25
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb. 0.25 1.0
0.4 0.025 1.36mg./lb. 0.25 5.0
* This product would now be designated as "a vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplement."
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Nebraka-Lincoln Libraries on April 11, 2015
the same supplements during the entire period. This product, when used at 0.11 percent, apparently contained adequate B12 to support good hatchability and permitted even greater transfer to the chick than 6 percent fish meal. Carver and McGinnis (1950b) have also reported that one APF supplement was as effective in maintaining excellent hatchability as 2 percent fish meal when hens were on either wire or litter floors. Further work with APF supplements reported by Olcese et al. (1950) and Couch et al. (1950) indicated vitamin B12 was essential for egg production; however these supplements did not adequately support good hatchability. These workers, employing a purified type diet, apparently encountered a deficiency of some unknown essential nutrient which does not occur when using more practical type rations in which only the animal protein supplements are replaced.
134
C. F. PETERSEN, C. E. LAMPMAN AND A. C. W I E S E
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from feeding an APF supplement produced from aureomycin fermentation on egg production, egg size, body weight, and hatchability are summarized in Table 2. It is apparent that the basal ration is nutritionally inadequate for hatchability when hens are maintained on raised wire floors. It would also appear that this ration was not ad-
equate for maximum egg production since the production of this lot of birds (No. 1) was from 10 to 15 per cent below that of other groups receiving APF, fish meal, or reared on built-up litter. Apparently the litter supplied adequate vitamin B i2 and other essential nutrients to permit good egg production (lot 5) even though the ration contained no animal proteins or APF supplements. The APF supplement produced from aureomycin production was selected in the fall of 1949 for this experiment since earlier work had indicated that it was superior to other APF supplements available at that time for early chick growth. It is now apparent that the superior results obtained were due to the antibiotic content as well as vitamin B 12 . This APF supplement was as effective in promoting egg production as were rations containing both the APF supplement and either 1 or 5 percent herring fish meal. This response may be due to the vitamin B12 supplied or
TABLE 2.—Influence of an A PF supplement* on egg production, body size, egg size, hatchability, and subsequent chick weight 1
2
3
4
5
6
Floor
Wire
Wire
Wire
Wire
Litter
Litter
Litter
Supplement
None
0.25% A P F + A P F + APF l%fish 5% fish
None
0.25% APF
APF+ APF+ 1% fish 5% fish
Av. percent egg production Av. No. eggs per hen (9 months) Av. body weight—lbs. Oct.-Jan.-March Av. egg weight (oz. per doz.) Percent total hatch fertile eggs (6 monthly hatches) Percent hatch of good chicks Av. chick weight at hatching time (grams) Av. 4-week chick weight in grams when fed Bi2-deficient ration (Av. of 3 hatches) Av. 4-week chick weight in grams when fed B12 adequate ration
51.0 139 4.3
66.3 181 4.5
63.5 173 4.5
61.3 167 4.4
60.9 166 4.5
60.0 162 4.5
61.8 169 4.5
61.9 169 4.5
24.5 20.8
25.3 68.5
25.5 81.2
25.5 86.1
24.9 82.5
25.3 89.1
25.6 89.1
25.3 89.4
6.5 37.0
51.7 39.3
76.6 39.9
80.0 40.3
73.4 37.5
83.2 39.4
83.7 39.3
83.1 39.8
(43) f 125.6
(2) 189.9
260.0
(5) 209.8
(2) 222.0
273.3
279.2
284.7
306.2
(ID 200.7 (8) 273.1
275.8
284.2
305.6
Lot No.
No chicks No chicks
7
8 Litter
* APF supplements used supplied through the courtesy of Dr. T. H. Jukes of Lederle Laboratories. Supplements 203B and 8108-110 used were both prepared from aureomycin fermentation with no vitamin Bi2 guarantee. These products now would be designated as "vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplements." t Average percent chick mortality during 4-week experimental periods shown in parenthesis.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Nebraka-Lincoln Libraries on April 11, 2015
during a 9-month experimental period. All eggs produced during one week of each month, from December to May inclusive, were incubated to determine the influence of the rations upon hatchability. The chicks obtained from the 2nd, 4th, and 6th hatches were banded to maintain identity of source. They were divided into two groups and fed either a ration deficient in vitamin Bj2, or one contiaining adequate B12, in order to determine the effectiveness of the various ration in producing highquality chicks.
APF
135
SUPPLEMENT AND HATCHABILITY
TABLE 3.—Summary of hatchability study by monthly hatches with White Leghorn hens fed APF supplement* and maintained either on built-up litter or -wire-screen floors Lot No.
Supplement to basal ration
Total No. fertile eggs
Dec. 1949
Jan. 1950
Feb. 1950
Mar. 1950
Apr. 1950
Percent • hatch for period— May Av. 1950
Wire Wire Wire Wire Litter Litter Litter Litter
375 411 370 363 383 383 358 417
73.9 72.9 85.5 82.1 86.0 82.3 89.3 87.5
8.5 71.8 84.9 92.5 85.5 91.9 83.6 86.4
17.2 43.7 79.6 82.7 75.2 88.1 89.7 90.3
4.8 52.3 76.7 86.2 85.7 98.2 94.5 90.3
2.8 76.1 78.2 88.6 83.3 81.7 90.8 93.2
17.4 79.1 82.0 84.5 79.4 92.4 86.4 88.7
Percent hatch of fertile eggs during
20.8 68.5 81.2 86.1 82.5 89.1 89.1 89.4
* APF supplement 203-B was fed from October 1, 1949 to March 20, 1950. Supplement 8108-110 was used from March 20, 1950 to completion of experiment on June 30, 1950. These products now would be designated as "vitamin Bi2 and antibiotic feed supplements."
to the antibiotic content. Litter, known to be a source of Bi2, appeared to be equally as effective as the supplement in promoting egg production. Egg size and body weight, although slightly reduced when the basal ration was fed on wire, did not seem to be reduced to the extent that production was affected. Hatchability was materially influenced both by the rearing conditions and by the supplements. The average percent hatchability of fertile eggs for the experimental period is shown in Table 2 and the individual monthly hatches for each lot is given in Table 3. Hatchability dropped to an extremely low level in lot 1 following 3 months of feeding the basal ration to hens on raised wire floors. It continued at a low level throughout the experiment. In contrast, lot 5, fed the same ration but maintained on built-up litter, resulted in fairly satisfactory hatchability of 82.5 percent. The APF supplement fed to the hens in lot 2 (wire floors) did improve hatchability but not to the extent of built-up litter on the two levels of fish meal additions. It was as effective as the fish meal supplements when added to the basal ration of hens on litter (lot 6). It will be noted in Table 3 that lot 2 dropped to 43 and 52 percent
hatch during February and March. Following this, the second APF (No. 8108110) was introduced and hatchability improved in the two subsequent hatches. The original supplement, No. 203B, was reported by Stokstad et al. (1949) to contain from 0.4 to 1.0 microgram Bi2 per gram as determined microbiologically. When fed at 0.25 percent this would supply from 0.45 to 1.1 micrograms per pound of feed. Although the exact requirements have not been definitely determined, it is known that this level is inadequate under the conditions of this experiment. Hens fed the APF supplement, the APF supplement plus 1.0 percent fish meal, or raised on litter, produced poor quality chicks. Feeding experiments, with chicks obtained from these hens, indicated insufficient carry-over of B i 2 since growth was reduced when chicks were fed a B12deficient diet. Chick mortality was 43 percent when the dams' ration contained the APF supplement with wire floor management. The addition of 5 percent fish meal to the dams' ration resulted in chicks which, fed a ration deficient in vitamin Bi2, showed good gains. When chicks were fed a ration containing adequate vitamin Bi2, growth rates were good regardless of the dams' ration. A slight increase in chick
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1 None 2 0.25% APF 3 A P F + 1 % fish meal 4 A P F + 5 % fish meal 5 None 6 0.25% APF 7 A P F + 1 % fish meal 8 A P F + 5 % fish meal
Floor management
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N E W S AND NOTES
2
birds were reared on raised wire floors, egg production was reduced and hatchability dropped to near zero. Hens fed the same ration, but reared on built-up litter, maintained satisfactory egg production; hatchability was maintained at an average of 82.5 percent during a 9month experimental period. An APF supplement prepared from aureomycin production did not supply sufficient vitamin B12 to maintain hatchability of hens on wire. Hens reared on built-up litter and fed the APF supplement produced eggs which hatched as well as eggs from hens fed 1 and 5 percent herring fish meal. The APF supplement did improve egg production. This may have been due to either its vitamin BX2 content, its aureomycin content, or to both. Vitamin B12 was not transferred through the egg to the chick in sufficient amounts
REFERENCES Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950a. Effect of an "animal protein factor" fermentation product on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 307-309. Carver, J. S., and J. McGinnis, 1950b. Effect of vitamin B12 and APF supplements on hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Sci. 29: 752. Couch, J. R., O. Olcese, B. G. Sanders and J. V. Halick, 1950. Vitamin B12, APF concentrates, dried whey, fish solubles, and liver fraction "L" in the nutrition of the mature fowl. J. Nutrition 42:473^-85. Hill, D. C, J. D. McConachie, K. M. Gartley and H. D. Branion, 1950. The use of a commercial animal protein factor supplement in a hatching ration. Poultry Sci. 29: 744-745. Olcese, O., J. R. Couch and C. M. Lyman, 1950. Vitamin B12 concentrates in the nutrition of the mature domestic fowl. J. Nutrition 41: 73-87. Stokstad, E. L. R., T. H. Jukes, J. Pierce, A. C. Page, Jr. and A. L. Franklin, 1949. The multiple nature of the animal protein factor. J. Biol. Chem. 180: 647-654.
NEWS AND NOTES (.Continued from page 122) cal College went on full retirement in September, 1951. Since 1946 he has been on modified service. During his 28 years of service with the College, the Poultry Department grew from a "one-man" organization to one with seventeen full-time employees. Professor Reid was born in Montello, Wisconsin in 1881. He obtained a B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin, in 1919 and a M.S. degree in 1922. He served as Instructor in Poultry Hus-
bandry at the University of Wisconsin from 1919 to 1920, becoming Assistant Professor in 1920. In 1923 he was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Poultry Husbandry, Texas A and M College. He has been active in numerous national and state organizations serving the poultry industry, being Chairman of the Texas State Poultry Improvement. He served as a Director of the Poultry Science Association from 1935 to 1937; was Vice-
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growth was obtained when the dams' to assure high-quality chicks when the ration contained 5 percent fish meal. This breeder ration contained the APF supmay have resulted from a greater storage . plement, 1.0 per cent fish meal, or a comof vitamin B l 2 in the chicks' body at bination of the two. hatching time, or may have been due to A level of 5 percent fish meal plus the other factors supplied with this level of APF supplement resulted in chicks with sufficient carry-over to permit good growth fish meal. even when fed a ration low in vitamin B12. SUMMARY The basal all-plant breeder ration fed to Further growth improvement resulted White Leghorn hens was extremely defi- when the chicks were fed a ration containcient in vitamin Bi . When experimental ing adequate vitamin Bi2.