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The Use of Peanut Oil Meal and Fish Meal-Fish Solubles Blend in the Diets of Broilers
The Use of Peanut Oil Meal and Fish Meal-Fish Solubles Blend in the Diets of Broilers 2. THE EFFECT UPON PROCESSING YIELDS, FLESHING, PIGMENTATION AND FAT SCORES1 FRED R. TARVER, JR., AND J. CLYDE DRIGGERS 2
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville (Received for publication February 17, 1958)
ROCESSING yields, distribution of muscle tissue, degree of pigmentation and fat coverage are factors the poultry processor considers when obtaining live market poultry. Quality and type of ingredients in feeds greatly influence these factors. Peanut oil meal has been found to be deficient in certain amino acids, according to Grau (1946). However, Riesen et al. (1947) found peanut oil meal quality was mainly dependent upon the method of processing. The production and use of peanut oil meal has been limited to the southeastern section of the United States and little research has been conducted on its use in poultry feeds, particularly those feeds for broiler production. Dearstyne et al. (1940) failed to find any reduction in egg production, hatchability or livability when 62 to 94 percent of the animal protein was replaced by high grade peanut oil meal. Edwards and Massey (1941) reported that peanut oil meal could be used efficiently and economically to replace half of the protein usually furnished by feeds of animal origin. They further stated that the mortality rate of young chicks appeared to be reduced by 1 Published with the permission of the Director of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series, No. 731. 2 Present address: Poultry Division, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
its use. More recently, Driggers and Tarver (1958) found small differences in the three different feeding trials with broilers, but it was concluded that a high protein peanut oil meal could replace 50 percent of the soybean oil meal when fish meal and condensed fish* solubles are included in the diet. Processing yields, pigmentation, fat and fleshing scores of broiler carcasses were obtained to study the effect of peanut oil meal (55 percent protein) and fish meal in the diets of broilers. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Day-old, straight-run White Plymouth Rock broiler chicks were used in two battery studies and one floor study. All birds received their respective diets (Driggers and Tarver, 1958) and water ad libitum. These diets were fed to duplicate pens of 25 birds each in the two battery trials and to non-duplicated pens of 500 chicks each in the floor pen study. The two battery studies and one floor study were terminated at 60 and 66 days of age, respectively. Of each respective diet, 48 broilers in the first battery study, 20 broilers in the second battery study and 49 broilers in the floor study were selected at random and processed in the University of Florida Poultry Processing Laboratory. Each * A blend of Menhaden fish meal and condensed fish solubles.
1112
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
P
PEANUT OIL MEAL IN BROILER DIETS
All carcasses were compared to a selected standard for each factor. The standard consisted of four individual carcasses representing the digital score. The dressed carcasses were eviscerated immediately after obtaining the various scores. Eviscerated weights, including the edible carcasses and giblets (liver, heart and gizzard), were then recorded. All weights were reported in pounds and tenths of pounds. The analyses of variance were according to methods given by Snedecor (1946) and Cochran and Cox (1950).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Live, dressed and eviscerated weights of the three trials (Chart 1) followed similar patterns. The heaviest weights of the three trials were recorded from those birds fed diets 4 and 6, while those birds receiving diets 2 and 5 had the lightest weights. However there was an exception in the weights of birds receiving diet 2 in the first battery trial. They were consistently lower than the other two trials.The birds fed diets 1 and 3 were intermediate in weight. Data, therefore, indicated a marked difference between dressed and eviscerated weights in each of the three experiments. However, these indications failed to exist between percent dressed and eviscerated yields. It is interesting to note that diet 4 contained soybean oil meal and fish meal as the primary source of protein. Diet 6 contained soybean oil meal and one half peanut oil meal and fish meal. This suggests the practical use of peanut oil meal in broiler diets when the recognized deficiences are corrected. Data from the second battery trial failed to show any significant differences in processing yields. The fleshing score (Chart 2)„ in the first battery trial, was lowest for those birds fed diet 2, highest for those birds receiving diet 5. The birds that received diets 1, 3, 4 and 6 were intermediate. In the second battery trial, the fleshing score was lowest for those birds fed diets 1 and 5. The highest score was obtained from those birds fed diet 3. The birds fed diets 2, 4 and 6 had fleshing scores which were similar. Birds fed diets 1 and 2 in the floor study were lowest in fleshing scores while the birds on diets 3, 4, 5 and 6 were similar and the highest. They had higher fleshing scores than those birds in the two battery trials. Age is a probable contributing factor. Even though these trends existed, data failed to show any notable difference in fleshing scores of the three studies.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
group was composed of one half males and one half females. Live weights were obtained after a 12-hour starvation period. The birds were then shackled and slaughtered by severing the jugular vein and carotid artery at the base of the lower mandible with an electric poultry stunning knife. After the birds had bled for approximately three minutes they were plucked by a single rotating drum picker and any remaining pinfeathers were removed by hand. Dressed weights were recorded immediately following plucking. For more accuracy in obtaining fleshing, pigmentation and fat scores, the dressed carcasses were reshackled. Scores for these factors ranged from 1 through 4, in increments of 0.5, with 4 representing the superior score in each instance. Plumpness and distribution of muscle tissue over the breast, thigh and "drumsticks" were considered in determining fleshing scores. The pigmentation of the shanks and skin over the breast and legs was observed to arrive at a pigmentation score. The distribution of fat beneath the dermal layer of skin and the deposition of abdominal fat were criteria used in deriving the fat score. The abdominal fat was exposed by splitting the carcass along one side of the backbone from between the shoulders through the area of the pygostyle.
1113
t.oo .75 .50 .25 CHART I
3.00
LIVE, DRESSED AND EVISCERATED_ WEIGHTS OF BROILERS
.75 .50
a
o Q.
.25 LIVE
2.00
'x/
WEIGHTS
/
-
DRESSEO WEIGHTS
.75
WEIGHTS
.25 1.00
.BATTERY TRIAL I .BATTERY TRIALK . FLOOR TRIAL
.75 .50 .25
_l
.00 TEST
L 3
TEST
DIETS
J
I
V
L
I
I 2-
S
DIETS
I 3
TEST
J H- 5
[_ 6
DIETS
H.00 .75 .50
CHART H
/ _/
.15
FLESHING
FAT SCORES OF
PI&MENTATIO.N & BROILERS
3.00 .75 .50 .25 FLE'SHINfr
l.oo
13 -75 a. o -so to
.25FAT
PI&MENTATION
1.00 .75
BATTERY TRIAL I BATTERY TRIAL K -FLOOR TRIAL
.50 .25 .00
J
I TEST
L DIETS
J
L
X
3
J_ t
T E S T DIETS
S
6
J.
3
TEST
fDIETS
S
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
EVISCERATED
•SO
PEANUT OIL MEAL IN BROILER DIETS
The deposition of fat beneath the skin surface and in the abdominal cavity was highest for those birds fed diets 1 and 2 in the first battery trial. Those fed diet 4 were the lowest in score, while diets 3, 5 and 6 produced intermediate fat scores. These trends point up a marked difference, particuliarly between those birds fed diet 1 and diet 5. In battery trial 2 the birds fed diets 1 and 4 had the lowest fat score, 2 and 6 intermediate and 3 and 5 the highest. Diet 5, in the floor trial, produced birds with the highest fat score and diet 2 the lowest. The remaining diets 1, 3, 4 and 6 were intermediate. There exists an apparent relationship in all trials between the intensity of pigmentation and the amount of fat deposited when birds received diets 1, 2, 3 and 4. The intensity of pigmentation in birds on diets 5 and 6 was lower -than that of other birds while the deposition of fat was higher. This would suggest a low intensity of pigment in the areas of heavy fat deposition. A lack of notable difference existed in the second battery study and the floor study in fat deposition scores.
There was a lack of significant difference in the fleshing, pigmentation or fat scores in the second battery trial. CONCLUSION
A total of 704 White Plymouth Rock broilers were slaughtered and processed from two battery trials and a floor trial. Data collected consisted of processing yields and pigmentation, fleshing and fat scores. 1. Data indicated a marked difference between dressed and eviscerated weights of birds fed the various diets, but failed to show differences between percent dressed and eviscerated yields. 2. Data failed to show any notable differences between fleshing scores due to the various test diets. 3. A notable difference existed in pigmentation scores of the birds fed diet 1 and those fed diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the first battery study. Data failed to show any marked differences between pigmentation scores of the birds fed the various diets in the second battery study or the floor study. 4. There were defined differences in fat scores of birds fed diet 1 and diet 5 in the first battery study. These differences were not noted in the second battery study or the floor study. 5. Analysed data from the second battery study failed to show any significant difference in processing yields, and fleshing, pigmentation and fat scores of birds fed the various diets. 6. These processing data indicate the practical use of 50% peanut oil meal (55% protein) as a major source of protein in the diets of broilers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Greenwood
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
The pigmentation scores of birds in battery trial 1 and fed diets 1 and 2 were the highest, while those birds fed diets 3, 4, 5 and 6 were similar and lowest in score. In this study, there existed a marked difference in the pigmentation scores of birds fed diet 1 and those fed diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The second battery trial showed those birds fed diets 1, 4, S and 6 lowest in pigmentation score. Diets 2 and 3 produced birds with the highest pigmentation score. In the floor study the birds fed diets 4 and 5 had the highest and lowest pigmentation scores, respectively. Those birds which recieved diets 1, 2, 3 and 6 were considered intermediate in pigmentation score. Data of the second battery study and the floor study failed to show any defined differences.
1115
1116
F. R. TARVEE, JR. AND J. C. DRIGGERS
Products Corporation, Graceville, Florida, for supplying the high protein peanut oil meal and the New. Jersey Menhaden Products, Inc., Wildwood, New Jersey, for supplying the Hi-Seas fish meal and Dawe's Laboratories, Inc. Chicago, Illinois, for supplying the water-soluble vitamin concentrate and fermentation solubles. REFERENCES
A PPLO Slide Agglutination Test for the Detection of Infectious Sinusitis of Turkeys H. E. ADLER School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (Received for publication February 17, 1958)
S
INCE 1953, this laboratory has utilized the serum slide agglutination test for the detection of pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO) infections in turkeys. Jungherr et al. (1955) and Crawley and Fahey (1957) suggested that the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and the tube agglutination tests were the most satisfactory to detect PPLO infection in poultry. Recently, Hofstad (1957) found that an antigen prepared from organisms grown in a basal chicken tissue medium was unsatisfactory for the detection of PPLO agglutinins in turkey sera by slide agglutination tests. The present paper reports the detection of PPLO infection in turkeys by the serum plate test and the
use of this procedure in diagnosis and control of infectious sinusitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method of isolation of PPLO from chickens and turkeys was previously described (Adler et al., 1954) but a few modifications were used in this current study. The enrichments in the overlay fluid were 1% yeast hydrolysate and 10% horse serum rather than 20% horse serum and no yeast hydrolysate. Antigen production. The S6 strain of PPLO had been used to make 105 separate antigens. This strain is related antigenically to a number of known pathogenic PPLO isolated in various parts of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
Cochran, W. G., and G. M. Cox, 1956. Experimental Designs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. Dearstyne, R. S., C. O. Ballinger and H. P. Brigman, 1940. Effect of substituting peanut meal in part for the animal protein in laying mash on egg
production, hatchability and livability of chicks. North Carolina Bui. 326. Driggers, J. C , and F. R. Tarver, Jr., 1958. High protein peanut oil meal and fish meal-fish solubles blend in rations of broilers. Poultry Sci. 37:1107— 1111. Edwards, F. R., and Z. A. Massey, 1941. Peanut meal in livestock production. Georgia Bui. 216. Grau, C. R., 1946. Protein concentrates as amino acid sources for the chick: corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal and peanut meal. J. Nutrition, 32: 303-311. Riesen, W. H., D. R. Clandinin, C. A. Elvehjem and W. W. Cravens, 1947. Liberation of essential amino acids from raw, properly heated and ovenheated soybean oil meal. J. Biol. Chem. 167: 143-150. Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods. The Collegiate Press Inc., Ames, Iowa.
Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville (Received for publication February 17, 1958)
ROCESSING yields, distribution of muscle tissue, degree of pigmentation and fat coverage are factors the poultry processor considers when obtaining live market poultry. Quality and type of ingredients in feeds greatly influence these factors. Peanut oil meal has been found to be deficient in certain amino acids, according to Grau (1946). However, Riesen et al. (1947) found peanut oil meal quality was mainly dependent upon the method of processing. The production and use of peanut oil meal has been limited to the southeastern section of the United States and little research has been conducted on its use in poultry feeds, particularly those feeds for broiler production. Dearstyne et al. (1940) failed to find any reduction in egg production, hatchability or livability when 62 to 94 percent of the animal protein was replaced by high grade peanut oil meal. Edwards and Massey (1941) reported that peanut oil meal could be used efficiently and economically to replace half of the protein usually furnished by feeds of animal origin. They further stated that the mortality rate of young chicks appeared to be reduced by 1 Published with the permission of the Director of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series, No. 731. 2 Present address: Poultry Division, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.
its use. More recently, Driggers and Tarver (1958) found small differences in the three different feeding trials with broilers, but it was concluded that a high protein peanut oil meal could replace 50 percent of the soybean oil meal when fish meal and condensed fish* solubles are included in the diet. Processing yields, pigmentation, fat and fleshing scores of broiler carcasses were obtained to study the effect of peanut oil meal (55 percent protein) and fish meal in the diets of broilers. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Day-old, straight-run White Plymouth Rock broiler chicks were used in two battery studies and one floor study. All birds received their respective diets (Driggers and Tarver, 1958) and water ad libitum. These diets were fed to duplicate pens of 25 birds each in the two battery trials and to non-duplicated pens of 500 chicks each in the floor pen study. The two battery studies and one floor study were terminated at 60 and 66 days of age, respectively. Of each respective diet, 48 broilers in the first battery study, 20 broilers in the second battery study and 49 broilers in the floor study were selected at random and processed in the University of Florida Poultry Processing Laboratory. Each * A blend of Menhaden fish meal and condensed fish solubles.
1112
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
P
PEANUT OIL MEAL IN BROILER DIETS
All carcasses were compared to a selected standard for each factor. The standard consisted of four individual carcasses representing the digital score. The dressed carcasses were eviscerated immediately after obtaining the various scores. Eviscerated weights, including the edible carcasses and giblets (liver, heart and gizzard), were then recorded. All weights were reported in pounds and tenths of pounds. The analyses of variance were according to methods given by Snedecor (1946) and Cochran and Cox (1950).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Live, dressed and eviscerated weights of the three trials (Chart 1) followed similar patterns. The heaviest weights of the three trials were recorded from those birds fed diets 4 and 6, while those birds receiving diets 2 and 5 had the lightest weights. However there was an exception in the weights of birds receiving diet 2 in the first battery trial. They were consistently lower than the other two trials.The birds fed diets 1 and 3 were intermediate in weight. Data, therefore, indicated a marked difference between dressed and eviscerated weights in each of the three experiments. However, these indications failed to exist between percent dressed and eviscerated yields. It is interesting to note that diet 4 contained soybean oil meal and fish meal as the primary source of protein. Diet 6 contained soybean oil meal and one half peanut oil meal and fish meal. This suggests the practical use of peanut oil meal in broiler diets when the recognized deficiences are corrected. Data from the second battery trial failed to show any significant differences in processing yields. The fleshing score (Chart 2)„ in the first battery trial, was lowest for those birds fed diet 2, highest for those birds receiving diet 5. The birds that received diets 1, 3, 4 and 6 were intermediate. In the second battery trial, the fleshing score was lowest for those birds fed diets 1 and 5. The highest score was obtained from those birds fed diet 3. The birds fed diets 2, 4 and 6 had fleshing scores which were similar. Birds fed diets 1 and 2 in the floor study were lowest in fleshing scores while the birds on diets 3, 4, 5 and 6 were similar and the highest. They had higher fleshing scores than those birds in the two battery trials. Age is a probable contributing factor. Even though these trends existed, data failed to show any notable difference in fleshing scores of the three studies.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
group was composed of one half males and one half females. Live weights were obtained after a 12-hour starvation period. The birds were then shackled and slaughtered by severing the jugular vein and carotid artery at the base of the lower mandible with an electric poultry stunning knife. After the birds had bled for approximately three minutes they were plucked by a single rotating drum picker and any remaining pinfeathers were removed by hand. Dressed weights were recorded immediately following plucking. For more accuracy in obtaining fleshing, pigmentation and fat scores, the dressed carcasses were reshackled. Scores for these factors ranged from 1 through 4, in increments of 0.5, with 4 representing the superior score in each instance. Plumpness and distribution of muscle tissue over the breast, thigh and "drumsticks" were considered in determining fleshing scores. The pigmentation of the shanks and skin over the breast and legs was observed to arrive at a pigmentation score. The distribution of fat beneath the dermal layer of skin and the deposition of abdominal fat were criteria used in deriving the fat score. The abdominal fat was exposed by splitting the carcass along one side of the backbone from between the shoulders through the area of the pygostyle.
1113
t.oo .75 .50 .25 CHART I
3.00
LIVE, DRESSED AND EVISCERATED_ WEIGHTS OF BROILERS
.75 .50
a
o Q.
.25 LIVE
2.00
'x/
WEIGHTS
/
-
DRESSEO WEIGHTS
.75
WEIGHTS
.25 1.00
.BATTERY TRIAL I .BATTERY TRIALK . FLOOR TRIAL
.75 .50 .25
_l
.00 TEST
L 3
TEST
DIETS
J
I
V
L
I
I 2-
S
DIETS
I 3
TEST
J H- 5
[_ 6
DIETS
H.00 .75 .50
CHART H
/ _/
.15
FLESHING
FAT SCORES OF
PI&MENTATIO.N & BROILERS
3.00 .75 .50 .25 FLE'SHINfr
l.oo
13 -75 a. o -so to
.25FAT
PI&MENTATION
1.00 .75
BATTERY TRIAL I BATTERY TRIAL K -FLOOR TRIAL
.50 .25 .00
J
I TEST
L DIETS
J
L
X
3
J_ t
T E S T DIETS
S
6
J.
3
TEST
fDIETS
S
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
EVISCERATED
•SO
PEANUT OIL MEAL IN BROILER DIETS
The deposition of fat beneath the skin surface and in the abdominal cavity was highest for those birds fed diets 1 and 2 in the first battery trial. Those fed diet 4 were the lowest in score, while diets 3, 5 and 6 produced intermediate fat scores. These trends point up a marked difference, particuliarly between those birds fed diet 1 and diet 5. In battery trial 2 the birds fed diets 1 and 4 had the lowest fat score, 2 and 6 intermediate and 3 and 5 the highest. Diet 5, in the floor trial, produced birds with the highest fat score and diet 2 the lowest. The remaining diets 1, 3, 4 and 6 were intermediate. There exists an apparent relationship in all trials between the intensity of pigmentation and the amount of fat deposited when birds received diets 1, 2, 3 and 4. The intensity of pigmentation in birds on diets 5 and 6 was lower -than that of other birds while the deposition of fat was higher. This would suggest a low intensity of pigment in the areas of heavy fat deposition. A lack of notable difference existed in the second battery study and the floor study in fat deposition scores.
There was a lack of significant difference in the fleshing, pigmentation or fat scores in the second battery trial. CONCLUSION
A total of 704 White Plymouth Rock broilers were slaughtered and processed from two battery trials and a floor trial. Data collected consisted of processing yields and pigmentation, fleshing and fat scores. 1. Data indicated a marked difference between dressed and eviscerated weights of birds fed the various diets, but failed to show differences between percent dressed and eviscerated yields. 2. Data failed to show any notable differences between fleshing scores due to the various test diets. 3. A notable difference existed in pigmentation scores of the birds fed diet 1 and those fed diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the first battery study. Data failed to show any marked differences between pigmentation scores of the birds fed the various diets in the second battery study or the floor study. 4. There were defined differences in fat scores of birds fed diet 1 and diet 5 in the first battery study. These differences were not noted in the second battery study or the floor study. 5. Analysed data from the second battery study failed to show any significant difference in processing yields, and fleshing, pigmentation and fat scores of birds fed the various diets. 6. These processing data indicate the practical use of 50% peanut oil meal (55% protein) as a major source of protein in the diets of broilers. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Greenwood
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
The pigmentation scores of birds in battery trial 1 and fed diets 1 and 2 were the highest, while those birds fed diets 3, 4, 5 and 6 were similar and lowest in score. In this study, there existed a marked difference in the pigmentation scores of birds fed diet 1 and those fed diets 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The second battery trial showed those birds fed diets 1, 4, S and 6 lowest in pigmentation score. Diets 2 and 3 produced birds with the highest pigmentation score. In the floor study the birds fed diets 4 and 5 had the highest and lowest pigmentation scores, respectively. Those birds which recieved diets 1, 2, 3 and 6 were considered intermediate in pigmentation score. Data of the second battery study and the floor study failed to show any defined differences.
1115
1116
F. R. TARVEE, JR. AND J. C. DRIGGERS
Products Corporation, Graceville, Florida, for supplying the high protein peanut oil meal and the New. Jersey Menhaden Products, Inc., Wildwood, New Jersey, for supplying the Hi-Seas fish meal and Dawe's Laboratories, Inc. Chicago, Illinois, for supplying the water-soluble vitamin concentrate and fermentation solubles. REFERENCES
A PPLO Slide Agglutination Test for the Detection of Infectious Sinusitis of Turkeys H. E. ADLER School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis (Received for publication February 17, 1958)
S
INCE 1953, this laboratory has utilized the serum slide agglutination test for the detection of pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO) infections in turkeys. Jungherr et al. (1955) and Crawley and Fahey (1957) suggested that the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and the tube agglutination tests were the most satisfactory to detect PPLO infection in poultry. Recently, Hofstad (1957) found that an antigen prepared from organisms grown in a basal chicken tissue medium was unsatisfactory for the detection of PPLO agglutinins in turkey sera by slide agglutination tests. The present paper reports the detection of PPLO infection in turkeys by the serum plate test and the
use of this procedure in diagnosis and control of infectious sinusitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method of isolation of PPLO from chickens and turkeys was previously described (Adler et al., 1954) but a few modifications were used in this current study. The enrichments in the overlay fluid were 1% yeast hydrolysate and 10% horse serum rather than 20% horse serum and no yeast hydrolysate. Antigen production. The S6 strain of PPLO had been used to make 105 separate antigens. This strain is related antigenically to a number of known pathogenic PPLO isolated in various parts of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Georgia on May 28, 2015
Cochran, W. G., and G. M. Cox, 1956. Experimental Designs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. Dearstyne, R. S., C. O. Ballinger and H. P. Brigman, 1940. Effect of substituting peanut meal in part for the animal protein in laying mash on egg
production, hatchability and livability of chicks. North Carolina Bui. 326. Driggers, J. C , and F. R. Tarver, Jr., 1958. High protein peanut oil meal and fish meal-fish solubles blend in rations of broilers. Poultry Sci. 37:1107— 1111. Edwards, F. R., and Z. A. Massey, 1941. Peanut meal in livestock production. Georgia Bui. 216. Grau, C. R., 1946. Protein concentrates as amino acid sources for the chick: corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal and peanut meal. J. Nutrition, 32: 303-311. Riesen, W. H., D. R. Clandinin, C. A. Elvehjem and W. W. Cravens, 1947. Liberation of essential amino acids from raw, properly heated and ovenheated soybean oil meal. J. Biol. Chem. 167: 143-150. Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods. The Collegiate Press Inc., Ames, Iowa.