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Thermal storage — storage calculation
14 Heat pumps
96/03105 Optimization of thermal processes In a variable air volume HVAC system Zheng, G. R. and Zaheer-Uddin, M. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 407-420. The problem of optimizing the thermal processes in a variable air volume (VAV) of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system is explored. Steady-state models of HVAC system components are developed. These models are interconnected to simulate the responses of the VAV system. The constrained optimal control problem is formulated and solved for two cases: one with aconstraints on zone-humidity ratio and one. without. Typical daily optimal operating trajectories for the system are presented. Results show that to achieve thermal comfort, both zone temperature and humidity ratio should be controlled. The use of ou tdoor-air- forfree-cooling is also studied as an optimization problem and the resulting optimal outdoor air-flow rates and energy savings are assessed.
96/03106 Overenglneerlng In building services - An International comparison of design and Installation methods Parsloe, C. J. Technical Report TR1I95, BSRIA, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH, UK, £30.00 (members) £50.00 (Iloll-mem bers) Dec. 1995, 82 pp. The report compares different countries' approaches to the design and installation of building services systems. The UK approach is compared with those in the USA, France and Germany. The report was commissioned to identify the reasons for apparently high UK construction costs compared to those in other countries.
96/03107 Parametric prediction of the burled pipes cooling potential for passive cooling applications Mihalakakou, G. et al., Solar Energy, Sep. 1995, 55, (3), 163-173. A new parametrical model for the prediction of the thermal performance of the earth to air heat exchangers is presented. The system consists of an earth tube, buried in the ground, through which ambient or indoor air is propelled and cooled by the bulk temperature of the natural ground.
9&/03108 bUildings
Predicting single sided natural ventilation rates In
Dascalaki, E. e t al., Solar Energy, Nov. 1995. 55. (5), 327-341. Natural ventilation contributes significantly in reducing the cooling load of buildings and in increasing thermal comfort. S iegle sided natural venu larion configurations are very frequent especially in urban environments. 52 single sided natural ventilation configurations have been studied experimentally and are compared with the predictions of six different network ventilation models. The heat and mass transfer characteristics of the studied cases are analysed and discussed.
Radiant heating Brown, R. and Crawford, Z. BSRlA Application Guide AG 3/96, BSRIA, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH, UK, £30.00 (members) £50.00 (non-members) 1996. The Guide is written for heating system specifiers. architects, services consultants, designers, installers, maintenance contractors, facilities managers, building managers and others who wish 10 gain a basic understanding of the principles and technology of radiant heating systems.
96/03109
96/03110 Read all about It Brister, A Bldg. ServoCIBSE J., Dec. 1995, 17, (12),16-19. Descrines a building near Oxford with 1000 m1 of office space on two floors, and 5,600 m1 of warehousing for Marston Book Services. The building contains no mechanical cooling, with the fabric of the building being the main climate moderator.
96/03111 Room air circulation - The missing link to good Indoor air quality Kelley, R. Heat. Pip. Air Condit., Sep, 1995, 67. (9), 67-69. The paper discusses the elements of room air circulation and illustrates examples of good and poor room air circulation patterns. 96/03112 Therm al beh evlo ur of an eIghtee nt h·ce nt ury Al henlan dW41lllng T ass iopou lou, T. et al., Applied Energy, Apr. 1996, 53, (4), 383-398. Two forms of traditional dwelling were identified during a study tour of Greece. A representative Athenian dwelling from the PIaka district, next to the Acropolis, was selected for study using the TASo thermal analysis software. The predictions from the computer simulations indicated that, if the building considered was used either as originally intended or when adapted for modern living, comfortable internal conditions would ensue during both the summer and winter seasons.
Thermal storage - storage calcu lation Gini, M. and Di Leone, P. l nstallatore l tal., Del. 1995, 46, (10), 1378-1384. The article discusses thermal storage and presents calculation methods aimed 31 verifying thermal storage using computer-based techniques,
96/031'3
Thermonet system saves energy and lowers costs Energy Digest, 1995, 24, (6), 3-6. Describes the development of Thermonet, a new community energy system in Finland. which claims to reduce the cost of installing and operating district healing networks. Illustrates the system schematically and describes its operation. Gives a list of the advantages of the system, including improved thermal utilisation by, among other things, a low return water temperature.
96/03114
96/03115 The use of artificial Intelligence In building systems ASHRA£, USA, 1995, 216 pp. Contains 18 papers from the ASHRAE Transactions and ASHRAE Journal which discussed artificial intelligence in the design and operation of building energy systems. Also includes a disc containing a program developed for ASHRAE Research Project 642RP - ' Development of a demonstration knowledge-based system for the selection of HVAC equipment for small office buildings'.
14 HEAT PUMPS 9&/0311& Applications of heat pumps in chemical processing Eisa, M. A. Energy Converso Mgmt., Mar. 1996, 37, (3), 369-377. Hear pumps have enormous potential fot reducing the primary energy requirements of various processes. For the heat pump to be an economic proposition, there are a number of basic conditions that must be satisfied. In the light of these conditions and on both experimental and theoretical data, a wide range of applications has been discussed. A diagnostic expert system for heat pumps Sami, S. M. et al., Energy, Mar. 1996, 21, (3), 179-187. A computer model has been developed and validated using extensive data for air-air, water-water, and water-air heat pumps With enhanced surfacetubing heat exchangers. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results was observed. Based on numerical data obtained from the computer model, diagnostic rules were established using the NEXPERT system to identify system malfunctions. Simulations in different tests permit venfic auon of system accuracy.
96/03117
96/03118 Field test 0: a s mail-si ze gas e11glne driven heat pump In an off ice application - First results D'Accadia, M. D. et al., Int. J. Amb. Energy, OCI. 1995, 16, (4), 183-191Discusses how a gas engine driven heat pump is a logical alternative to conventional electric space conditioning machines, even tor residential and light commercial applications.
96/03119 Performance evaluation of a new four-component HFC blend In a vapour-compression heat pump system Sami, S. M. and Song, B. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 361-369. Performance results are presented for a new four-component (quaternary) blend proposed as a substitute for CFC-502. Test results obtained in a conventional vapour-compression heat pump system were compared for the new blend with those for CFC-502 and for other proposed alternatives such as R-S07 and R-407B. The proposed quaternary HCF blend has superior performance and a pressure ratio thai is comparable to that obtained with CFC-502.
96/03120 Performance of multl-bed sorption heat pump systems Zheng, W. et al., lilt. J. of Energy Research, Apr. 1996,20, (4), 339-350. Traditional designs of solid-sorbent sorption heat pumps consist of two beds, where one bed is regenerating while the other is adsorbing. The performance of traditional solid sorption heat pumps can be improved by designing [he system with multiple beds. Employing the co ncept of multibeds, the beds can be preheated using the energy from other beds in the system before they are fully regenerated by an external heat source. The performance of the three-bed and four-bed solid sorption heat pumps are evaluated and compared to a traditional two-bed system.
96/03'2' overview Steadman, M.
Standards and regulallons - An International IF..A Hea l Pump Centre Newsletter , Dec. 1995, 13, (4),
13-30 .
Contains four articles on standards and regulations applying to heat pumps.
96/03122 Thermal study on release of lattice oxygen from carbon -bearlnq NI(II) ferrite Sano, T. et aI., Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 377-384. Oxygen release from carbon-bearing Ni(II) ferrite (CBNF) was studied with TG-MS and DSC. Release of lattice oxygen as 0 was found to take place at 200-300°C and was associated with an endothermic temperature peak. Evaluation of the thermal energy required for 0 2-removal is of primary importance for materials design used in a chemical heat-pump system. The chemical heat pump described is designed 10 work around 300"C and 10 convert waste heat to chemical energy of H1 The objective of the present work was to analyse thermally the O:-release reaction. Concludes thai CBNF provides a promising medium for a chemical heat-pump system which can conven degraded thermal energy imo chemical energy.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996 215
96/03105 Optimization of thermal processes In a variable air volume HVAC system Zheng, G. R. and Zaheer-Uddin, M. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 407-420. The problem of optimizing the thermal processes in a variable air volume (VAV) of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system is explored. Steady-state models of HVAC system components are developed. These models are interconnected to simulate the responses of the VAV system. The constrained optimal control problem is formulated and solved for two cases: one with aconstraints on zone-humidity ratio and one. without. Typical daily optimal operating trajectories for the system are presented. Results show that to achieve thermal comfort, both zone temperature and humidity ratio should be controlled. The use of ou tdoor-air- forfree-cooling is also studied as an optimization problem and the resulting optimal outdoor air-flow rates and energy savings are assessed.
96/03106 Overenglneerlng In building services - An International comparison of design and Installation methods Parsloe, C. J. Technical Report TR1I95, BSRIA, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH, UK, £30.00 (members) £50.00 (Iloll-mem bers) Dec. 1995, 82 pp. The report compares different countries' approaches to the design and installation of building services systems. The UK approach is compared with those in the USA, France and Germany. The report was commissioned to identify the reasons for apparently high UK construction costs compared to those in other countries.
96/03107 Parametric prediction of the burled pipes cooling potential for passive cooling applications Mihalakakou, G. et al., Solar Energy, Sep. 1995, 55, (3), 163-173. A new parametrical model for the prediction of the thermal performance of the earth to air heat exchangers is presented. The system consists of an earth tube, buried in the ground, through which ambient or indoor air is propelled and cooled by the bulk temperature of the natural ground.
9&/03108 bUildings
Predicting single sided natural ventilation rates In
Dascalaki, E. e t al., Solar Energy, Nov. 1995. 55. (5), 327-341. Natural ventilation contributes significantly in reducing the cooling load of buildings and in increasing thermal comfort. S iegle sided natural venu larion configurations are very frequent especially in urban environments. 52 single sided natural ventilation configurations have been studied experimentally and are compared with the predictions of six different network ventilation models. The heat and mass transfer characteristics of the studied cases are analysed and discussed.
Radiant heating Brown, R. and Crawford, Z. BSRlA Application Guide AG 3/96, BSRIA, Old Bracknell Lane West, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 7AH, UK, £30.00 (members) £50.00 (non-members) 1996. The Guide is written for heating system specifiers. architects, services consultants, designers, installers, maintenance contractors, facilities managers, building managers and others who wish 10 gain a basic understanding of the principles and technology of radiant heating systems.
96/03109
96/03110 Read all about It Brister, A Bldg. ServoCIBSE J., Dec. 1995, 17, (12),16-19. Descrines a building near Oxford with 1000 m1 of office space on two floors, and 5,600 m1 of warehousing for Marston Book Services. The building contains no mechanical cooling, with the fabric of the building being the main climate moderator.
96/03111 Room air circulation - The missing link to good Indoor air quality Kelley, R. Heat. Pip. Air Condit., Sep, 1995, 67. (9), 67-69. The paper discusses the elements of room air circulation and illustrates examples of good and poor room air circulation patterns. 96/03112 Therm al beh evlo ur of an eIghtee nt h·ce nt ury Al henlan dW41lllng T ass iopou lou, T. et al., Applied Energy, Apr. 1996, 53, (4), 383-398. Two forms of traditional dwelling were identified during a study tour of Greece. A representative Athenian dwelling from the PIaka district, next to the Acropolis, was selected for study using the TASo thermal analysis software. The predictions from the computer simulations indicated that, if the building considered was used either as originally intended or when adapted for modern living, comfortable internal conditions would ensue during both the summer and winter seasons.
Thermal storage - storage calcu lation Gini, M. and Di Leone, P. l nstallatore l tal., Del. 1995, 46, (10), 1378-1384. The article discusses thermal storage and presents calculation methods aimed 31 verifying thermal storage using computer-based techniques,
96/031'3
Thermonet system saves energy and lowers costs Energy Digest, 1995, 24, (6), 3-6. Describes the development of Thermonet, a new community energy system in Finland. which claims to reduce the cost of installing and operating district healing networks. Illustrates the system schematically and describes its operation. Gives a list of the advantages of the system, including improved thermal utilisation by, among other things, a low return water temperature.
96/03114
96/03115 The use of artificial Intelligence In building systems ASHRA£, USA, 1995, 216 pp. Contains 18 papers from the ASHRAE Transactions and ASHRAE Journal which discussed artificial intelligence in the design and operation of building energy systems. Also includes a disc containing a program developed for ASHRAE Research Project 642RP - ' Development of a demonstration knowledge-based system for the selection of HVAC equipment for small office buildings'.
14 HEAT PUMPS 9&/0311& Applications of heat pumps in chemical processing Eisa, M. A. Energy Converso Mgmt., Mar. 1996, 37, (3), 369-377. Hear pumps have enormous potential fot reducing the primary energy requirements of various processes. For the heat pump to be an economic proposition, there are a number of basic conditions that must be satisfied. In the light of these conditions and on both experimental and theoretical data, a wide range of applications has been discussed. A diagnostic expert system for heat pumps Sami, S. M. et al., Energy, Mar. 1996, 21, (3), 179-187. A computer model has been developed and validated using extensive data for air-air, water-water, and water-air heat pumps With enhanced surfacetubing heat exchangers. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results was observed. Based on numerical data obtained from the computer model, diagnostic rules were established using the NEXPERT system to identify system malfunctions. Simulations in different tests permit venfic auon of system accuracy.
96/03117
96/03118 Field test 0: a s mail-si ze gas e11glne driven heat pump In an off ice application - First results D'Accadia, M. D. et al., Int. J. Amb. Energy, OCI. 1995, 16, (4), 183-191Discusses how a gas engine driven heat pump is a logical alternative to conventional electric space conditioning machines, even tor residential and light commercial applications.
96/03119 Performance evaluation of a new four-component HFC blend In a vapour-compression heat pump system Sami, S. M. and Song, B. Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 361-369. Performance results are presented for a new four-component (quaternary) blend proposed as a substitute for CFC-502. Test results obtained in a conventional vapour-compression heat pump system were compared for the new blend with those for CFC-502 and for other proposed alternatives such as R-S07 and R-407B. The proposed quaternary HCF blend has superior performance and a pressure ratio thai is comparable to that obtained with CFC-502.
96/03120 Performance of multl-bed sorption heat pump systems Zheng, W. et al., lilt. J. of Energy Research, Apr. 1996,20, (4), 339-350. Traditional designs of solid-sorbent sorption heat pumps consist of two beds, where one bed is regenerating while the other is adsorbing. The performance of traditional solid sorption heat pumps can be improved by designing [he system with multiple beds. Employing the co ncept of multibeds, the beds can be preheated using the energy from other beds in the system before they are fully regenerated by an external heat source. The performance of the three-bed and four-bed solid sorption heat pumps are evaluated and compared to a traditional two-bed system.
96/03'2' overview Steadman, M.
Standards and regulallons - An International IF..A Hea l Pump Centre Newsletter , Dec. 1995, 13, (4),
13-30 .
Contains four articles on standards and regulations applying to heat pumps.
96/03122 Thermal study on release of lattice oxygen from carbon -bearlnq NI(II) ferrite Sano, T. et aI., Energy, May 1996, 21, (5), 377-384. Oxygen release from carbon-bearing Ni(II) ferrite (CBNF) was studied with TG-MS and DSC. Release of lattice oxygen as 0 was found to take place at 200-300°C and was associated with an endothermic temperature peak. Evaluation of the thermal energy required for 0 2-removal is of primary importance for materials design used in a chemical heat-pump system. The chemical heat pump described is designed 10 work around 300"C and 10 convert waste heat to chemical energy of H1 The objective of the present work was to analyse thermally the O:-release reaction. Concludes thai CBNF provides a promising medium for a chemical heat-pump system which can conven degraded thermal energy imo chemical energy.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996 215