The Value of Corn Fermentation Condensed Solubles as a Growth Stimulant for Chickens

The Value of Corn Fermentation Condensed Solubles as a Growth Stimulant for Chickens JOSEPH M. RUSSO AND VICTOR HEIMAN Animal Nutrition Department, Com Products Refining Company, Waverly, New York (Received for publication May 2, 1958)

HE purpose of this report is to present data showing the effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles in the diet of growing chickens. As early as 1954 Combs and co-workers reported the presence of unidentified growth factors in a "grain fermentation solubles product." More recently, Camp et al. (1957), reported the presence of growth factor(s) in liquid corn steepwater as evidenced by chick growth stimulation when this ingredient was added to a practical-type diet. Corn fermentation condensed solubles is a product derived from corn prior to processing the grain for manufacture of starches, sugars and syrups. The first step in the wet milling of corn is the steeping process. This is the extraction of the water-soluble fraction of corn. The grain is soaked in dilute sulfurous acid at pH 4.0 for about 40 hours at 125°F. Steeping removes from the corn essentially all of the water soluble components. These represent approximately 6.5 percent of the weight of corn processed. During the steeping cycle, there is a build up of native organisms that thrive in the environment created and, among other things, they convert part of the available reducing sugars extracted from the grain to lactic acid. The corn fermentation solubles fraction is condensed by removal of moisture to approximately 50 percent solids. Corn fermentation condensed solubles is a brown colored, somewhat thixotropic

liquid. The following analysis is typical: Moisture Protein Ash Fat Fiber N.F.E. pH Specific Gravity

50% 23% 10% 0% 0% 16% 3.7-4.2 1.25

EXPERIMENTAL

Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were divided into groups of twenty-five chicks each. They were housed in electrically heated battery brooders. Three replicates were used for each ration. Diets are listed in Table 1. Diet 1 was believed adequate in known nutrients and may be considered typical of many manufactured broiler rations. Duration of the experiment was twentyeight days. TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Ingredient

Diet 1 Diet 2

Corn Meal 60.00 22.25 Soybean Oil Meal (44% protein) 4.00 Corn Gluten Meal Fish Meal (Menhaden) 5.00 Meat Scrap (50% protein) 2.00 Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal 2.50 .25 Salt Calcium Carbonate 1.00 Tallow 2.00 1.00 Premix* Corn Fermentation Condensed Sol. — 100.0

55.00 22.25 4.00 5.00 2.00 2.50 .25 1.00 2.00 1.00 5.00 100.0

* Premix supplied the following nutrients per pound of feed: Vitamin A, 6801.U.; Vitamin D3,510 I.C.U.; Penicillin, 3 mg. (6 gm. per ton); Riboflavin, 7.27 mg.; Manganese Sulfate, 113.4 mg. (.025%); Vitamin B12, .0011 mg.; Niacin, 7.34 mg.; Vitamin E, .6 I.U.; Pantothenic Acid, .5 mg.

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T

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CORN FERMENTATION CONDENSED SOLUBLES TABLE 2.—Effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles on growth and feed efficiency of growing chickens

TABLE 3.—Composition of the A.N.R.C. Reference Chick Diet Ingredient

Av. 4- Av. 4- Feed/ wk. wt. wk. wt. gain by lots by rations by lots (gms) (gm-)

Feed/ gam by rations

Diet

1 11 21

1

302 310 313

308

1.90 1.88 1.91

1.90

2 12 22

2

348 331 327

335

1.85 1.89 1.89

1.88

L.S.D

12

.05

(This was part of a larger experiment. L.S.D shown is based on variance of all lots.) RESULTS

Results in Table 2 show a significant increase in growth rate for chicks receiving 5 percent corn fermentation condensed solubles. There was no improvement in feed efficiency. EXPERIMENTAL

In further work eleven other comparisons were made in which the addition of 5 percent corn fermentation condensed solubles was made at the expense of corn meal or a combination of corn meal and soybean oil meal. This work involved a variety of basal diets, different breeds of chickens, various lots of corn fermentation condensed solubles and different experimental technics. In all but one case the data reported involved only a portion of the full experiment. The four commercial rations were formulations known to be used in the feed manufacturing industry and believed to be nutritionally complete. Field performance has been very satisfactory. The formula for COM. 1 is given in Table 1. In the first five experiments corn fermentation condensed solubles was added at the expense of corn meal. In experiments six through twelve the addition of

Ground Yellow Corn Hulled Soybean Oil Meal (50% prot.) Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal (17% prot.) Condensed Fish Solubles (50% solids) Dried Whey Product (50% lactose) DL-Methionine Calcium Carbonate (38% Ca) Dicalcium Phosphate (20% P, 25% Ca) Trace Mineral Mix (Delamix) Salt Vitamin A, Stabilized (4,000 I.U./gm.) Vitamin D 3 (1500 I.U./gm.) Choline Chloride Total Riboflavin Calcium Pantothenate Niacin Vitamin B12 Alpha-tocopheryl Acetate Vitamin K (Menadione) Procaine Penicillin Arsanilic Acid

60.70 27.98 2.00 2.50 2.50 .05 1.60 1.75 .10 .50 .20 .05 .07 100.00 150 mg. 250 mg. 1.5 gm. .3 mg. 200 mg. 100 mg. 200 mg. 4.5 gm.

the supplement was made on a protein equivalent basis with corn meal and soybean oil meal. Experiments eight and nine were run by starting twice as many chicks as were eventually used in the actual testing. All chicks received the same starting ration for the period indicated. At the end of the preliminary period a median weight range was selected. Chicks weighing within this range were distributed among all lots in a manner that provided uniform narrow range weight classes in all groups. The A.N.R.C. Reference Chick Diet is detailed in Table 3 and the New England College Conference Broiler Starting Ration is given in'Table 4. For purposes of comparison the results of each experiment were calculated on a percentage basis. Growth rate of chicks on each basal diet was given a value of 100. Deviations from this were determined for groups of chicks in the same experiment but receiving corn fermentation condensed solubles at the 5 percent level.

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Lot No.

Pounds

28

J. M. Russo

AND

V.

HEIMAN

TABLE 4.—Composition of the New England College Feed efficiency data in Figure 1 shows Conference (N.E.C.C.) all-mash broiler the percent deviation from the correstarting ration Ingredient

sponding control. A plus value means that the ration containing corn fermentation condensed solubles was used more efficiently.

Pounds 55.13 4.00 25.00 5.00 5.00

RESULTS

Results of these comparisons are given in Figure 1. The average growth response resulting from the presence of corn fermentation condensed solubles was positive in every experiment. The response was statistically significant in nine of the twelve trials. In these twelve trials there were 51 group comparisons. When these were statistically analyzed by the t test, corn fermentation condensed solubles showed an average positive growth response of 5.3 percent. This was highly significant statistically.

2.50 1.40 1.00 .025 .05 .50 .025 .025 .025 .025 1 gm. .125 .0125 .0125 .05 20 gms. 50 mg.

99.9+lsb.

Total

1 EXP NO. NO. C H I C K S / G R O U P 25 3 NO. REPLICATES BREED (ALL M A L E S ) WL 0 P R E L I M . PERIOD (DAYS) DAYS O F T E S T 28 1 LOT NO CORN F . C . S . COM.I DIET 4.2 L S D FOR W T G A I N S +1.4 FEED E F F ± B A S A L

2 25 3 WL 0 28 1 COM.I 4.7

+2/t

3 25 3 WL 0 28 3 COM. 2

e.i -2.0

4

5

6

20 3 WL 0

20 3 WL 0

20 3 WL 0

28 4 C0M.3 6.4 + IB

28 4 COM. 2 5.2 +0.7

28 5 COM.3 7.5 -1.3

7

6

e

10

16 17 25 17 3 3 4 15 VANTR. VANTR. W.R0CK WL 7 0 6 0 28 28 21 25 II 12 8 10 COM. 3 A M R C . N.EG.G. C 0 M . 4 3.3 2.8 3.7 2.7 +0.2 -0.2 0.0 -0.6

FIG. 1. Summary of twelve experiments showing chick growth value of corn fermentation condensed solubles.

II 25 4 WL 0 28 12 N.ECC 2.9 -0.1

12 25 4 WL 0 28 13 AMR& 4.4 + 1.0

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Ground Yellow Corn Stabilized Animal Fat Soybean Oil Meal (50% protein) Corn Gluten Meal Fish Meal Alfalfa Meal (17% protein) (100,000 A/lb.) Dicalcium Phosphate Ground Limestone Dry Vitamin A (5,000 I.U./gm.) Dry Vitamin D (1,500 I.C.U./gm.) Iodized Salt Manganese Sulphate DL—Methionine Antibiotic Supplement Vitamin Bu Supplement (6 mg./lb.) Niacin Choline Chloride BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) Riboflavin Concentrate (8 mg./gm.) Nicarbazin (25%) Arsanilic Acid (20%) Calcium Pantothenate

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CORN FERMENTATION CONDENSED SOLUBLES

Feed efficiency was not consistently altered by the use of corn fermentation condensed solubles in the twelve experiments. EXPERIMENTAL

TABXE 5.—Effect

Lot No.

RESULTS

Outline of the experiment and results are given in Table 5. This experiment shows the well established chick grt>wth stimulus provided by crumbled feed. It further demonstrates enhancement above this level by the addition of corn fermentation condensed solubles. This is equally true where the supplement was added before the pelleting-crumbling process or where the addition was made on the crumbles after manufacture. Thus, there appears

of corn fermentation condensed solubles on growth and feed efficiency of chicks on the same diet in mash and crumble form

Ration

Av. wt. at start by rations

Feed cons'd/ 9a , Y' ,8 ° a y wt. gain y os ^y j o t g

A A

%

% 100.0

1.86 1.85 1.88 1.85

104.1

100.0

362 371 367 363

1.86 1.88 1.87 1.88

104.9

99.9

380 371 371 377

1.84 1.89 1.88 1.82

107.7

100.7

382 379 382 370

1.86 1.88 1.85 1.86

108.9

100.4

2.9

1.5

1.87 1.88 1.84 1.89

Basal Crumble form

40

365 362 365 361

Basal—3.1% corn—1.9% soy + 5 % corn ferm. cond. sol.

40

Basal Mash form

2 9 16 23 3 10 17 24

Mash form

4 11 18 25

Basal—3.1% corn—1.9% soy + 5 % corn ferm. cond. sol. added before pelleting Crumble form

5 12 19 26

Basal—3.1% corn—1.9% soy + 5 % corn ferm. cond. sol. added after crumbling Crumble form

40

40

L.S.D. * Higher percentages indicate improved feed efficiency.

Relative feed eff.* by rations

100.0

40

grams 350 347 349 358

grams 1 8 15 22

Relative wt. gain ^y rations

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In the light of favorable growth responses obtained with corn fermentation condensed solubles in a variety of mash form diets, it appeared desirable to make a similar comparison for a pelleted and crumbled diet. The New England College Conference Broiler Starting Ration (1956) was selected for this purpose. The formula was modified by reducing the tallow from four to one and one-half percent with a corresponding increase in corn meal. Purpose of this change was to improve pellet hardness. Where 5 percent corn fermentation condensed solubles were added to the ration, corn meal and soybean oil meal were re-

duced thus making the replacement on a protein equivalent basis. Day-old White Leghorn cockerels were divided into groups of twenty-five chicks each. They were housed in electrically heated battery brooders. Duration of the experiment was four weeks.

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J. M. Russo

to be no lessening of growth stimulus provided by corn fermentation condensed solubles that can be associated with temperature or pressure of the pelletingcrumbling process. SUMMARY

V.

HEIMAN

equally with both mash form and pelletedcrumbled diets. REFERENCES Animal Nutrition Research Council, 1956. Nutrition group reports on reference chick diet work. Feedstuffs, April 28. Camp, A. A., H. T. Cartrite, B. L. Reid, J. H. Quisenberry and J. R. Couch, 1957. Corn steepwater solubles as a source of unknown growth factor(s) for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 36: 1354-1359. Combs, G. F., G. B. Sweet, H. L. Jones, G. L. Romoser and R. W. Bishop, 1954. Multiplicity of unidentified growth factors required by chicks and poults. Poultry Sci. 33: 1050. Department of Poultry Science, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Revised June, 1956. High Efficiency Poultry Feed Formulas. The New England College Conference Poultry Rations, 2.

Effects of Cloacal Cannulation on Feed and Water Consumption in Chickens* PAUL D. STURKIE AND W. PERRY JOINER Laboratory of Avian Physiology, Department of Poultry Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. (Received for publication May 5, 1958)

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HIS report concerns the use of a cloacal cannula for the collection of urine and its effect upon feed and water consumption. DESCRIPTION AND USE OF CANNULA The cannula, shown in Figures 1 and 2, was designed to collect urine samples without direct cannulation of ureters. It is inserted in the cloaca at the point where ureters empty into cloaca (urodeum). The cannula is held in place by sutures which extend through the cloacal lip (ventrodorsally) (Figure 2), and are * Paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Contribution to a cooperative project, supported by the Grange League Federation. Co-operating personnel: H. S. Weiss, G. N. Wogan and S. L. Freedman.

then tied over the area of the pygostyle. The ventral lip of the cannula fits just below the ureteral openings (Figure 2). The dorsal lip of the cannula unlike the ventral lip, is convex, toward the stem (Figure 1, C), and it is most important that the cannula be inserted with convex side upright (dorsally), if it is to fit properly. Diameter A (Figure 1) should be such that the cannula extends on either side of ureteral openings, and since the location and spacing of these vary, it is desirable to have at least three sizes for most hens (diameters of 20, 26 and 30 mm). Our cannulas were made of pyrex glass by a glass blower and were relatively inexpensive. They could also be made of plastic or similar materials. If the cannula is inserted properly and

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The use of 5 percent corn fermentation condensed solubles in place of 5 percent corn meal (or a combination of corn meal and soybean oil meal) in practical broiler rations showed the following effects when fed to battery reared chicks: 1. Growth rate was enhanced by an average of 5.3 percent. This was highly significant statistically. 2. Feed efficiency was not altered. 3. Growth was stimulated about

AND