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Use of acoustic emission for machine condition monitoring
ND T Abstracts
Ranachowski, Z. Application of acoustic emission method to d e t e r m i n e the limit of proportionality and the static strength in concrete 53575
Brittle Matrix Composites. Edited by A.M. Brandt. and I.H. Marshall. pp. 234-247. Vol. 3, Elsevier Applied Science (1991) The paper describes the determination of the limit of proportionality (LOP) and the static strength with the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) method and computer data processing. To verify the possibilities of the method, two sets of concrete specimens were subject of an experiment of short-term commpressive loading involving AE monitoring of the process. The characteristic stress levels were established employing AE, and, for verification - the strain measurement method. The results obtained by both methods were compared.
Marshall, I.H. Composite s t r u c t u r e s 53463
Composite Structures. Edited by I.H. Marshsall, pp. 719-733. Vol. 6. Elsevier Applied Science (1991) The aim of the work is the investigation of the damage phenomena and their monitoring by means of different measurement techniques able to give complementary information for a better comprehension and description of material response. Tensile tests are carried out on carbon-epoxy specimens with different stacking sequences. The damage progress is followed by means of three different investigation techniques: the evaluation of the stiffness changes, the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique and the Ultrasonic (US) technique. The AE gives indications of the damage history related to the whole laminate while the frequency domain analysis of US signals results in differentiated views along the specimen depth. By combining these two independent measurement methods, a method for the damage investigation and interpretation is proposed. 53109 Raj, B.; Bhattacharya, D.K., Rodriguez, P. Development of in-service inspection techniques for nuclear p o w e r p l a n t s in I n d i a International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 183-211 (1993) The present status of in-service inspection (ISI) in the Indian nuclear power plants using non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques such as eddy current testing (ECT), acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, ultrasonic testing (LIT) is discussed. Development of digital signal analysis techniques that will lead to better analyses of the NIYI"data are highlighted. ECT has been successfully developed to locate the garter springs in the calandria/pressure tube assemblies of the pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) and the profiling of the gaps between the calandria and pressure tubes. AE ha been successfully used to locate leakage paths in the end shields and coolant tubes of PHWRs. Digital signal analysis has been used for enhanced sensitivity and better defect characterization in difficult tu inspect anstenitic stainless steel weldment by UT. Digital eddy current impedance imaging has been applied to locate weld centreline in austenitic stainless steel weldments towards automated in-service inspection.
Dornfeld, D. Application of acoustic emission techniques in manufacturing
53081
N D T & E International, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 259-269 (Dec. 1992) This paper reviews applications of acoustic emission sensing techniques in manufacturing processes. Acoustic emission (AE) has seen a tremendous growth in use in process monitoring and quality control in manufacturing processes since its discovery in the early 1950s. This paper gives some background on the sensing needs in manufacturing for machine diagnostics as well as process monitoring, reviews the potential for AE application in manufacturing and illustrates some of the existing applications dating back to the first process monitoring in the 1970s. Special emphasis is on machining and tool condition monitoring.
Anon Infrared thermography guide (revision 1) 53054
Electric Power Research, Institute, Palo Alto, California (United States), NP-6973, Rev. l, 252pp. (Dec. 1992) Infrared thermography (IR) uses nonintrusive techniques to monitor the operating condition of equipment and components. This revised report provides updated information to assist utilities in implementing an effective IR program, 52072 Friesel, M.A.; Barga, R.S.; Dawson, J.F.; Hutton, PJ-I.; Kurtz, R.I.; Lemon, D.K. Acoustic emissions applications on the NASA space station Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 28 Jul.-2 Aug. 1991. Vol. I IA, pp. 725-732. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1992)
210
NDT&E International 1994 Volume 27, Number 4
The application of acoustic emission (AE) non-destructive testing to assessing the structural integrity of a space station are described in this article. These internally pressurized containers are liable to failure from two major sources, impact damage from meteoroids and debris and seal failure at the numerous penetrations through the space station wall necessary for throughput of life-support and communication systems. AE monitoring of the station wall provides a continuous, remote and operation-independent monitoring system capable of detecting and locating large and small damage sources.
52070 Darling, J.," Tilley, D.G.; Johnston, D.N.; Mu, C. The use of acoustic emission for condition m o n i t o r i n g in
high-pressure hydraulic pumps EUROTECH DIRECT 91, Birmingham (United Kingdom) 2-4 Jul. 1991. pp. 137-143. IMechE (1991) ISBN 0852987765 This paper demonstrates how acoustic emission can be used not only for specialised component and structural testing but also for the condition monitoring of hydraulic pumps and other equipment. A qualitative comparison is made between accelerometer signals and acoustic emission signals measured by transducers mounted on the casing of a high pressure hydraulic pump. It is shown that the measurement of acoustic emission is insensitive to case vibration and is less sensitive to mounting position than other techniques using accelerometers. Analysis of acoustic emission signals is carried out in the time and frequency domains and changes in pumping signature are identified. It is shown that acoustic emission measurement represents a simple means of cavitation identification and comparison is made with traditional measurement methods which are shown to be less satisfactory.
Tavakoli, M.S. Bearing fault detection in the acoustic emission frequency r a n g e 52064
NOISE-CON 91, Tarrytown, New York (United States), 14-16 Jul. 1991. pp. 79-86. Edited by D.A. Quinlan and M.G. Prasad. Noise Control Foundation (1991) The motivation for using the acoustic emission frequency range (beyond 80 kHz) in bearing condition monitoring is that the low amount of vibrational energy associated with bearing defects has a broadband spectrum. The main objective of this paper is to present an example case which clearly demonstrates the advantage of bearing fault detection in the acoustic emission frequency range. In doing so, necessary experimental equipment and signal processing are also discussed. Furthermore, a needle bearing is used as the test bearing since most other research in this area is based on ball and tapered roller bearings.
Bassim, M.N.; Dudar, M.; Rifaat, R.; Roller, R. Application of acoustic emission for non destructive evaluation of utility inductive r e a c t o r s 52060
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 281-284 (1993) Acoustic emission in oil filled transformers and reactors is associated with degradation of the core and tank assemblies as well as the insulation system. Detection and analysis of such emissions leads to early detection of flaws in these power equipments. This paper deals with research to identify the characteristics of acoustic emission signals from utility inductive reactors for the purpose of developing a monitoring system for such equipment. Acoustic emission measurements were carried out on a number of reactors, and the results obtained were analysed and compared with concurrent dissolved gas in oil analysis. The use of the results for developing a monitoring system is discussed.
Holroyd, T.I.; Randall, N. Use of acoustic emission for machine condition monitoring 52059
British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 75-78 (Feb. 1993) An overview of the detection of machinery dis~ss and degradation through monitoring the high frequency content of the accompanying acoustic signature. 51777 Bond, L.I.; Aflab, N.; Clayton, B.R.; Dutton, A.G.; Irving, A.D.; Lipman, N.H. Condition monitoring techniques for composite wind turbine blades Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 28 Jul.-2 Aug. 1991), Vol. 11B, pp. 1647-1654. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D . E Chimenti. Plenum Press (1992) This study reviewed the range of possible nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques that might be applied to wind turbine blades. Thermal techniques were then selected and implemented in various active and passive modes.
Ranachowski, Z. Application of acoustic emission method to d e t e r m i n e the limit of proportionality and the static strength in concrete 53575
Brittle Matrix Composites. Edited by A.M. Brandt. and I.H. Marshall. pp. 234-247. Vol. 3, Elsevier Applied Science (1991) The paper describes the determination of the limit of proportionality (LOP) and the static strength with the use of Acoustic Emission (AE) method and computer data processing. To verify the possibilities of the method, two sets of concrete specimens were subject of an experiment of short-term commpressive loading involving AE monitoring of the process. The characteristic stress levels were established employing AE, and, for verification - the strain measurement method. The results obtained by both methods were compared.
Marshall, I.H. Composite s t r u c t u r e s 53463
Composite Structures. Edited by I.H. Marshsall, pp. 719-733. Vol. 6. Elsevier Applied Science (1991) The aim of the work is the investigation of the damage phenomena and their monitoring by means of different measurement techniques able to give complementary information for a better comprehension and description of material response. Tensile tests are carried out on carbon-epoxy specimens with different stacking sequences. The damage progress is followed by means of three different investigation techniques: the evaluation of the stiffness changes, the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique and the Ultrasonic (US) technique. The AE gives indications of the damage history related to the whole laminate while the frequency domain analysis of US signals results in differentiated views along the specimen depth. By combining these two independent measurement methods, a method for the damage investigation and interpretation is proposed. 53109 Raj, B.; Bhattacharya, D.K., Rodriguez, P. Development of in-service inspection techniques for nuclear p o w e r p l a n t s in I n d i a International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 183-211 (1993) The present status of in-service inspection (ISI) in the Indian nuclear power plants using non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques such as eddy current testing (ECT), acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, ultrasonic testing (LIT) is discussed. Development of digital signal analysis techniques that will lead to better analyses of the NIYI"data are highlighted. ECT has been successfully developed to locate the garter springs in the calandria/pressure tube assemblies of the pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) and the profiling of the gaps between the calandria and pressure tubes. AE ha been successfully used to locate leakage paths in the end shields and coolant tubes of PHWRs. Digital signal analysis has been used for enhanced sensitivity and better defect characterization in difficult tu inspect anstenitic stainless steel weldment by UT. Digital eddy current impedance imaging has been applied to locate weld centreline in austenitic stainless steel weldments towards automated in-service inspection.
Dornfeld, D. Application of acoustic emission techniques in manufacturing
53081
N D T & E International, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 259-269 (Dec. 1992) This paper reviews applications of acoustic emission sensing techniques in manufacturing processes. Acoustic emission (AE) has seen a tremendous growth in use in process monitoring and quality control in manufacturing processes since its discovery in the early 1950s. This paper gives some background on the sensing needs in manufacturing for machine diagnostics as well as process monitoring, reviews the potential for AE application in manufacturing and illustrates some of the existing applications dating back to the first process monitoring in the 1970s. Special emphasis is on machining and tool condition monitoring.
Anon Infrared thermography guide (revision 1) 53054
Electric Power Research, Institute, Palo Alto, California (United States), NP-6973, Rev. l, 252pp. (Dec. 1992) Infrared thermography (IR) uses nonintrusive techniques to monitor the operating condition of equipment and components. This revised report provides updated information to assist utilities in implementing an effective IR program, 52072 Friesel, M.A.; Barga, R.S.; Dawson, J.F.; Hutton, PJ-I.; Kurtz, R.I.; Lemon, D.K. Acoustic emissions applications on the NASA space station Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 28 Jul.-2 Aug. 1991. Vol. I IA, pp. 725-732. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1992)
210
NDT&E International 1994 Volume 27, Number 4
The application of acoustic emission (AE) non-destructive testing to assessing the structural integrity of a space station are described in this article. These internally pressurized containers are liable to failure from two major sources, impact damage from meteoroids and debris and seal failure at the numerous penetrations through the space station wall necessary for throughput of life-support and communication systems. AE monitoring of the station wall provides a continuous, remote and operation-independent monitoring system capable of detecting and locating large and small damage sources.
52070 Darling, J.," Tilley, D.G.; Johnston, D.N.; Mu, C. The use of acoustic emission for condition m o n i t o r i n g in
high-pressure hydraulic pumps EUROTECH DIRECT 91, Birmingham (United Kingdom) 2-4 Jul. 1991. pp. 137-143. IMechE (1991) ISBN 0852987765 This paper demonstrates how acoustic emission can be used not only for specialised component and structural testing but also for the condition monitoring of hydraulic pumps and other equipment. A qualitative comparison is made between accelerometer signals and acoustic emission signals measured by transducers mounted on the casing of a high pressure hydraulic pump. It is shown that the measurement of acoustic emission is insensitive to case vibration and is less sensitive to mounting position than other techniques using accelerometers. Analysis of acoustic emission signals is carried out in the time and frequency domains and changes in pumping signature are identified. It is shown that acoustic emission measurement represents a simple means of cavitation identification and comparison is made with traditional measurement methods which are shown to be less satisfactory.
Tavakoli, M.S. Bearing fault detection in the acoustic emission frequency r a n g e 52064
NOISE-CON 91, Tarrytown, New York (United States), 14-16 Jul. 1991. pp. 79-86. Edited by D.A. Quinlan and M.G. Prasad. Noise Control Foundation (1991) The motivation for using the acoustic emission frequency range (beyond 80 kHz) in bearing condition monitoring is that the low amount of vibrational energy associated with bearing defects has a broadband spectrum. The main objective of this paper is to present an example case which clearly demonstrates the advantage of bearing fault detection in the acoustic emission frequency range. In doing so, necessary experimental equipment and signal processing are also discussed. Furthermore, a needle bearing is used as the test bearing since most other research in this area is based on ball and tapered roller bearings.
Bassim, M.N.; Dudar, M.; Rifaat, R.; Roller, R. Application of acoustic emission for non destructive evaluation of utility inductive r e a c t o r s 52060
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 281-284 (1993) Acoustic emission in oil filled transformers and reactors is associated with degradation of the core and tank assemblies as well as the insulation system. Detection and analysis of such emissions leads to early detection of flaws in these power equipments. This paper deals with research to identify the characteristics of acoustic emission signals from utility inductive reactors for the purpose of developing a monitoring system for such equipment. Acoustic emission measurements were carried out on a number of reactors, and the results obtained were analysed and compared with concurrent dissolved gas in oil analysis. The use of the results for developing a monitoring system is discussed.
Holroyd, T.I.; Randall, N. Use of acoustic emission for machine condition monitoring 52059
British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 75-78 (Feb. 1993) An overview of the detection of machinery dis~ss and degradation through monitoring the high frequency content of the accompanying acoustic signature. 51777 Bond, L.I.; Aflab, N.; Clayton, B.R.; Dutton, A.G.; Irving, A.D.; Lipman, N.H. Condition monitoring techniques for composite wind turbine blades Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Brunswick, Maine (United States), 28 Jul.-2 Aug. 1991), Vol. 11B, pp. 1647-1654. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D . E Chimenti. Plenum Press (1992) This study reviewed the range of possible nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques that might be applied to wind turbine blades. Thermal techniques were then selected and implemented in various active and passive modes.