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Using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the concentration of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice
Desalination 200 (2006) 528–530
Using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the concentration of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice Ivetta Vinczea, Éva Stefanovits-Bányaib, Gyula Vataia* a
Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Food Engineering, H-1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 44. Budapest, Hungary Tel. +361 482 6232; Fax +361 482 6323; email: [email protected] b Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Applied Chemistry, H-1118 Villányi út 29-43. Budapest, Hungary Received 26 October 2005; accepted 2 March 2006
1. Introduction Nowadays the demand for the natural bioproducts, which do not contain chemicals, is rising. This demand arises in the case of medicines and medicinal products. Previously, fairly little was thought about what the effects of the herbs had been founded on. By the experiences, which were acquired and transmitted through number of generations, was known that certain herbs soothed a number of illnesses and aided the healing. One herb can be used for the treatment of different illnesses and conditions — that is special in it. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is that type of herbs. The seabuckthorn is a 2–3 m tall bush or tree, which belongs to the family of the Elaeagneceae [1]. Its fruits are berries of orange to red colour and have an acidic, lightly bitter taste. They contain many vitamins (B, C, E, K and provitamin A). Content of oil in fruits varies from 2 to 17 wt.% on dry basis. The oil occurs not only in seeds but also in the pulp of fruit [2]. The berries
*Corresponding author.
can be processed into e.g. juice and jam as well as used for flavouring of dairy products [3]. The leaves of the bush are used for tea, and instant tea can be made from the berries also. The seabuckthorn can be used for several diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease [4]. Next to the instant coffee and fruit juice products, the instant tea is also the important part of the market of instant beverages. Hotwater-soluble and cold-water-soluble instant teas are found in the market, but the development of instant tea has lagged behind that instant coffee market. 2. Theory and experimental The main goal of our work was to examine the concentration of the seabuckthorn juice with different membrane separation methods. During our researches, the applicability of different membrane separation methods was examined. The concentration was carried out with reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. The concentration was examined with the removal of the suspended solids with different methods, such
Presented at EUROMEMBRANE 2006, 24–28 September 2006, Giardini Naxos, Italy. 0011-9164/06/$– See front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.423
I. Vincze et al. / Desalination 200 (2006) 528–530
as microfiltration and conventional filtration methods, and without the removal of the suspended solids. The optimal operating parameters (pressure, temperature, recirculation flow rate) were determined, and the concentration measurements were carried out on them. The following analytical assay was carried out: determination of pH, carotene- and total phenol content, determination of the element composition with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Finally, the mathematical modeling was completed on the basis of a model, which was worked out for instant coffee. The concentrated juice can be used for instant tea production. With the membrane separation the evaporation can be replaced, the energy costs and the heat damage can be reduced. 3. Results and discussion Fig. 1 shows the changing of the solid content of the retentate in case of concentration with nanofiltration. It is encouraging that at the end of the measurements the solid content of the retentate was four times higher than the starting concentration. The solid content of permeate could not be measured with refractometer. There was not used any kind of filtration before the concentration in that case. The measurement had to be stopped after 1 h because of the fouling of the membrane. The measurements were
Fig. 1. Concentration with nanofiltration.
529
Fig. 2. Concentration with reverse osmosis.
carried out at 500 L/h recirculation flow rate, on 30° C and on 30 bar pressure. The solid content of the juice increased two times higher, which is shown in Fig. 2. It is a promising start. The solid content of permeate could not be measured with refractometer. The measurements was carried out at 150 L/h recirculation flow rate, on 30° C and on 30 bar pressure. In the case of reverse osmosis, there was no problem with the membrane fouling, but then the juice was a clear liquid and it did not contain suspended solids. The calcification was made with microfiltration. The measurement will be continued with concentration of the fresh pressed juice with and without the removal of suspended solids using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. 4. Conclusions It can be told as a conclusion, that the seabuckthorn can be concentrated with membrane separation. The clarification of the microfiltration membrane was perfect, but because of the total fouling of the membrane another method has to be found for the separation of the suspended solids. In the case of nanofiltration the rising of the solid content is encouraging but the removal of the suspended solids of the juice has to be solved, too. The flux of the seabuckthorn can be increased with the removal of the suspended solids.
530
I. Vincze et al. / Desalination 200 (2006) 528–530
With the mathematical model the process can be described. The analytical assays were successfull.
[2]
[3]
References [1]
J. Rápóti and V. Romváry, Healing plants (in Hungarian), Medicina, Budapest, Hungary, 1987.
[4]
J. Stastová, J. Jez, M. Bártlová and H. Sovová, Rate of the vegetable oil extraction with supercritical CO2-III extraction from sea-buckthorn, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51(18) (1996) 4347–4352. N. Jeppsson and X. Gao, Changing in the contents of kaempherol, quercentin and L-ascorbic acid in sea buckthorn berries during maturation, Agric. Food Sci. Finl., 9 (2000) 17–22. www.gondola.hu (in Hungarian).
Using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the concentration of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice Ivetta Vinczea, Éva Stefanovits-Bányaib, Gyula Vataia* a
Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Food Engineering, H-1118 Budapest, Ménesi út 44. Budapest, Hungary Tel. +361 482 6232; Fax +361 482 6323; email: [email protected] b Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Applied Chemistry, H-1118 Villányi út 29-43. Budapest, Hungary Received 26 October 2005; accepted 2 March 2006
1. Introduction Nowadays the demand for the natural bioproducts, which do not contain chemicals, is rising. This demand arises in the case of medicines and medicinal products. Previously, fairly little was thought about what the effects of the herbs had been founded on. By the experiences, which were acquired and transmitted through number of generations, was known that certain herbs soothed a number of illnesses and aided the healing. One herb can be used for the treatment of different illnesses and conditions — that is special in it. Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is that type of herbs. The seabuckthorn is a 2–3 m tall bush or tree, which belongs to the family of the Elaeagneceae [1]. Its fruits are berries of orange to red colour and have an acidic, lightly bitter taste. They contain many vitamins (B, C, E, K and provitamin A). Content of oil in fruits varies from 2 to 17 wt.% on dry basis. The oil occurs not only in seeds but also in the pulp of fruit [2]. The berries
*Corresponding author.
can be processed into e.g. juice and jam as well as used for flavouring of dairy products [3]. The leaves of the bush are used for tea, and instant tea can be made from the berries also. The seabuckthorn can be used for several diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease [4]. Next to the instant coffee and fruit juice products, the instant tea is also the important part of the market of instant beverages. Hotwater-soluble and cold-water-soluble instant teas are found in the market, but the development of instant tea has lagged behind that instant coffee market. 2. Theory and experimental The main goal of our work was to examine the concentration of the seabuckthorn juice with different membrane separation methods. During our researches, the applicability of different membrane separation methods was examined. The concentration was carried out with reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. The concentration was examined with the removal of the suspended solids with different methods, such
Presented at EUROMEMBRANE 2006, 24–28 September 2006, Giardini Naxos, Italy. 0011-9164/06/$– See front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.423
I. Vincze et al. / Desalination 200 (2006) 528–530
as microfiltration and conventional filtration methods, and without the removal of the suspended solids. The optimal operating parameters (pressure, temperature, recirculation flow rate) were determined, and the concentration measurements were carried out on them. The following analytical assay was carried out: determination of pH, carotene- and total phenol content, determination of the element composition with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Finally, the mathematical modeling was completed on the basis of a model, which was worked out for instant coffee. The concentrated juice can be used for instant tea production. With the membrane separation the evaporation can be replaced, the energy costs and the heat damage can be reduced. 3. Results and discussion Fig. 1 shows the changing of the solid content of the retentate in case of concentration with nanofiltration. It is encouraging that at the end of the measurements the solid content of the retentate was four times higher than the starting concentration. The solid content of permeate could not be measured with refractometer. There was not used any kind of filtration before the concentration in that case. The measurement had to be stopped after 1 h because of the fouling of the membrane. The measurements were
Fig. 1. Concentration with nanofiltration.
529
Fig. 2. Concentration with reverse osmosis.
carried out at 500 L/h recirculation flow rate, on 30° C and on 30 bar pressure. The solid content of the juice increased two times higher, which is shown in Fig. 2. It is a promising start. The solid content of permeate could not be measured with refractometer. The measurements was carried out at 150 L/h recirculation flow rate, on 30° C and on 30 bar pressure. In the case of reverse osmosis, there was no problem with the membrane fouling, but then the juice was a clear liquid and it did not contain suspended solids. The calcification was made with microfiltration. The measurement will be continued with concentration of the fresh pressed juice with and without the removal of suspended solids using nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. 4. Conclusions It can be told as a conclusion, that the seabuckthorn can be concentrated with membrane separation. The clarification of the microfiltration membrane was perfect, but because of the total fouling of the membrane another method has to be found for the separation of the suspended solids. In the case of nanofiltration the rising of the solid content is encouraging but the removal of the suspended solids of the juice has to be solved, too. The flux of the seabuckthorn can be increased with the removal of the suspended solids.
530
I. Vincze et al. / Desalination 200 (2006) 528–530
With the mathematical model the process can be described. The analytical assays were successfull.
[2]
[3]
References [1]
J. Rápóti and V. Romváry, Healing plants (in Hungarian), Medicina, Budapest, Hungary, 1987.
[4]
J. Stastová, J. Jez, M. Bártlová and H. Sovová, Rate of the vegetable oil extraction with supercritical CO2-III extraction from sea-buckthorn, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51(18) (1996) 4347–4352. N. Jeppsson and X. Gao, Changing in the contents of kaempherol, quercentin and L-ascorbic acid in sea buckthorn berries during maturation, Agric. Food Sci. Finl., 9 (2000) 17–22. www.gondola.hu (in Hungarian).