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Ultrasonic welding of steel to plastics and glass
ABSTRACTS The entries in this section have been sorted into eight categories: Processing and production;Non-destructive testing;Generation, detection and measurement; Communication and control;Principles and applications of effects;Biology and medicine;Physics; Sound velocity, attenuation and properties of materials. A unique number in bold print has been placed at the end of each entry. Copies of original articles are best obtained by writing direct to the journal in which they appeared. The addresses of journals calz be found in a reference book such as ‘World List of Scientific and Technical Publications: ‘Will@ Press Guide’, ‘Newspaper Press Directory’ and,for American journals only, ‘Ayers’.
Processing and production Ultrasonic cleaning apparatus
Branson Instruments Inc German Patent 1,286,627 (9 January 1969) A ttansducer is fed with energy from an oscillator system whose frequency varies according to the load on the transducer. A compensating circuit develops a first signal representing the magnitude of the excitator current corresponding to the load invariant component of the transducer impedance, whilst a second signal is developed representing the instantaneous magnitude of the total excitation circuit. A central signal is derived from these which controls the frequency of the oscillator so as to maintain optimum operating conditions. (1245) New contributions to the technique of chip removing by vibrations Deacu, I., et al Constructia de masini, No 11 (November 1967) pp 645-649 The paper describes the working conditions for chip breaking by vibration and the electrodynamical vibration to the tool. The model built at the Polytechnical Institute of Cluj is electrically driven and has smaller overall dimensions than similar devices available on the market. In consists principally in a motor with reciprocal motion, the moving armature of which causes the vibration of the tool-holder. The parameters for high effeciency operation have been determined experimentally, and the variation of the power required by the chip removing process has been measured with a piezo-hydraulic dynamometer. (1246) Material suspending device by ultrasonic wave Fichburg Paper Co (USA) Japanese Patent JPC 24488/68 October 23 1968 (24 September 1964) Consists of an explosion box having a relatively low pressure region, to which is connected a conduit which has an enlarged segment. In this segment is an explosion block, separated from the inner surface of the conduit and having a continuous surface, forming a limited flow path which leads to the explosion box. (1247) Method of bonding ultrasonic oscillating element Hayakana Denki kk Japanese Patent JPC 2305’7/68 (4 October 1968) (Applied for 20 January 1965) An ultrasonic oscillating element and a thin oscillating plate (having a large thermal expansion coefficient and greater width than the oscillating element) are bonded together by the application of heat to a bonding agent. A pliable intermediate plate is interposed, capable of absorbing the thermal stress due to warping caused by thermal expansion of the thin oscillating plate and bonding the two plates together. (1248)
Metal coatingprocess (By ultrasonic vibraUonS) Imai, T. Japanese Patent JPC 22164/68 (24 September 1968) (Applied for 29 September 1965) Comprises providing a heating means by winding a michrome wire round a rod vibrator which is aonnected to an ultrasonic oscillator, feeding a spraying metal, eg solder, to the end of the vibrator, melting the metal, atomising the molten metal by ultrasonic vibration, and spraying to a workpiece. (1249)
Glass blowing medium for ultrasonic devices Krause, J. T., Northover, W. R. US Patent 3,413,18’7 (26 November 1988) (Filed 31 March 1966) This ultrasonic device comprises a solid electrode metal film which is adhesively bonded to a member of quartz, fused silica on a lead-glass silica. The adhesive itself comprises a glass having a composition lying within a region of the ternary phase diagram for arsenic-sulfur-selenium which is bounded by lines joining the following points in sequence: 35% sulfur, 657, selenium; 35% sulfur, 41% selenium, 18% arsenic; 62% sulfur, 20% selenium, 18% arsenic; 75% sulfur, 207, selenium, 5% arsenic; 45% sulfur, 55% selenium. (1250) Microwave and ultrasonic apparatus Levison, M. L. US Patent 3,410, 116 (12 November 1968) Emits microwave energy for heating a workload means available for selectively controlling operation of microwave and ultrasonic means. Functions; washer, dryer, oven. (1251) Forces developed in ultrasonic machining with a stepped tool Polyakov, z . I. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 3 (January-March 1969) pp 403-404 The forces developed in the machining of thin parts is considered; this allows the wave processes in the parts to be neglected. Equations of motion are cited and graphs presented to show the distribution of displacement and velocity in the tool at the moment of impact. An operator method is used to obtain a set of transformations from which y = 8255 K cr2/3 y being the displacement due to deformations in the cutting material, K a junction of the material and o the impact stress. Hence impact force and duration can be derived. A method for maximum impact stress is outlined, together with resultant errors. Its value was found to be frequency independent between 15 and 30 kHz. (1252) Piezo-electric ignition device for setting fire to combustible gas Robert Bosch, GmbH French Patent 1,552,537 (3 January 1969) (Applied for 29 January 1968) The device works with the aid of a spark-gap connected to a piezo-electric element covered by a percussion cap which is accelerated by a force from the piezo-electric element. This elastic force and the weight of the percussion cap cause, in the spark gap, a discharge after the sparking which allows even the least inflammable gas to be lit. (1253) Ultrasonic dice grindevice Sanei Denshi Kogyo Japanese Patent JPC 2958/69 (6 February 1969) (Applied for 25 February 1964) The dice is set on a mounting seat, which is rotatable about the central axis of the dice, and has a linear reciprocating movement along the central axis of the hole. A lapping wire inserted in the hole forms a certain angle with the central axis of the hole, along the fnclined wall surface of the hole, and is moveable for lapping in constant direction along the central axis. The wire is ultrasoni-
tally oscillated in the direction orthogonal to the central axis of the hole. (1254) Ultrasonic welding of steel to plastics and gI=s Shin, S., Gencsoy, H. T. Engineers Digest, Vol xxix, No 11 (November 1968) p 67 Fundamental problems of welding physically dissimilar materials such as metals to plastic or glass are dealt with in a series of experimental tests. The welding equipment is a 150W generator at 2OkHz and the technique requires aluminium foil between the two materials. The effect of different clamping forces and welding times is studied+he most successful welds occurring for a 201b clamping force for 1 to 1.5s. The variations in the weld for different plastic materials are discussed and the success obtained with polypropylene, acrylic and glass components is explained. Problems of output-energy loss at the weld interface are considered and further experimental tests are suggested. (1255) Ultrasonic aqueous cleaning in metal finishing Stafford, R. D. Metal Finishing Journal, Vol 14, No 167 (November 1968) pp 352-354 A discussion of ultrasonic cleaning processes in relation to metal finishing. Advantages of ultrasonic aqueous cleaning over manual, mechanical or unaided chemical cleaning are mentioned. The author proceeds to discuss cavitation in terms of the scrubbing action the cavitation bubbles effect on a specimen. Practical examples in the fields of plating, bonding and other finishing treatments are mentioned to illustrate the usefulness and versatility of this method. A brief account of various equipment configurations precedes a concluding section covering the most suitable types of chemical additives for use in the aqueous ultrasonic cleaning systems. (1256) Polymerisation of formaldehyde (By ultrasonic waves) Sumito Chemical Co Ltd and Sumito Atomic Energy Industries Ltd Japanese Patent JPC 19556/68 (23 August 1968) (Applied for 25 July 1963) A mixture of HCHO liquid, a non-solvent and acid anhydride at 20” to +5O”C is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, (preferably lo-30kHz) in the absence or presence of ionisable radial rays. The use of ultrasonic waves eliminates the need for surfactant and the polymer obtained has good heat stability. (1257) Ultrasonics can join big parts too Modern Plastics, Vol 45, No 14 (October 1968) PP 85 Ultrasonic welding as applied to the assembly of large plastic components is discussed. An example is quoted of an ABS bodyshell, moulded in two parts, for a rugged off-theroad vehicle. Thermoformed, the shells are 3/1sin thick with a total perimeter of 268in. Using a hand held tool, a time of ten minutes is quoted for an ultrasonic weld. This is made possible by a newly developed tool for delivering 8800 in-lb/s of mechanical energy to the parts being welded. Further time is saved by the elimination of the clean-up time associated with the use of epoxy resins. (1258) Sonic aerosol filtering devices Abboud, H. I. US Patent 3,413,781 (3 December 1968) (Filed 15 August 1966) (1259) PuIse column apparatus for soap making (Apparatus includes a means of giving an alternative pulsation movement to soap in a column) Godet, P.,L’Isle-Adam, Jow, J-L.
ULTRASONICS
July 1969
203
Processing and production Ultrasonic cleaning apparatus
Branson Instruments Inc German Patent 1,286,627 (9 January 1969) A ttansducer is fed with energy from an oscillator system whose frequency varies according to the load on the transducer. A compensating circuit develops a first signal representing the magnitude of the excitator current corresponding to the load invariant component of the transducer impedance, whilst a second signal is developed representing the instantaneous magnitude of the total excitation circuit. A central signal is derived from these which controls the frequency of the oscillator so as to maintain optimum operating conditions. (1245) New contributions to the technique of chip removing by vibrations Deacu, I., et al Constructia de masini, No 11 (November 1967) pp 645-649 The paper describes the working conditions for chip breaking by vibration and the electrodynamical vibration to the tool. The model built at the Polytechnical Institute of Cluj is electrically driven and has smaller overall dimensions than similar devices available on the market. In consists principally in a motor with reciprocal motion, the moving armature of which causes the vibration of the tool-holder. The parameters for high effeciency operation have been determined experimentally, and the variation of the power required by the chip removing process has been measured with a piezo-hydraulic dynamometer. (1246) Material suspending device by ultrasonic wave Fichburg Paper Co (USA) Japanese Patent JPC 24488/68 October 23 1968 (24 September 1964) Consists of an explosion box having a relatively low pressure region, to which is connected a conduit which has an enlarged segment. In this segment is an explosion block, separated from the inner surface of the conduit and having a continuous surface, forming a limited flow path which leads to the explosion box. (1247) Method of bonding ultrasonic oscillating element Hayakana Denki kk Japanese Patent JPC 2305’7/68 (4 October 1968) (Applied for 20 January 1965) An ultrasonic oscillating element and a thin oscillating plate (having a large thermal expansion coefficient and greater width than the oscillating element) are bonded together by the application of heat to a bonding agent. A pliable intermediate plate is interposed, capable of absorbing the thermal stress due to warping caused by thermal expansion of the thin oscillating plate and bonding the two plates together. (1248)
Metal coatingprocess (By ultrasonic vibraUonS) Imai, T. Japanese Patent JPC 22164/68 (24 September 1968) (Applied for 29 September 1965) Comprises providing a heating means by winding a michrome wire round a rod vibrator which is aonnected to an ultrasonic oscillator, feeding a spraying metal, eg solder, to the end of the vibrator, melting the metal, atomising the molten metal by ultrasonic vibration, and spraying to a workpiece. (1249)
Glass blowing medium for ultrasonic devices Krause, J. T., Northover, W. R. US Patent 3,413,18’7 (26 November 1988) (Filed 31 March 1966) This ultrasonic device comprises a solid electrode metal film which is adhesively bonded to a member of quartz, fused silica on a lead-glass silica. The adhesive itself comprises a glass having a composition lying within a region of the ternary phase diagram for arsenic-sulfur-selenium which is bounded by lines joining the following points in sequence: 35% sulfur, 657, selenium; 35% sulfur, 41% selenium, 18% arsenic; 62% sulfur, 20% selenium, 18% arsenic; 75% sulfur, 207, selenium, 5% arsenic; 45% sulfur, 55% selenium. (1250) Microwave and ultrasonic apparatus Levison, M. L. US Patent 3,410, 116 (12 November 1968) Emits microwave energy for heating a workload means available for selectively controlling operation of microwave and ultrasonic means. Functions; washer, dryer, oven. (1251) Forces developed in ultrasonic machining with a stepped tool Polyakov, z . I. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 3 (January-March 1969) pp 403-404 The forces developed in the machining of thin parts is considered; this allows the wave processes in the parts to be neglected. Equations of motion are cited and graphs presented to show the distribution of displacement and velocity in the tool at the moment of impact. An operator method is used to obtain a set of transformations from which y = 8255 K cr2/3 y being the displacement due to deformations in the cutting material, K a junction of the material and o the impact stress. Hence impact force and duration can be derived. A method for maximum impact stress is outlined, together with resultant errors. Its value was found to be frequency independent between 15 and 30 kHz. (1252) Piezo-electric ignition device for setting fire to combustible gas Robert Bosch, GmbH French Patent 1,552,537 (3 January 1969) (Applied for 29 January 1968) The device works with the aid of a spark-gap connected to a piezo-electric element covered by a percussion cap which is accelerated by a force from the piezo-electric element. This elastic force and the weight of the percussion cap cause, in the spark gap, a discharge after the sparking which allows even the least inflammable gas to be lit. (1253) Ultrasonic dice grindevice Sanei Denshi Kogyo Japanese Patent JPC 2958/69 (6 February 1969) (Applied for 25 February 1964) The dice is set on a mounting seat, which is rotatable about the central axis of the dice, and has a linear reciprocating movement along the central axis of the hole. A lapping wire inserted in the hole forms a certain angle with the central axis of the hole, along the fnclined wall surface of the hole, and is moveable for lapping in constant direction along the central axis. The wire is ultrasoni-
tally oscillated in the direction orthogonal to the central axis of the hole. (1254) Ultrasonic welding of steel to plastics and gI=s Shin, S., Gencsoy, H. T. Engineers Digest, Vol xxix, No 11 (November 1968) p 67 Fundamental problems of welding physically dissimilar materials such as metals to plastic or glass are dealt with in a series of experimental tests. The welding equipment is a 150W generator at 2OkHz and the technique requires aluminium foil between the two materials. The effect of different clamping forces and welding times is studied+he most successful welds occurring for a 201b clamping force for 1 to 1.5s. The variations in the weld for different plastic materials are discussed and the success obtained with polypropylene, acrylic and glass components is explained. Problems of output-energy loss at the weld interface are considered and further experimental tests are suggested. (1255) Ultrasonic aqueous cleaning in metal finishing Stafford, R. D. Metal Finishing Journal, Vol 14, No 167 (November 1968) pp 352-354 A discussion of ultrasonic cleaning processes in relation to metal finishing. Advantages of ultrasonic aqueous cleaning over manual, mechanical or unaided chemical cleaning are mentioned. The author proceeds to discuss cavitation in terms of the scrubbing action the cavitation bubbles effect on a specimen. Practical examples in the fields of plating, bonding and other finishing treatments are mentioned to illustrate the usefulness and versatility of this method. A brief account of various equipment configurations precedes a concluding section covering the most suitable types of chemical additives for use in the aqueous ultrasonic cleaning systems. (1256) Polymerisation of formaldehyde (By ultrasonic waves) Sumito Chemical Co Ltd and Sumito Atomic Energy Industries Ltd Japanese Patent JPC 19556/68 (23 August 1968) (Applied for 25 July 1963) A mixture of HCHO liquid, a non-solvent and acid anhydride at 20” to +5O”C is irradiated with ultrasonic waves, (preferably lo-30kHz) in the absence or presence of ionisable radial rays. The use of ultrasonic waves eliminates the need for surfactant and the polymer obtained has good heat stability. (1257) Ultrasonics can join big parts too Modern Plastics, Vol 45, No 14 (October 1968) PP 85 Ultrasonic welding as applied to the assembly of large plastic components is discussed. An example is quoted of an ABS bodyshell, moulded in two parts, for a rugged off-theroad vehicle. Thermoformed, the shells are 3/1sin thick with a total perimeter of 268in. Using a hand held tool, a time of ten minutes is quoted for an ultrasonic weld. This is made possible by a newly developed tool for delivering 8800 in-lb/s of mechanical energy to the parts being welded. Further time is saved by the elimination of the clean-up time associated with the use of epoxy resins. (1258) Sonic aerosol filtering devices Abboud, H. I. US Patent 3,413,781 (3 December 1968) (Filed 15 August 1966) (1259) PuIse column apparatus for soap making (Apparatus includes a means of giving an alternative pulsation movement to soap in a column) Godet, P.,L’Isle-Adam, Jow, J-L.
ULTRASONICS
July 1969
203