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Growth Promoting Effect of Condensed Fermented Corn Extractives (Corn Fermentation Condensed Solubles) in Chickens1
Growth Promoting Effect of Condensed Fermented Corn Extractives (Corn Fermentation Condensed Solubles) in Chickens1 T I A N - F U H S H E N , L. £ . M A R R E T T , 2 M. L. S U N D E AND H . R. B I R D Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (Received for publication November 6, 1969)
AMP et al. (1957) noted that the inclusion in a practical diet of liquid corn steepwater (3%), of corn steepwater dried on corn germ meal or of corn steepwater dried on corn gluten feed caused a growth response in chicks. Later in 1959, Russo and Heiman made more detailed studies on the growth stirnuiat ing effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles (CFCS) in different breeds of chicks fed several basal rations. The results obtained showed that the addition of corn fermentation condensed solubles (5%) in place of corn meal or a combination of corn meal and soybean meal in the rations resulted in a significant increase in growth rate, but feed efficiency was not improved. The present research was a study of the magnitude and consistency of the growth promoting effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles on growing chickens. EXPERIMENTAL
Day-old New HampshireXSingle Comb White Leghorn chicks, hatched at the University of Wisconsin Poultry Research Laboratory, were randomly assigned to the experimental groups except 1
Published with the approval of the Director of the Research Division, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Supported in part by a grant from Corn Products Company, Argo, Illinois 60501. 2 Present address: Reproductive Physiology Unit 9670, Agricultural Division, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001.
that in experiment 11 broiler-type chicks from a commercial hatchery were used. There were ten chicks per group for experiments 1 to 10, 20 chicks for experiment 11, and five replicates for each treatment. The chicks were maintained in electrically heated, thermostatically con«• ll„^ HV/AA\*\_1,
Un^-^ ,, LfCH.l.^1. V
U I UlUUUUa
—--ilVV1L11
..--• 1 ICtlSCU.
screen floors throughout a four-week experimental period. The product designated corn fermentation condensed solubles3 is a by-product of the manufacture of corn starch by the wet milling of corn. Several lots of this material were used. Analysis of one lot showed 53.5 percent of dry matter and the following components expressed as percent of dry matter: protein 47.5, lactic acid 27.2, reducing sugars 1.75, hexane extractables 0.47, total ash (oxide) 15.9, magnesium 1.54, potassium 3.80, phosphorus 2.63. The composition of the experimental rations is shown in Table 1. When a cornsoybean or sucrose-soybean basal ration was used, the inclusion of dietary CFCS was made at the expense of the variable ingredients so as to adjust the rations to have the same level of protein. In experiments 8, 9, and 10, a stress factor was applied in the form of 5 gm. of chick feces per kilogram of ration during the first week to see of it enhanced the response of chicks to the unidentified growth factor. Procaine penicillin was omitted from the rations in two of the four treatments
542
3
Provided by the Corn Products Company.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
C
543
CORN FERMENTATION CONDENSED SOLUBLES TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredients
%
Yellow corn Sucrose Soybean meal (44% protein) Fish meal Meat meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa meal Salt Calcium carbonate Dicalcium phosphate Choice white grease Premix*
Variable** Variable** Variable** 5.00 2.00 2.50 .25 1.00 .50 2.00 1.00
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of feeding 5% CFCS on weight gains of chicks is shown in Table 2. Eight out of ten experiments in the period, November 7, 1967 to May 16, 1969, including those with only 2.5% (Exp. 1) and 4% (Exp. 5) CFCS were observed with positive growth response averaging 5% increases in body weight. The overall increase in 4-week gains of ten experiments was 3 % . The increase in gains was statistically significant (P<0.05). This agrees with the results obtained by Russo and Heiman (1959) who reported that growth rate was enTABLE 2.—Effect
100.00 * Premix supplied the following nutrients per kg. of feed: Vitamin A, 1,500 I.U.; Vitamin E, 1.3 I.U.; Vitamin D 3 , 500 I.C.U.; Riboflavin, 5.0 mg.; Vitamin BM, 0.012 mg.; Niacin, 7.34 mg.; Pantothenic acid, 4.0 mg.; Procaine penicillin, 3.00 mg.; MnSCu, 160 mg. ** When a corn-soybean diet was used, the basal contained 59.5% of yellow corn and 26.25% of soybean meal. When sucrose-soybean diet was used, the basal contained 47.30% of sucrose and 38.45% of soybean meal.
hanced by an average of 5.3% when 5 % CFCS was included in the rations for chicks. A negative response was noted in experiments 7 and 8 when 5% CFCS was fed to chicks. This seems to follow some
of corn fermentation condensed solubles (CFCS) on growth and feed efficiency of chickens fed a corn soybean diet Feed/Gain
Mean 4-week gain Exp.
Date" Basal
a
lb 2 3
11/ 7/67 12/14/67 2/15/68
4 5° 7 8 9 10 11*
3/16/68 4/18/68 10/17/68 12/12/68 1/31/69 3/14/69 5/16/69 Average
(g.) 255.9 280.2 317.3 316.8 d 320.5 319.5 336.7 252.3 325.0 317.7 407.9 313.6
cm nr<^c Improvement S/cl^Cb d u e t o C F C S (g-) 277.0 293.6 332.1 332.5 323.8 340.1 328.5 245.6 335.8 334.6 423.9 324.3*
Date at which experiment was started. 2.5% CFCS was used. 4.0% CFCS was used. d Basal diet contains no penicillin. e Chicks used were broiler type from commercial hatchery. * Significantly different (P<0.05). ns Nonsignificant (P>0.05). b c
(g.) 21.1 13.4 14.8 15.7 3.3 20.6 -8.2 -6.7 10.8 16.9 16.0 10.7
Basal
5% CFCS
2.62 2.33 2.60 2.39 2.32 2.20 1.99 2.42 2.40 2.23 2.01 2.32
2.42 2.36 2.45 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.13 2.35 2.24 2.09 1.91 2.23™
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
in experiment 3. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The chicks were wing-banded and weighed individually at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The feed consumption was also recorded at the termination of the four-week experiment. Statistical analysis was performed on the data by using the paired t-test (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
544
T.-F.
TABLE 3.—Effects
SHEN, L. E. MARRETT, M. L. SUNDE AND H. R. BIRD
of graded levels of CFCS on growth and feed conversion of chickens fed a corn-soybean diet Feed/Gain
Mean 4-week gain Exp. No.
5
Date
4/18/68
Treatment
Basal Basal+1% Basal+2% Basal+4% Basal+8%
CFCS CFCS CFCS CFCS
%of basal
319.5 325.9 334.7 340.1 357.1
100 102 105 106 112
Rati
°
btsa!
2.20 2.14 2.17 2.15 2.06
100 97 99 98 94
difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The effect of graded levels of CFCS was studied. The results obtained are shown in Table 3. The growth rate of chickens increased as the percentage of CFCS in the ration was increased with the highest growth response at a level of 8% CFCS. The feed conversion was also improved when the higher percentage of CFCS was added in the rations fed. Table 4 shows the effect of adding feces in the rations for one week on growth and feed conversion of the chickens. In earlier studies this procedure was effective in restoring the growth stimulating effect of fish solubles after it disappeared (Barnett and Bird, 1956). The growth rate of those chicks fed the ration containing 0.5% feces during the first week was depressed to a certain extent, but it soon recovered after the feces were omitted. The addition of feces in the ration did not enhance the growth effect of CFCS.
TABLE 4.—-The influence of the addition of feces on the growth promoting effect of CFCS Exp. No.*
Date
Mean 4-week:gain
Feed/Gain
g. % of basal
Ratio % of basal
Treatment
8
12/12/68
Basal+Feces B a s a l + F e c e s + 5 % CFCS
260.1 242.3
103 96
2.38 2.43
98 100
9
1/31/69
Basal+Feces Basal+Feces+5% CFCS
321.6 330.7
99 102
2.43 2.30
101 103
10
3/14/69
Basal+Feces B a s a l + F e c e s + 5 % CFCS
312.1 323.1
98 102
2.25 2.18
101 98
* Corresponds with the experimental number in Table 2.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
of the results obtained by Camp et al. (1957) who indicated that corn steepwater sometimes failed to cause response. The omission of penicillin from the basal ration as in experiment 3 appeared not to alter the growth promoting effect caused by CFCS, but did ailec'i feed efficiency. The growth stimulant effect of CFCS was examined by using different breeds of chicks. I t appeared that percentage increase in 4-week gains caused by CFCS in broiler-type chicks (Exp. 11) was similar to the results obtained by using the N.H.XS.C.W.L. cross. This confirms the results indicated by Russo and Heiman (1959). Feed efficiency for a series of 10 experiments is summarized in Table 2. Feed conversion appeared to be improved by CFCS except in experiments 2 and 7. The overall improvement in feed efficiency was calculated to be 4% when compared with the control groups. This
g-
545
CORN F E R M E N T A T I O N C O N D E N S E D SOLUBLES
TABLE 5.—Effect Exp. No.
of CFCS on growth and feed efficiency of chickens fed a sucrose-soybean diet
Date
Mean 4-week gain
Feed/Gain
g. % of basal
Ratio % of basal
Treatment
2/15/68
Basal B a s a l + 5 % CFCS
260.4 271.2
100 104
2.74 2.59
100 94
4
3/16/68
Basal B a s a l + 5 % CFCS
229.7 245.5
100 107
2.51 2.61
100 104
6
4/25/68 B a s a l + 5 % CFCS
281.1 304.2
100 108
2.36 2.26
100 96
Table 5 summarizes the growth rate and feed efficiency of chickens fed the basal and a 5 % level of the solubles on a sucrose-soybean diet. A 6 % increase in weight ( P < 0 . 0 5 ) and 2 % improvement in feed conversion ( P > 0 . 0 5 ) were obtained with the solubles. However, growth rate here was n o t as high as in the groups fed the practical-type diet. T h e d a t a presented above indicate t h a t there is an unidentified growth factor in the corn fermentation condensed solubles. T h e source of this factor is not known. I t might derive from fermentation during processing or from concentration of a factor already present in corn. T h e latter possibility seems less likely because the basal diet used in most of the experiments already contained high levels of corn ( > 5 0 % ) . T h e next step of the research should include the determination of the properties of the unidentified growth factor in the CFCS and its practical use in poultry feeding. SUMMARY Studies were undertaken to assay the growth promoting effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles in chickens in experiments during the period from November 7, 1967 to M a y 16, 1969. T h e results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Chicks fed a practical diet supple-
mented with a 5 % level of C F C S grew significantly better t h a n those chicks fed the same diet without CFCS. T h e diet contained corn, soybean meal, m e a t meal, fish meal, alfalfa meal, and mineral and vitamin supplements and was complete b y accepted standards. 2. Using the 5 % level of C F C S in a sucrose-soybean diet also produced similar results, although growth rate here was not as high as in the corn-soybean diet. Other experiments with graded levels of the solubles also showed a consistent growth response to the solubles. 3. Adding feces in the rations for a week did not enhance the growth effect of CFCS. 4. Feed efficiency was slightly improved in most of the experiments when C F C S was added. REFERENCES Barnett, B. D., and H. R. Bird, 1956. Standardization of assay for unidentified growth factors. Poultry Sci. 35: 705-710. Camp, A. A., H. T. Cartrite, B. L. Reid, J. H. Quisenberry and J. R. Couch, 1957. Corn steepwater solubles as a source of unknown growth factor(s) for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 36: 1354-1359. Russo, J. M., and V. Heiman, 1959. The value of corn fermentation condensed solubles as a growth stimulant for chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 26-30. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and procedures of Statistics. Chapt. 5, pp. 78-79. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
3
AMP et al. (1957) noted that the inclusion in a practical diet of liquid corn steepwater (3%), of corn steepwater dried on corn germ meal or of corn steepwater dried on corn gluten feed caused a growth response in chicks. Later in 1959, Russo and Heiman made more detailed studies on the growth stirnuiat ing effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles (CFCS) in different breeds of chicks fed several basal rations. The results obtained showed that the addition of corn fermentation condensed solubles (5%) in place of corn meal or a combination of corn meal and soybean meal in the rations resulted in a significant increase in growth rate, but feed efficiency was not improved. The present research was a study of the magnitude and consistency of the growth promoting effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles on growing chickens. EXPERIMENTAL
Day-old New HampshireXSingle Comb White Leghorn chicks, hatched at the University of Wisconsin Poultry Research Laboratory, were randomly assigned to the experimental groups except 1
Published with the approval of the Director of the Research Division, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Supported in part by a grant from Corn Products Company, Argo, Illinois 60501. 2 Present address: Reproductive Physiology Unit 9670, Agricultural Division, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001.
that in experiment 11 broiler-type chicks from a commercial hatchery were used. There were ten chicks per group for experiments 1 to 10, 20 chicks for experiment 11, and five replicates for each treatment. The chicks were maintained in electrically heated, thermostatically con«• ll„^ HV/AA\*\_1,
Un^-^ ,, LfCH.l.^1. V
U I UlUUUUa
—--ilVV1L11
..--• 1 ICtlSCU.
screen floors throughout a four-week experimental period. The product designated corn fermentation condensed solubles3 is a by-product of the manufacture of corn starch by the wet milling of corn. Several lots of this material were used. Analysis of one lot showed 53.5 percent of dry matter and the following components expressed as percent of dry matter: protein 47.5, lactic acid 27.2, reducing sugars 1.75, hexane extractables 0.47, total ash (oxide) 15.9, magnesium 1.54, potassium 3.80, phosphorus 2.63. The composition of the experimental rations is shown in Table 1. When a cornsoybean or sucrose-soybean basal ration was used, the inclusion of dietary CFCS was made at the expense of the variable ingredients so as to adjust the rations to have the same level of protein. In experiments 8, 9, and 10, a stress factor was applied in the form of 5 gm. of chick feces per kilogram of ration during the first week to see of it enhanced the response of chicks to the unidentified growth factor. Procaine penicillin was omitted from the rations in two of the four treatments
542
3
Provided by the Corn Products Company.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
C
543
CORN FERMENTATION CONDENSED SOLUBLES TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredients
%
Yellow corn Sucrose Soybean meal (44% protein) Fish meal Meat meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa meal Salt Calcium carbonate Dicalcium phosphate Choice white grease Premix*
Variable** Variable** Variable** 5.00 2.00 2.50 .25 1.00 .50 2.00 1.00
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of feeding 5% CFCS on weight gains of chicks is shown in Table 2. Eight out of ten experiments in the period, November 7, 1967 to May 16, 1969, including those with only 2.5% (Exp. 1) and 4% (Exp. 5) CFCS were observed with positive growth response averaging 5% increases in body weight. The overall increase in 4-week gains of ten experiments was 3 % . The increase in gains was statistically significant (P<0.05). This agrees with the results obtained by Russo and Heiman (1959) who reported that growth rate was enTABLE 2.—Effect
100.00 * Premix supplied the following nutrients per kg. of feed: Vitamin A, 1,500 I.U.; Vitamin E, 1.3 I.U.; Vitamin D 3 , 500 I.C.U.; Riboflavin, 5.0 mg.; Vitamin BM, 0.012 mg.; Niacin, 7.34 mg.; Pantothenic acid, 4.0 mg.; Procaine penicillin, 3.00 mg.; MnSCu, 160 mg. ** When a corn-soybean diet was used, the basal contained 59.5% of yellow corn and 26.25% of soybean meal. When sucrose-soybean diet was used, the basal contained 47.30% of sucrose and 38.45% of soybean meal.
hanced by an average of 5.3% when 5 % CFCS was included in the rations for chicks. A negative response was noted in experiments 7 and 8 when 5% CFCS was fed to chicks. This seems to follow some
of corn fermentation condensed solubles (CFCS) on growth and feed efficiency of chickens fed a corn soybean diet Feed/Gain
Mean 4-week gain Exp.
Date" Basal
a
lb 2 3
11/ 7/67 12/14/67 2/15/68
4 5° 7 8 9 10 11*
3/16/68 4/18/68 10/17/68 12/12/68 1/31/69 3/14/69 5/16/69 Average
(g.) 255.9 280.2 317.3 316.8 d 320.5 319.5 336.7 252.3 325.0 317.7 407.9 313.6
cm nr<^c Improvement S/cl^Cb d u e t o C F C S (g-) 277.0 293.6 332.1 332.5 323.8 340.1 328.5 245.6 335.8 334.6 423.9 324.3*
Date at which experiment was started. 2.5% CFCS was used. 4.0% CFCS was used. d Basal diet contains no penicillin. e Chicks used were broiler type from commercial hatchery. * Significantly different (P<0.05). ns Nonsignificant (P>0.05). b c
(g.) 21.1 13.4 14.8 15.7 3.3 20.6 -8.2 -6.7 10.8 16.9 16.0 10.7
Basal
5% CFCS
2.62 2.33 2.60 2.39 2.32 2.20 1.99 2.42 2.40 2.23 2.01 2.32
2.42 2.36 2.45 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.13 2.35 2.24 2.09 1.91 2.23™
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
in experiment 3. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. The chicks were wing-banded and weighed individually at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The feed consumption was also recorded at the termination of the four-week experiment. Statistical analysis was performed on the data by using the paired t-test (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
544
T.-F.
TABLE 3.—Effects
SHEN, L. E. MARRETT, M. L. SUNDE AND H. R. BIRD
of graded levels of CFCS on growth and feed conversion of chickens fed a corn-soybean diet Feed/Gain
Mean 4-week gain Exp. No.
5
Date
4/18/68
Treatment
Basal Basal+1% Basal+2% Basal+4% Basal+8%
CFCS CFCS CFCS CFCS
%of basal
319.5 325.9 334.7 340.1 357.1
100 102 105 106 112
Rati
°
btsa!
2.20 2.14 2.17 2.15 2.06
100 97 99 98 94
difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The effect of graded levels of CFCS was studied. The results obtained are shown in Table 3. The growth rate of chickens increased as the percentage of CFCS in the ration was increased with the highest growth response at a level of 8% CFCS. The feed conversion was also improved when the higher percentage of CFCS was added in the rations fed. Table 4 shows the effect of adding feces in the rations for one week on growth and feed conversion of the chickens. In earlier studies this procedure was effective in restoring the growth stimulating effect of fish solubles after it disappeared (Barnett and Bird, 1956). The growth rate of those chicks fed the ration containing 0.5% feces during the first week was depressed to a certain extent, but it soon recovered after the feces were omitted. The addition of feces in the ration did not enhance the growth effect of CFCS.
TABLE 4.—-The influence of the addition of feces on the growth promoting effect of CFCS Exp. No.*
Date
Mean 4-week:gain
Feed/Gain
g. % of basal
Ratio % of basal
Treatment
8
12/12/68
Basal+Feces B a s a l + F e c e s + 5 % CFCS
260.1 242.3
103 96
2.38 2.43
98 100
9
1/31/69
Basal+Feces Basal+Feces+5% CFCS
321.6 330.7
99 102
2.43 2.30
101 103
10
3/14/69
Basal+Feces B a s a l + F e c e s + 5 % CFCS
312.1 323.1
98 102
2.25 2.18
101 98
* Corresponds with the experimental number in Table 2.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
of the results obtained by Camp et al. (1957) who indicated that corn steepwater sometimes failed to cause response. The omission of penicillin from the basal ration as in experiment 3 appeared not to alter the growth promoting effect caused by CFCS, but did ailec'i feed efficiency. The growth stimulant effect of CFCS was examined by using different breeds of chicks. I t appeared that percentage increase in 4-week gains caused by CFCS in broiler-type chicks (Exp. 11) was similar to the results obtained by using the N.H.XS.C.W.L. cross. This confirms the results indicated by Russo and Heiman (1959). Feed efficiency for a series of 10 experiments is summarized in Table 2. Feed conversion appeared to be improved by CFCS except in experiments 2 and 7. The overall improvement in feed efficiency was calculated to be 4% when compared with the control groups. This
g-
545
CORN F E R M E N T A T I O N C O N D E N S E D SOLUBLES
TABLE 5.—Effect Exp. No.
of CFCS on growth and feed efficiency of chickens fed a sucrose-soybean diet
Date
Mean 4-week gain
Feed/Gain
g. % of basal
Ratio % of basal
Treatment
2/15/68
Basal B a s a l + 5 % CFCS
260.4 271.2
100 104
2.74 2.59
100 94
4
3/16/68
Basal B a s a l + 5 % CFCS
229.7 245.5
100 107
2.51 2.61
100 104
6
4/25/68 B a s a l + 5 % CFCS
281.1 304.2
100 108
2.36 2.26
100 96
Table 5 summarizes the growth rate and feed efficiency of chickens fed the basal and a 5 % level of the solubles on a sucrose-soybean diet. A 6 % increase in weight ( P < 0 . 0 5 ) and 2 % improvement in feed conversion ( P > 0 . 0 5 ) were obtained with the solubles. However, growth rate here was n o t as high as in the groups fed the practical-type diet. T h e d a t a presented above indicate t h a t there is an unidentified growth factor in the corn fermentation condensed solubles. T h e source of this factor is not known. I t might derive from fermentation during processing or from concentration of a factor already present in corn. T h e latter possibility seems less likely because the basal diet used in most of the experiments already contained high levels of corn ( > 5 0 % ) . T h e next step of the research should include the determination of the properties of the unidentified growth factor in the CFCS and its practical use in poultry feeding. SUMMARY Studies were undertaken to assay the growth promoting effect of corn fermentation condensed solubles in chickens in experiments during the period from November 7, 1967 to M a y 16, 1969. T h e results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Chicks fed a practical diet supple-
mented with a 5 % level of C F C S grew significantly better t h a n those chicks fed the same diet without CFCS. T h e diet contained corn, soybean meal, m e a t meal, fish meal, alfalfa meal, and mineral and vitamin supplements and was complete b y accepted standards. 2. Using the 5 % level of C F C S in a sucrose-soybean diet also produced similar results, although growth rate here was not as high as in the corn-soybean diet. Other experiments with graded levels of the solubles also showed a consistent growth response to the solubles. 3. Adding feces in the rations for a week did not enhance the growth effect of CFCS. 4. Feed efficiency was slightly improved in most of the experiments when C F C S was added. REFERENCES Barnett, B. D., and H. R. Bird, 1956. Standardization of assay for unidentified growth factors. Poultry Sci. 35: 705-710. Camp, A. A., H. T. Cartrite, B. L. Reid, J. H. Quisenberry and J. R. Couch, 1957. Corn steepwater solubles as a source of unknown growth factor(s) for growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 36: 1354-1359. Russo, J. M., and V. Heiman, 1959. The value of corn fermentation condensed solubles as a growth stimulant for chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 26-30. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and procedures of Statistics. Chapt. 5, pp. 78-79. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Pennsylvania Library on April 12, 2015
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