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The solubility of metals in Pb17Li liquid alloy
jou_roalof nugl6al' mlerials
Journal of Nuclear Materials 191-194 (1992) 988-991 North-Holland
The solubility of metals in Pb-17Li liquid alloy H.U. Borgstedt and H. Feuerstein Kernforschungszemmm Karlsn&e GmbH, lnstttut fur Matenalforschung, Hauptabtedung lngemeurtechmk, P O. Box 3640, D-7500 Karlsruhe 1. Germany
The solubllnq~data of iron in the eutectnc alloy Pb-17LI which were evaluated from corrosion tests m a turbulent flow of the molten alloy are dnscussed m the frame of solubilities of the transitmn metals m hqmd lead It is shown that the solubnhtyof Iron m the alloy nsclose to that m lead This is also the fact for several other alloying elements of steels A comparison of all known data shows that they are m agreement with generally shown trends for the solubility of the transition metals m low melting metals These trends indicate comparably high solubdmes of mckei and manganese m the hqmd metals, lower saturation concentrations of vanadium, chromium, iron, and cobalt, and extremely low solubility of molybdenum
1. Introduction It was recently shown that the steady state linear corrosion of ferriuc steel in flowing liquid Pb-Ln alloy at temperatures of 500 to 500°C is ruled by dissolution processes [1]. Chemical reactions to form double oxides of Li and one of the main constituents of the steel are unlikely due to the low concentraUon of oxygen in the liquid alloy and the thermodynamic data of the intermediates [2]. Thus, such reactions have not to be considered in the kmettc analysis of the corrosion processes. The knowledge of the solubility of the alloymg elements of the steels which are used as structural materials in a fusion reactor blanket would enable us to predict their corrosnon rates in turbulently flowing Ph-17Ln alloy. The solubility of the transRion metals in liquid Pb-17Li is, there,ere, of hngh practical mterest for the self-cooled liquid metal fusion reactor blanket concept. A survey on the solubthtles of metals m hquld lead at 600°C appeared recently [3], the data were taken from phase diagrams pubhshed in a recent data collecUon [4] The prednCtlOn of the saturation concentrations was based on physical and thermodynamic properties of the solutes, among them the heat of fusion or subhmation, and the hardness. The survey shows general trends in the solubthty of transition metals, the metals nickel and manganese dissolve to a relative large degree m the various low melting metals, whde molybdenum shows extremely low solubility. Some results of solubflnty measurements concerning the dissolution of alloying elements of steels m the Pb~lTLi eutectic indicate, that the eutectic acts as a solvent nearly as pure lead [5]. It was, however, shown
that addluons of Li to Pb significantly increase the solubility of some metals [6].
2. Solubility of transition metals in lead The incomplete image of the solubdity in lead of the transition metals 22-28 and 42 after the study of Guminski [3] is shown in fig. 1. This diagram indicates the high solubilities of the elements Mn and Ni and low soluhdities of the elements V, Fe, Co, and Me. The solubdity of iron in lead seems to be influenced by the modification of the solute, since two different equations were presented for a-Fe and T-Fe [7]: log CFe.Pb[mOl%] = 3.5 -- 6100 T - I l K -1]
for o~-Fe, (1)
log CFe,eb[mOl% ] ----2.4- 4800 T-~[K -1] for ~/-Fe.
(2) The values for a saturation temperature of 600°C are 3.3 × 10 -4 mol% w F e and 8 × 10 -4 reel% T-Fe, they are in fair agreement wRh the predicted solubdity as presented in fig. 1. A still higher value of the solubdlty of a-Fe m lead at 600°C can be calculated on the basis of a relationship gnven by All Khan [8]. "l?le solubility of chromium m lead was recently assessed in [9], the equation which was given there was used to calculate the saturation concentraUon at 600°C. Thns results m a value of 4 x 10 -4 moi% Cr which is close to the solubility of iron m lead, significantly lower than the data of fig. 1. log Ccr,pb[mol% ] = 4.30 - 6720 T - t[K- l].
0022-3115/92/$05.00 © 1992 - Elsevier Soence Pubhshers B.V. All rights reserved
(3)
989
H U Borgstedt, H. Feuerstem / Solubthty o f metals m hqtad Pb-17~.t
at higher contents of lithium. The solubility of iron in Pb-17Li can be estimated from corrosion tests in a nonisothermai circuit. The corrosion data of ref. [1] (where the equations to calculate the solubility data from corrosion rates were presented) yield saturation concentrations of iron in the eutectic of 1.4t × 10 -7 mol fraction Fe at 500°C and 7.60 × 10 -7 at 550°C. The tentative equation which might be considered to be restricted to the temperature range 450 to 600°C is based on the only two concentration levels which are available for a first estimation.
1
~0
-3
-I -5
t•o/
log cF~.e,t[mol%] = 7.236 -- 9345 T - ' [ K - ' ] .
2'~2~ is 2~ ir 2e io it i2 ~n
Ti V Cr MnFeColk ZrlQMoTc
Fig. l. Predicted solubiliUes of some transition metals m lead at 600"C after ref. [3].
The solubihty of nickel in lead was found to be considerably higher [10], the equation log CN,.pb[moi% l = 1.8502-- 1381.1 T - ' [ K - ' ]
(4)
results in a saturation concentration at 600°C of 1.85 mol% Ni, this value is nearly identical with the solubility presented in fig. 1. The prediction of a high solubility of manganese in lead !s in agreement with the only series of experimental solubility determinations in the temperature range 474 to 1000°C [11]. The scattering results of this study are the basis of the eq. (5), the saturation concentration at 600*(2 is calculated to be 0.75 mol%. log CMn.vb[mOl%] ----3.6231 -- 3272 T - J [ K - I ] .
(5)
The solubihty of molybdenum in lead is low, as was reported in ref. [10]. The upper hmlt of the saturation concentration at 1200°C was given as 0.009 mol% Mo. The following equation for the estimation at lower temperatures was given by Brewer and Lamoreaux [121: log CMo,Pb[mOl~'/b] = 3 . 2 5 5
-- 10553.5 T - ' [ K - J ] .
(6)
(7)
The value at 600°C which is to be compared to the solubilities m lead and to fig. 1 is then cr~,e,, = 3.4 X 10 -4 mol% Fe. This result is in excellent agreement with the data for a - F e in pure lead [7]. The solubility of iron in Pb-17Li eutectic alloy which is calculated from corrosion tests is plotted in fig. 2 in comparison with the solubility of iron in lead. The solubility of nickel in the eutectic was experimentally determined over the temperature range 250 to 450°C [5]. Eq. (8) was the result of these studies. log cr~,.~.t[mol% ] -- 1 . 3 1 9 8 - 981.2 T - ' [ K - ' ] .
(8)
The equation gives a value of 1.57 mol% Ni in the eutectic alloy at 600°C, and this solubility is also in excellent agreement with the data of solutions in lead and the predictions of fig. 1. The corrosion phenomena of ferritic steel with about 9 to 12% chromium in the eutecuc lead-lithium alloy indicate that the two metals, iron and chromium, should be dissolved at about the same rate. The solubilities of these two metals should not be very different. This is in agreement with the data presented in ref [9] rather than with the prediction m fig. 1. If fig. 1 would be correct concerning the solubility of chr " - u m in lead, T/K -3
8T3
823
773
723
The saturation concentration of molybdenum in lead at 600°C according to eq. (6) is in the order of 10 -9 mol%. This value is even lower than the predictmn of
[31. 3. Solubilities of transition metals in Pb-17Li euteetic The solubility of the same group of transition metals in the eutectic alloy Pb-17Li is not yet systematically studied. Though the capacity of lithium to dissolve the transition metals is much lower than that of lead, the addition of lithium was found to increase the solubility of some metals in the liquid alloy [6]. Even an alloy containing 6.2 mol% lithium dissolves more thormm than pure lead, the effect was more pronounced
i-I i
~ / T / K "1
Fig. 2. The solubdtty of a-Fe in Pb-17Li (curve A) compared to the solubility m Pb (curve B) after ref [7]
990
H U Borgstedt, H. Feuerstem / Solulnhty of metals m hqmd Pb-17Li
the corrosion of steel in liquid lead or Pb-17Li should result in the formaUon of chromium depleted surface layers This phenomenon was, however, never observed in many corrosion studms of ferritic steels. The very high solubility of nickel in lead and the eutecuc Pb-17L~ alloy causes the formation of nickel depleted surface layers. This depletion was several times described and discussed in detail by Tas et al. [13] The solubility of manganese in the eutectic alloy was studied by Barker and Sample [14]. According to their findings, the solubility of manganese is slightly lower than of mckel, whsch is m agreement wtth the data presented in [3] and the determined values for the solubility in lead [11] and eq. (5). Values of the solubdity of molybdenum in Pb-17Li are not yet available. They cannot be estimated from corrosion tests of molybdenum-based alloys, since such tests have never been reported. The general tendencies of the solubilities of molybdenum in liquid metals mdicate, however, that the solubihty m the eutectic alloy should not sigmficantly be different from that in lead. The solubility of minor alloying elements of steels as Ti or V in the liquid alloy can roughly be concluded from our earlier corrosion tests [15-17]. The solubility of Ti in Pb-17Li at 600°C was found to be about 0.1 tool% [15]. This value is in fair agreement with the predictions of saturauon concentraUons of light transition elements m lead in fig. 1 after ref. [3]. The dissolution rates of V in the alloy were observed *o be significantly lower than of ferritlc steel [16,17]. It can be assumed that the solubility of V m the Pb-Li eutectlc should also be much lower than that of Fe or Cr.
4. Discussion and conclusions Though the knowledge on the solubility of transitmn metals which are constituents of steels m lead and the eutectic alloy Pb-17LI is incomplete, some general tendencies can already be identified. According to the survey given in ref. [3], the metals manganese and mckel show higher solubdities m lead and this was confirmed for solutions in the eutectic alloy. The mare components of the ferritic steels, iron and chrommm, are much less soluble in the two solvents. The component molybdenum shows also only a weak tendency to be dissolved m lead and its alloy. The results of corrosion and solubdlty studies of the transition metals in lead and lead hthium alloy indicate only a marginal influence of the alkah metal on the solubilities, the two solvents behave similar. This might be due to the fact that Pb-17Li is a quasi-binary alloy of Pb and the mtermetalhc compound LiPb The very low chemical act~wty of L i m the alloy may be the
reason for its small influence on the solvent propertms of the alloy. The knowledge on the solubility of transition metals in the blanket fluid Pb-17Li allows to draw the conclusion that ferritic steels have to be considered as best compatible materials. Their components are soluble to a lesser degree than those of austenitic steels with high nickel or manganese contents. The solution behaviour of the two mare components, iron and chromium, is such that the corrosion is restricted to the surface dissolution. Internal corrosion phenomena due to the selective leaching of alloying elements have not to be expected. This is in agreement with the observations m corrosion tests. The knowledge of solubilitms of alloying elements of structural materials in Pb-17Li is also important for the development of new alloys, in order to reduce the long term acuvation of fus;on reactor components. Prehmmary corrosion tests of vanadium alloys have shown that there occurs only very small mass loss [16,17]. These observations indicate a low solubihty of vanadium in the euteeue alloy as the reason for its good compattbtlity. There is a very good agreement of the few measurements or calculations of solubilities of transstton elements in Pb-17L liquid alloy with those in lead and the general tendencies of the solubilities in low melting metals. This fact may strengthen the confidence in the data gained in the difficult solubihty experiments.
References [I] H U Borgstedt and H.D. Rohng, J. Nucl. Mater. 179-181 (1991) 596 [2] N P. Bhat and H U Borgstedt, Fusion Technoi., accepted for pubhcatlon. [3] C Guminskt, Z. Metallk. 81 (1990) 105 [4] T.B Massalskl (ed), Binary Alloys Phase Diagrams (ASM, Metals Park, 1986) [5] M G. Barker, V Coen, H Kolbe, J.A. Lees, L Orecchia and T Sample, J. Nucl. Mater. ~55-157 (1988) 732. [6] F.J. Smith, J. Less-Common Met 32 (1973) 297. [7] D A. Stevenson and J Wulff,Trans, Met Soc AIME 221 (1961) 271. [8] l Ah Khan, in. Material Behavior and Physical Chemustry nn Lnqund Metal Systems, eds H.U. Borgstedt (Plenum P-ess, New York, 1982) p. i 13. [9] M Venkatraman and J P. Neumann, Bull Alloy Phase Dtagrams 9 (1988) 155. [10] T Alden, D ~ Stevenson and J Wulff, Trans. Met Soc AIME 212 (1958) 15 [11] E Pelzei, Metall. 10 (1956) 717 [12] L. Brewer and R H Lamoreaux, nn Atomic Energy Review, Spec Issue no. 7" Molybdenum Physico-Chemncal Propertnes of uts Compounds and Alloys(Internat Atomic Energy Agency, Vnenna, 1980) p 295. [13] H. Tas, F. de Schutter, P. Lemantre and Ja Dekeyser, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Lnqund Metal Engineering
H U. Borgstedt, H Feuerstem / Solublhty of metals m luluM PB-17Lt and Technology, 1988, Avignon, France, vol. 3 (Soc. Franc. d'Energle Atomique, Pans, 1988) 532.1-12. [14] M.G. Barker and T. Sample, Fusion Engineering and Design 14 (1991) 219 [15] H. Gr~ibner, H. Feuerstein and J. Oschmskl, Proc. 4th Internat Conf. on Liquid Metal Engineering and Tech-
991
nology, 1988, Avlgnon, France, vol. 3 (Soc. Franc. d'Energi¢ Atomique, Pans, 1988) 524.1-10 [16] H. Grabner, H. Feuerstcm and J. Oschinski, J. lqucl Mater 155-157 (1988) 702. [17] H.U. Borgstedt, M. Grundmann, J. Konys and Z. Peric, J. Nucl Mater 155-157 (1988) 690.
Journal of Nuclear Materials 191-194 (1992) 988-991 North-Holland
The solubility of metals in Pb-17Li liquid alloy H.U. Borgstedt and H. Feuerstein Kernforschungszemmm Karlsn&e GmbH, lnstttut fur Matenalforschung, Hauptabtedung lngemeurtechmk, P O. Box 3640, D-7500 Karlsruhe 1. Germany
The solubllnq~data of iron in the eutectnc alloy Pb-17LI which were evaluated from corrosion tests m a turbulent flow of the molten alloy are dnscussed m the frame of solubilities of the transitmn metals m hqmd lead It is shown that the solubnhtyof Iron m the alloy nsclose to that m lead This is also the fact for several other alloying elements of steels A comparison of all known data shows that they are m agreement with generally shown trends for the solubility of the transition metals m low melting metals These trends indicate comparably high solubdmes of mckei and manganese m the hqmd metals, lower saturation concentrations of vanadium, chromium, iron, and cobalt, and extremely low solubility of molybdenum
1. Introduction It was recently shown that the steady state linear corrosion of ferriuc steel in flowing liquid Pb-Ln alloy at temperatures of 500 to 500°C is ruled by dissolution processes [1]. Chemical reactions to form double oxides of Li and one of the main constituents of the steel are unlikely due to the low concentraUon of oxygen in the liquid alloy and the thermodynamic data of the intermediates [2]. Thus, such reactions have not to be considered in the kmettc analysis of the corrosion processes. The knowledge of the solubility of the alloymg elements of the steels which are used as structural materials in a fusion reactor blanket would enable us to predict their corrosnon rates in turbulently flowing Ph-17Ln alloy. The solubility of the transRion metals in liquid Pb-17Li is, there,ere, of hngh practical mterest for the self-cooled liquid metal fusion reactor blanket concept. A survey on the solubthtles of metals m hquld lead at 600°C appeared recently [3], the data were taken from phase diagrams pubhshed in a recent data collecUon [4] The prednCtlOn of the saturation concentrations was based on physical and thermodynamic properties of the solutes, among them the heat of fusion or subhmation, and the hardness. The survey shows general trends in the solubthty of transition metals, the metals nickel and manganese dissolve to a relative large degree m the various low melting metals, whde molybdenum shows extremely low solubility. Some results of solubflnty measurements concerning the dissolution of alloying elements of steels m the Pb~lTLi eutectic indicate, that the eutectic acts as a solvent nearly as pure lead [5]. It was, however, shown
that addluons of Li to Pb significantly increase the solubility of some metals [6].
2. Solubility of transition metals in lead The incomplete image of the solubdity in lead of the transition metals 22-28 and 42 after the study of Guminski [3] is shown in fig. 1. This diagram indicates the high solubilities of the elements Mn and Ni and low soluhdities of the elements V, Fe, Co, and Me. The solubdity of iron in lead seems to be influenced by the modification of the solute, since two different equations were presented for a-Fe and T-Fe [7]: log CFe.Pb[mOl%] = 3.5 -- 6100 T - I l K -1]
for o~-Fe, (1)
log CFe,eb[mOl% ] ----2.4- 4800 T-~[K -1] for ~/-Fe.
(2) The values for a saturation temperature of 600°C are 3.3 × 10 -4 mol% w F e and 8 × 10 -4 reel% T-Fe, they are in fair agreement wRh the predicted solubdity as presented in fig. 1. A still higher value of the solubdlty of a-Fe m lead at 600°C can be calculated on the basis of a relationship gnven by All Khan [8]. "l?le solubility of chromium m lead was recently assessed in [9], the equation which was given there was used to calculate the saturation concentraUon at 600°C. Thns results m a value of 4 x 10 -4 moi% Cr which is close to the solubility of iron m lead, significantly lower than the data of fig. 1. log Ccr,pb[mol% ] = 4.30 - 6720 T - t[K- l].
0022-3115/92/$05.00 © 1992 - Elsevier Soence Pubhshers B.V. All rights reserved
(3)
989
H U Borgstedt, H. Feuerstem / Solubthty o f metals m hqtad Pb-17~.t
at higher contents of lithium. The solubility of iron in Pb-17Li can be estimated from corrosion tests in a nonisothermai circuit. The corrosion data of ref. [1] (where the equations to calculate the solubility data from corrosion rates were presented) yield saturation concentrations of iron in the eutectic of 1.4t × 10 -7 mol fraction Fe at 500°C and 7.60 × 10 -7 at 550°C. The tentative equation which might be considered to be restricted to the temperature range 450 to 600°C is based on the only two concentration levels which are available for a first estimation.
1
~0
-3
-I -5
t•o/
log cF~.e,t[mol%] = 7.236 -- 9345 T - ' [ K - ' ] .
2'~2~ is 2~ ir 2e io it i2 ~n
Ti V Cr MnFeColk ZrlQMoTc
Fig. l. Predicted solubiliUes of some transition metals m lead at 600"C after ref. [3].
The solubihty of nickel in lead was found to be considerably higher [10], the equation log CN,.pb[moi% l = 1.8502-- 1381.1 T - ' [ K - ' ]
(4)
results in a saturation concentration at 600°C of 1.85 mol% Ni, this value is nearly identical with the solubility presented in fig. 1. The prediction of a high solubility of manganese in lead !s in agreement with the only series of experimental solubility determinations in the temperature range 474 to 1000°C [11]. The scattering results of this study are the basis of the eq. (5), the saturation concentration at 600*(2 is calculated to be 0.75 mol%. log CMn.vb[mOl%] ----3.6231 -- 3272 T - J [ K - I ] .
(5)
The solubihty of molybdenum in lead is low, as was reported in ref. [10]. The upper hmlt of the saturation concentration at 1200°C was given as 0.009 mol% Mo. The following equation for the estimation at lower temperatures was given by Brewer and Lamoreaux [121: log CMo,Pb[mOl~'/b] = 3 . 2 5 5
-- 10553.5 T - ' [ K - J ] .
(6)
(7)
The value at 600°C which is to be compared to the solubilities m lead and to fig. 1 is then cr~,e,, = 3.4 X 10 -4 mol% Fe. This result is in excellent agreement with the data for a - F e in pure lead [7]. The solubility of iron in Pb-17Li eutectic alloy which is calculated from corrosion tests is plotted in fig. 2 in comparison with the solubility of iron in lead. The solubility of nickel in the eutectic was experimentally determined over the temperature range 250 to 450°C [5]. Eq. (8) was the result of these studies. log cr~,.~.t[mol% ] -- 1 . 3 1 9 8 - 981.2 T - ' [ K - ' ] .
(8)
The equation gives a value of 1.57 mol% Ni in the eutectic alloy at 600°C, and this solubility is also in excellent agreement with the data of solutions in lead and the predictions of fig. 1. The corrosion phenomena of ferritic steel with about 9 to 12% chromium in the eutecuc lead-lithium alloy indicate that the two metals, iron and chromium, should be dissolved at about the same rate. The solubilities of these two metals should not be very different. This is in agreement with the data presented in ref [9] rather than with the prediction m fig. 1. If fig. 1 would be correct concerning the solubility of chr " - u m in lead, T/K -3
8T3
823
773
723
The saturation concentration of molybdenum in lead at 600°C according to eq. (6) is in the order of 10 -9 mol%. This value is even lower than the predictmn of
[31. 3. Solubilities of transition metals in Pb-17Li euteetic The solubility of the same group of transition metals in the eutectic alloy Pb-17Li is not yet systematically studied. Though the capacity of lithium to dissolve the transition metals is much lower than that of lead, the addition of lithium was found to increase the solubility of some metals in the liquid alloy [6]. Even an alloy containing 6.2 mol% lithium dissolves more thormm than pure lead, the effect was more pronounced
i-I i
~ / T / K "1
Fig. 2. The solubdtty of a-Fe in Pb-17Li (curve A) compared to the solubility m Pb (curve B) after ref [7]
990
H U Borgstedt, H. Feuerstem / Solulnhty of metals m hqmd Pb-17Li
the corrosion of steel in liquid lead or Pb-17Li should result in the formaUon of chromium depleted surface layers This phenomenon was, however, never observed in many corrosion studms of ferritic steels. The very high solubility of nickel in lead and the eutecuc Pb-17L~ alloy causes the formation of nickel depleted surface layers. This depletion was several times described and discussed in detail by Tas et al. [13] The solubility of manganese in the eutectic alloy was studied by Barker and Sample [14]. According to their findings, the solubility of manganese is slightly lower than of mckel, whsch is m agreement wtth the data presented in [3] and the determined values for the solubility in lead [11] and eq. (5). Values of the solubdity of molybdenum in Pb-17Li are not yet available. They cannot be estimated from corrosion tests of molybdenum-based alloys, since such tests have never been reported. The general tendencies of the solubilities of molybdenum in liquid metals mdicate, however, that the solubihty m the eutectic alloy should not sigmficantly be different from that in lead. The solubility of minor alloying elements of steels as Ti or V in the liquid alloy can roughly be concluded from our earlier corrosion tests [15-17]. The solubility of Ti in Pb-17Li at 600°C was found to be about 0.1 tool% [15]. This value is in fair agreement with the predictions of saturauon concentraUons of light transition elements m lead in fig. 1 after ref. [3]. The dissolution rates of V in the alloy were observed *o be significantly lower than of ferritlc steel [16,17]. It can be assumed that the solubility of V m the Pb-Li eutectlc should also be much lower than that of Fe or Cr.
4. Discussion and conclusions Though the knowledge on the solubility of transitmn metals which are constituents of steels m lead and the eutectic alloy Pb-17LI is incomplete, some general tendencies can already be identified. According to the survey given in ref. [3], the metals manganese and mckel show higher solubdities m lead and this was confirmed for solutions in the eutectic alloy. The mare components of the ferritic steels, iron and chrommm, are much less soluble in the two solvents. The component molybdenum shows also only a weak tendency to be dissolved m lead and its alloy. The results of corrosion and solubdlty studies of the transition metals in lead and lead hthium alloy indicate only a marginal influence of the alkah metal on the solubilities, the two solvents behave similar. This might be due to the fact that Pb-17Li is a quasi-binary alloy of Pb and the mtermetalhc compound LiPb The very low chemical act~wty of L i m the alloy may be the
reason for its small influence on the solvent propertms of the alloy. The knowledge on the solubility of transition metals in the blanket fluid Pb-17Li allows to draw the conclusion that ferritic steels have to be considered as best compatible materials. Their components are soluble to a lesser degree than those of austenitic steels with high nickel or manganese contents. The solution behaviour of the two mare components, iron and chromium, is such that the corrosion is restricted to the surface dissolution. Internal corrosion phenomena due to the selective leaching of alloying elements have not to be expected. This is in agreement with the observations m corrosion tests. The knowledge of solubilitms of alloying elements of structural materials in Pb-17Li is also important for the development of new alloys, in order to reduce the long term acuvation of fus;on reactor components. Prehmmary corrosion tests of vanadium alloys have shown that there occurs only very small mass loss [16,17]. These observations indicate a low solubihty of vanadium in the euteeue alloy as the reason for its good compattbtlity. There is a very good agreement of the few measurements or calculations of solubilities of transstton elements in Pb-17L liquid alloy with those in lead and the general tendencies of the solubilities in low melting metals. This fact may strengthen the confidence in the data gained in the difficult solubihty experiments.
References [I] H U Borgstedt and H.D. Rohng, J. Nucl. Mater. 179-181 (1991) 596 [2] N P. Bhat and H U Borgstedt, Fusion Technoi., accepted for pubhcatlon. [3] C Guminskt, Z. Metallk. 81 (1990) 105 [4] T.B Massalskl (ed), Binary Alloys Phase Diagrams (ASM, Metals Park, 1986) [5] M G. Barker, V Coen, H Kolbe, J.A. Lees, L Orecchia and T Sample, J. Nucl. Mater. ~55-157 (1988) 732. [6] F.J. Smith, J. Less-Common Met 32 (1973) 297. [7] D A. Stevenson and J Wulff,Trans, Met Soc AIME 221 (1961) 271. [8] l Ah Khan, in. Material Behavior and Physical Chemustry nn Lnqund Metal Systems, eds H.U. Borgstedt (Plenum P-ess, New York, 1982) p. i 13. [9] M Venkatraman and J P. Neumann, Bull Alloy Phase Dtagrams 9 (1988) 155. [10] T Alden, D ~ Stevenson and J Wulff, Trans. Met Soc AIME 212 (1958) 15 [11] E Pelzei, Metall. 10 (1956) 717 [12] L. Brewer and R H Lamoreaux, nn Atomic Energy Review, Spec Issue no. 7" Molybdenum Physico-Chemncal Propertnes of uts Compounds and Alloys(Internat Atomic Energy Agency, Vnenna, 1980) p 295. [13] H. Tas, F. de Schutter, P. Lemantre and Ja Dekeyser, Proc. 4th Internat. Conf. on Lnqund Metal Engineering
H U. Borgstedt, H Feuerstem / Solublhty of metals m luluM PB-17Lt and Technology, 1988, Avignon, France, vol. 3 (Soc. Franc. d'Energle Atomique, Pans, 1988) 532.1-12. [14] M.G. Barker and T. Sample, Fusion Engineering and Design 14 (1991) 219 [15] H. Gr~ibner, H. Feuerstein and J. Oschmskl, Proc. 4th Internat Conf. on Liquid Metal Engineering and Tech-
991
nology, 1988, Avlgnon, France, vol. 3 (Soc. Franc. d'Energi¢ Atomique, Pans, 1988) 524.1-10 [16] H. Grabner, H. Feuerstcm and J. Oschinski, J. lqucl Mater 155-157 (1988) 702. [17] H.U. Borgstedt, M. Grundmann, J. Konys and Z. Peric, J. Nucl Mater 155-157 (1988) 690.