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The Toxicity of Trimethylene Glycol for the Chick*
1686
P. GRIMINGER, Y. S. SHUM AND P. BUDOWSKI
lipids, although the latter cannot be ruled out completely at this time. It is considered likely that the factors involved are VII or X, or their avian equivalents. REFERENCES
The Toxicity of Trimethylene Glycol for the Chick* R. D . CREEK
Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Received for publication June 19, 1970)
I
N recent years propylene glycol has been tested as an energy source in poultry feeds by Bayley et al. (1967), Persons et al. (1968), Bowen and Waldroup (1968), and Waldroup and Bowen (1968) with unsatisfactory results. Trimethylene glycol (1,3-propanediol) is an analogue of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) and has similar chemical and physical properties. However, 1,3-propanediol is not optically active as is 1,2-propanediol. In view of the specificity of living organisms for optical isomers it was believed that the compound would either be more satisfactory or more dissatisfactory than propylene glycol, and a feeding trial was carried out on this premise. * Scientific Article No. A1624. Contribution No. 4350 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. Department of Poultry Science.
The basal diet is given in Table 1. Trimethylene glycol replaced corn when used. TABLE 1.—Basal diet gm./kg. Corn, ground yellow Fat, stabilized animal and vegetable Soybean meal (49% protein) Vitamin mix1 Limestone, ground Dicalcium phosphate (26% Ca, 18%, P) Salt, Iodized Delamix2 Methionine
493.5 20 400 50 15 15 5 0.5 1
1 Blended on ground yellow corn and supplies the following per kg. of diet: riboflavin, 5 mg.; Capantothenate, 10 mg.; niacin, 25 mg.; choline CI, 550 mg.; vitamin Bi2, 12.5 meg.; vitamin A, 10,000 I.U.; vitamin D s , 1500 ICU; and menadione sodium bisulfite, 250 meg. 2 Supplies the following: manganese, 60 p.p.m.; iodine, 1.2 p.p.m.; iron, 20 p.p.m.; copper, 2 p.pm.; zinc, 20 p.p.m.; and cobalt, .2 p.p.m.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 15, 2015
Biggs, R., and R. G. Macfarlane, 1962. Human Blood Coagulation. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Bliss, C. I., and P. Griminger, 1969. Response criteria for the bioassay of vitamin K. Biometrics, 25: 735-745. Buri, P., and D. Catala, 1968. La coagulation du sang. J. Suisse pharmacie, 106: 148-157. Ferguson, J. H., E. G. Ennis, P. G. Iatridis and N. B. White, 1967. Basic aspects of blood clotting: Thrombokinase and cofactors in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombos. Diathes. Haemorrh. 18: 647-663. Gloor, U., and O. Wiss, 1966. Resorption, Reten-
tion, Ausscheidung und Verteilung von Phyllochinon, Menachinon-4 und a-Tocopherolchinon im Vergleich zum a-TocopheroI bei der Ratte. Helv. Chim. Acta 49: 2590-2594. Griminger, P., 1962. Arsanilic acid and blood coagulation. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 982-985. Griminger, P., 1963. The influence of previous vitamin K nutrition on thromboplastic activity of brain extract. Poultry Sci. 42: 784-786. Griminger, P., 1965. Blood coagulation. Avian Physiology. Paul D. Sturkie, ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. Hirschberg, C. B., 1966. The influence of dietary vitamin K on avian brain lipids. Master's Thesis, The Graduate School, Rutgers University. Quick, A. J., 1966. Hemorrhagic Diseases and Thrombosis. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. Walz, D. A., R. K. Kipfer and R. E. Olson, 1970. The effect of vitamin K and various inhibitors of protein synthesis upon the level of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X in the chick. Fed. Proc. 29: 583.
1687
TOXICITY OF TEIMETHYLENE GLYCOL TABLE 2.—Effect of trimethylene glycol on the growth of the chick1
The growth data are given in Table 2 and show a very severe depression in growth from substitution of 10% trimethylene glycol for corn. No anomalies other than reduced growth were noted. The material obviously has no value as an energy source in chick diets, regardless of price. Ave.
Control
trimethylene glycol
218 218 208 217
99 117 111 112
215
110**
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The B vitamins used in this study were supplied courtesy of Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey; vitamins A and D by Hoffman-Taff, Springfield, Missouri; menadione sodium bisulfite, Abbot Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois; and the choline chloride by Commercial Solvents Corporation, Terre Haute, Indiana. The Delamix was supplied by the Limestone
1 Weight in gm. at 17 days of age with 20 chicks per group used. ** Difference significant at probability>.01
Products Corporation of America, Newton, New Jersey. REFERENCES Bayley, H. D., S. J. Slinger and J. D. Summers, 1967. The use of propylene glycol as a source of energy for the chick. Poultry Sci. 46: 19-22. Bowen, T. E., and P. W. Waldroup, 1968. The occurrence of a toe abnormality in chicks fed propylene glycol. Poultry Sci. 47: 1036. Persons, J. N., B. L. Damron, P. W. Waldroup and R. H. Harms, 1968. Propylene glycol as an energy source for poultry. Poultry Sci. 47: 351-353. Waldroup, P. W., and T. E. Bowen, 1968. Evaluation of propylene glycol as an energy source in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 47: 1911-1917.
Influence of Methionine, Lysine and Tryptophan upon Food Intake and Production Responses in Laying Chickens1 EARL W. GLEAVES AND SATYAVAN DEWAN Department of Poultry Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 (Received for publication June 20, 1970)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
F
OR a long time it has been known that lysine and methionine are two of the most limiting amino acids in poultry feeds. 1
Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 2916, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
Working with individual amino acids numerous workers have shown that supplementary lysine can improve the performance of birds fed low protein diets [Thorton et al. (1957), Waibel and Johnson (1961), Bradley and Quisenberry (1961), Harms and Waldroup (1962), and Sell and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 15, 2015
Trimethylene glycol (1,3-propanediol) was shown to be extremely deleterious to chick growth when used at a level of ten percent of the diet. No specific symptoms other than extremely poor growth were noted.
P. GRIMINGER, Y. S. SHUM AND P. BUDOWSKI
lipids, although the latter cannot be ruled out completely at this time. It is considered likely that the factors involved are VII or X, or their avian equivalents. REFERENCES
The Toxicity of Trimethylene Glycol for the Chick* R. D . CREEK
Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (Received for publication June 19, 1970)
I
N recent years propylene glycol has been tested as an energy source in poultry feeds by Bayley et al. (1967), Persons et al. (1968), Bowen and Waldroup (1968), and Waldroup and Bowen (1968) with unsatisfactory results. Trimethylene glycol (1,3-propanediol) is an analogue of propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) and has similar chemical and physical properties. However, 1,3-propanediol is not optically active as is 1,2-propanediol. In view of the specificity of living organisms for optical isomers it was believed that the compound would either be more satisfactory or more dissatisfactory than propylene glycol, and a feeding trial was carried out on this premise. * Scientific Article No. A1624. Contribution No. 4350 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. Department of Poultry Science.
The basal diet is given in Table 1. Trimethylene glycol replaced corn when used. TABLE 1.—Basal diet gm./kg. Corn, ground yellow Fat, stabilized animal and vegetable Soybean meal (49% protein) Vitamin mix1 Limestone, ground Dicalcium phosphate (26% Ca, 18%, P) Salt, Iodized Delamix2 Methionine
493.5 20 400 50 15 15 5 0.5 1
1 Blended on ground yellow corn and supplies the following per kg. of diet: riboflavin, 5 mg.; Capantothenate, 10 mg.; niacin, 25 mg.; choline CI, 550 mg.; vitamin Bi2, 12.5 meg.; vitamin A, 10,000 I.U.; vitamin D s , 1500 ICU; and menadione sodium bisulfite, 250 meg. 2 Supplies the following: manganese, 60 p.p.m.; iodine, 1.2 p.p.m.; iron, 20 p.p.m.; copper, 2 p.pm.; zinc, 20 p.p.m.; and cobalt, .2 p.p.m.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 15, 2015
Biggs, R., and R. G. Macfarlane, 1962. Human Blood Coagulation. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Bliss, C. I., and P. Griminger, 1969. Response criteria for the bioassay of vitamin K. Biometrics, 25: 735-745. Buri, P., and D. Catala, 1968. La coagulation du sang. J. Suisse pharmacie, 106: 148-157. Ferguson, J. H., E. G. Ennis, P. G. Iatridis and N. B. White, 1967. Basic aspects of blood clotting: Thrombokinase and cofactors in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombos. Diathes. Haemorrh. 18: 647-663. Gloor, U., and O. Wiss, 1966. Resorption, Reten-
tion, Ausscheidung und Verteilung von Phyllochinon, Menachinon-4 und a-Tocopherolchinon im Vergleich zum a-TocopheroI bei der Ratte. Helv. Chim. Acta 49: 2590-2594. Griminger, P., 1962. Arsanilic acid and blood coagulation. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 982-985. Griminger, P., 1963. The influence of previous vitamin K nutrition on thromboplastic activity of brain extract. Poultry Sci. 42: 784-786. Griminger, P., 1965. Blood coagulation. Avian Physiology. Paul D. Sturkie, ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. Hirschberg, C. B., 1966. The influence of dietary vitamin K on avian brain lipids. Master's Thesis, The Graduate School, Rutgers University. Quick, A. J., 1966. Hemorrhagic Diseases and Thrombosis. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. Walz, D. A., R. K. Kipfer and R. E. Olson, 1970. The effect of vitamin K and various inhibitors of protein synthesis upon the level of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X in the chick. Fed. Proc. 29: 583.
1687
TOXICITY OF TEIMETHYLENE GLYCOL TABLE 2.—Effect of trimethylene glycol on the growth of the chick1
The growth data are given in Table 2 and show a very severe depression in growth from substitution of 10% trimethylene glycol for corn. No anomalies other than reduced growth were noted. The material obviously has no value as an energy source in chick diets, regardless of price. Ave.
Control
trimethylene glycol
218 218 208 217
99 117 111 112
215
110**
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The B vitamins used in this study were supplied courtesy of Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey; vitamins A and D by Hoffman-Taff, Springfield, Missouri; menadione sodium bisulfite, Abbot Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois; and the choline chloride by Commercial Solvents Corporation, Terre Haute, Indiana. The Delamix was supplied by the Limestone
1 Weight in gm. at 17 days of age with 20 chicks per group used. ** Difference significant at probability>.01
Products Corporation of America, Newton, New Jersey. REFERENCES Bayley, H. D., S. J. Slinger and J. D. Summers, 1967. The use of propylene glycol as a source of energy for the chick. Poultry Sci. 46: 19-22. Bowen, T. E., and P. W. Waldroup, 1968. The occurrence of a toe abnormality in chicks fed propylene glycol. Poultry Sci. 47: 1036. Persons, J. N., B. L. Damron, P. W. Waldroup and R. H. Harms, 1968. Propylene glycol as an energy source for poultry. Poultry Sci. 47: 351-353. Waldroup, P. W., and T. E. Bowen, 1968. Evaluation of propylene glycol as an energy source in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 47: 1911-1917.
Influence of Methionine, Lysine and Tryptophan upon Food Intake and Production Responses in Laying Chickens1 EARL W. GLEAVES AND SATYAVAN DEWAN Department of Poultry Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 (Received for publication June 20, 1970)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
F
OR a long time it has been known that lysine and methionine are two of the most limiting amino acids in poultry feeds. 1
Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 2916, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
Working with individual amino acids numerous workers have shown that supplementary lysine can improve the performance of birds fed low protein diets [Thorton et al. (1957), Waibel and Johnson (1961), Bradley and Quisenberry (1961), Harms and Waldroup (1962), and Sell and
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on August 15, 2015
Trimethylene glycol (1,3-propanediol) was shown to be extremely deleterious to chick growth when used at a level of ten percent of the diet. No specific symptoms other than extremely poor growth were noted.