- Email: [email protected]
Vieillissement de la population et soins de santé.
84
Abstracts and Reviews
people infected with the AIDS virus and to unwise legislation. It demonstrates that, for many, the fear of AIDS may present more of a mortality risk than AIDS itself. Finally, the paper presents some recommendations for AIDS education and other perspectives on the epidemic (Author) for non-drug-using heterosexuals. Keywords:
E6Z:
AIDS, Risk Classtjication.
NATIONAL
SURVEYS
061075 (E61, B13) of new corporate pension The development insurance. Abe Y., Sasaki J., Japan, Transactions of International Congress
of Actuaries,
Montreal,
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. I-18.
Population in Japan has been aging faster than that in Western countries and it becomes difficult for us to mainly depend on public pension. Life insurance companies have provided Corporate Pension Insurance (CPI) and Employees’ Pension Fund Insurance (EPFI) for lump-sum retirement plan’s sponsors since 1962. These insurance have played an important role in securing a steady income in old age. However Article 673 of the Commercial Law restricted the flexibility of CPIs at the time they were introduced. This report introduces the developing process of New Corporate Pension Insurance (NCPI) established in (Authors) 1990. Keywords: 061076
Pension
Fund, Ageing
Population.
(E61, B13)
The diffbxdties in Japan’s state pension schemes. Y., Japan, Transactions Hata M., Yumiba International
Congress
of Actuaries,
Montreal,
of
Vol. 4,
structure. Because of the differences of the degrees of the financial stability, the relation between benefit and contribution might be inequitable among different employees’ state pension schemes. To secure an equitable and stable pension system with the exclusion of the adverse effects resulting from the existence of multiple state pension schemes, the coordination of the state pension schemes is required. One of the most realistic and reasonable methods to avoid the resultant excessive burden and to allocate adequate contribution rate at the mature stage would be the method of maintaining the benefit amount level but raising the pensionable age gradually to 65. In order to lift the pensionable age to 65, fundamentally, the labor opportunity for the people of age 60-64 should be secured. In the near future, such an opportunity is expected to be secured because of the decrement of the number of young people and the reduction of working hours. (Authors) Keywords:
Pension Schemes,
Pension Age.
061077 (E61, B81)
L’impact du vieillissement de la population quebecoise sur le co& des programmes publics de retraite. Joncas P., Plamondon P., Bernard M., Canada, Transactions Montreal,
of International
Congress
of Actuaries,
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 147-I 72.
The purpose of this document is to determine the effect of aging on the costs of the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP) and other social programs. Its purpose is to determine the value of the QPP’s financial obligations to present plan participants, to assess the fairness of the QPP for various generations of contributors and to identify possible changes in order to reduce costs. Keywords:
Pension
Scheme, Financial
Obligation.
1992, pp. 99-116.
Approaching the 21st century, which will see an aging society, there are two major problems in Japan’s state pension schemes to be solved to secure stable pension system. One is the coordination of employees’ state pension schemes. The other is raising of the pensionable age to 65. In Japan there are different employees’ state pension schemes: the Employees’ Pension Insurance (EPI) scheme and the Mutual Aid Association (MAA) schemes. The pension finance of each of MAA schemes is not managed by purely advanced funding method. And therefore, some MAA schemes are anticipating financial distress by the change of industrial and labor
061078 (E61, BSO) Vieillissement de la population et soins de Sante. Latulippe D., Canada, Transactions of International Congress of Actuaries, 193.
Montreal,
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. I73-
In 1986, 10% of the Quebec population was aged 65 and over. This percentage will be around 12% in the year 2000 and above 20% in 2030. There will also be a relative aging of the population aged 65 and over. The population aging is a phenomena common to all industrialized countries. Nevertheless, its incidence will vary from country to country. The Quebec population is a young one and it will be characterized by a rapid
Abstracts and Reviews
aging in the coming years. Actually, the authors can distinguish three phases in the aging process of the Quebec population. The emergence of the third phase an increase in the dependency ratio - seems practically certain. The pressure exerted by the elderly population on the health care systems is not only function of their number. Their health status as well as their propensity to make use of health services are in this respect very important. Studies have shown that in Canada, over the last years, old people have consumed an increasing portion of the health services on a per capita basis. Even when assuming the status quo - the consumption habits of the population will not change in the future projections corroborate the common perception that health care costs should increase in the coming years. In addition to the increases in current expenditures, there would be a strong demand for supplementary immobilizations. It has been argued that our future economic prosperity will be a rampart against these increases in costs. It will not relieve all the pressure. Many specialists argue that one must search for a greater effectiveness in the way of financing, organizing and delivering the services. Governments have already introduced reforms in order to cope with this new challenge. Despite their practical differences, these reforms are underlined by common elements. After having highlighted some important elements with regards to the ageing process and the health services, it will be interesting to study these reforms and to discuss how they will modify the environment in which actuaries operate and how they will provide them with new opportunities and challenges, The author will also illustrate how actuaries could use their technical skills to make available information which could become a precious evaluation tooi. (Author) Keywords:
Population,
Ageing.
061079 (E61, BlO) Some financial
implications
of an ageing population. Transactions of
United Kingdom, Moore P.G., International Congress of Actuaries, 1992, pp. 195-207.
Montreal,
Vol. 4,
The first part of this paper studies the concept of an ageing population - differentiating between changes in birth rates and in the expectation of life - and the nature of retirement with the various means by which it has been financed over the past hundred years. This is followed by a discussion of the changes anticipated in
85
the patterns of work and employment over the decades ahead, the changed attitudes towards job mobility and retirement, and the consequences of a likely increase in the UK dependency ratio in the twenty first century. The second part of the paper studies the legislative framework for the pensioning provisions for individuals, and the effects brought about by the many legislative changes in the UK in recent years. Whereas, in the first thirty or so years after the second world war, there was increasing dependence upon pension schemes arranged by the state and employers, recent changes have forced individuals to take a more active role in managing their own pension arrangements. The various changes imply less dependence upon the state (with its pay-as-you-go systems) and employer schemes. Larger funds will need to be built-up by financial institutions to provide future pensions then hitherto. Individuals now seek greater equity in their own pension arrangements, but also increasing flexibility in their choice of pension and allied financial provisions. (Author) Keywords:
Ageing Population,
Legislative
Framework.
061080 (E61, BSO) Components of population social security programs.
aging and their effect on
Myers R.J., USA, Transactions of Actuaries,
Montreal,
International
Congress
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 209-218.
The analysis in this paper clearly indicates that a very considerable amount of aging of the population lies ahead in the long-distant future for the U.S.A. Although a significant trend of this type has been present in 194090, a “breathing spell” will occur during the next 15 years. However, thereafter a sizable trend toward aging of the population will once again occur. Under some conditions, this can probably be handled reasonably well by the nation, but under “worst-case” conditions, tremendous problems of adjustment would arise. It seems too early at this time to take definite steps to handle a “worst-case” scenario, but neither should the matter be forgotten about. In any event, a partial solution of the problem under any future scenario is to increase gradually the concept of what is considered “old age”. Similarly, the Normal Retirement Age for the Social Security program should be increase beyond what is already scheduled (but doing so at some time in the future and then on a deferred basis). (Author) Keywords:
Population
Ageing,
Pension Age.
Abstracts and Reviews
people infected with the AIDS virus and to unwise legislation. It demonstrates that, for many, the fear of AIDS may present more of a mortality risk than AIDS itself. Finally, the paper presents some recommendations for AIDS education and other perspectives on the epidemic (Author) for non-drug-using heterosexuals. Keywords:
E6Z:
AIDS, Risk Classtjication.
NATIONAL
SURVEYS
061075 (E61, B13) of new corporate pension The development insurance. Abe Y., Sasaki J., Japan, Transactions of International Congress
of Actuaries,
Montreal,
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. I-18.
Population in Japan has been aging faster than that in Western countries and it becomes difficult for us to mainly depend on public pension. Life insurance companies have provided Corporate Pension Insurance (CPI) and Employees’ Pension Fund Insurance (EPFI) for lump-sum retirement plan’s sponsors since 1962. These insurance have played an important role in securing a steady income in old age. However Article 673 of the Commercial Law restricted the flexibility of CPIs at the time they were introduced. This report introduces the developing process of New Corporate Pension Insurance (NCPI) established in (Authors) 1990. Keywords: 061076
Pension
Fund, Ageing
Population.
(E61, B13)
The diffbxdties in Japan’s state pension schemes. Y., Japan, Transactions Hata M., Yumiba International
Congress
of Actuaries,
Montreal,
of
Vol. 4,
structure. Because of the differences of the degrees of the financial stability, the relation between benefit and contribution might be inequitable among different employees’ state pension schemes. To secure an equitable and stable pension system with the exclusion of the adverse effects resulting from the existence of multiple state pension schemes, the coordination of the state pension schemes is required. One of the most realistic and reasonable methods to avoid the resultant excessive burden and to allocate adequate contribution rate at the mature stage would be the method of maintaining the benefit amount level but raising the pensionable age gradually to 65. In order to lift the pensionable age to 65, fundamentally, the labor opportunity for the people of age 60-64 should be secured. In the near future, such an opportunity is expected to be secured because of the decrement of the number of young people and the reduction of working hours. (Authors) Keywords:
Pension Schemes,
Pension Age.
061077 (E61, B81)
L’impact du vieillissement de la population quebecoise sur le co& des programmes publics de retraite. Joncas P., Plamondon P., Bernard M., Canada, Transactions Montreal,
of International
Congress
of Actuaries,
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 147-I 72.
The purpose of this document is to determine the effect of aging on the costs of the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP) and other social programs. Its purpose is to determine the value of the QPP’s financial obligations to present plan participants, to assess the fairness of the QPP for various generations of contributors and to identify possible changes in order to reduce costs. Keywords:
Pension
Scheme, Financial
Obligation.
1992, pp. 99-116.
Approaching the 21st century, which will see an aging society, there are two major problems in Japan’s state pension schemes to be solved to secure stable pension system. One is the coordination of employees’ state pension schemes. The other is raising of the pensionable age to 65. In Japan there are different employees’ state pension schemes: the Employees’ Pension Insurance (EPI) scheme and the Mutual Aid Association (MAA) schemes. The pension finance of each of MAA schemes is not managed by purely advanced funding method. And therefore, some MAA schemes are anticipating financial distress by the change of industrial and labor
061078 (E61, BSO) Vieillissement de la population et soins de Sante. Latulippe D., Canada, Transactions of International Congress of Actuaries, 193.
Montreal,
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. I73-
In 1986, 10% of the Quebec population was aged 65 and over. This percentage will be around 12% in the year 2000 and above 20% in 2030. There will also be a relative aging of the population aged 65 and over. The population aging is a phenomena common to all industrialized countries. Nevertheless, its incidence will vary from country to country. The Quebec population is a young one and it will be characterized by a rapid
Abstracts and Reviews
aging in the coming years. Actually, the authors can distinguish three phases in the aging process of the Quebec population. The emergence of the third phase an increase in the dependency ratio - seems practically certain. The pressure exerted by the elderly population on the health care systems is not only function of their number. Their health status as well as their propensity to make use of health services are in this respect very important. Studies have shown that in Canada, over the last years, old people have consumed an increasing portion of the health services on a per capita basis. Even when assuming the status quo - the consumption habits of the population will not change in the future projections corroborate the common perception that health care costs should increase in the coming years. In addition to the increases in current expenditures, there would be a strong demand for supplementary immobilizations. It has been argued that our future economic prosperity will be a rampart against these increases in costs. It will not relieve all the pressure. Many specialists argue that one must search for a greater effectiveness in the way of financing, organizing and delivering the services. Governments have already introduced reforms in order to cope with this new challenge. Despite their practical differences, these reforms are underlined by common elements. After having highlighted some important elements with regards to the ageing process and the health services, it will be interesting to study these reforms and to discuss how they will modify the environment in which actuaries operate and how they will provide them with new opportunities and challenges, The author will also illustrate how actuaries could use their technical skills to make available information which could become a precious evaluation tooi. (Author) Keywords:
Population,
Ageing.
061079 (E61, BlO) Some financial
implications
of an ageing population. Transactions of
United Kingdom, Moore P.G., International Congress of Actuaries, 1992, pp. 195-207.
Montreal,
Vol. 4,
The first part of this paper studies the concept of an ageing population - differentiating between changes in birth rates and in the expectation of life - and the nature of retirement with the various means by which it has been financed over the past hundred years. This is followed by a discussion of the changes anticipated in
85
the patterns of work and employment over the decades ahead, the changed attitudes towards job mobility and retirement, and the consequences of a likely increase in the UK dependency ratio in the twenty first century. The second part of the paper studies the legislative framework for the pensioning provisions for individuals, and the effects brought about by the many legislative changes in the UK in recent years. Whereas, in the first thirty or so years after the second world war, there was increasing dependence upon pension schemes arranged by the state and employers, recent changes have forced individuals to take a more active role in managing their own pension arrangements. The various changes imply less dependence upon the state (with its pay-as-you-go systems) and employer schemes. Larger funds will need to be built-up by financial institutions to provide future pensions then hitherto. Individuals now seek greater equity in their own pension arrangements, but also increasing flexibility in their choice of pension and allied financial provisions. (Author) Keywords:
Ageing Population,
Legislative
Framework.
061080 (E61, BSO) Components of population social security programs.
aging and their effect on
Myers R.J., USA, Transactions of Actuaries,
Montreal,
International
Congress
Vol. 4, 1992, pp. 209-218.
The analysis in this paper clearly indicates that a very considerable amount of aging of the population lies ahead in the long-distant future for the U.S.A. Although a significant trend of this type has been present in 194090, a “breathing spell” will occur during the next 15 years. However, thereafter a sizable trend toward aging of the population will once again occur. Under some conditions, this can probably be handled reasonably well by the nation, but under “worst-case” conditions, tremendous problems of adjustment would arise. It seems too early at this time to take definite steps to handle a “worst-case” scenario, but neither should the matter be forgotten about. In any event, a partial solution of the problem under any future scenario is to increase gradually the concept of what is considered “old age”. Similarly, the Normal Retirement Age for the Social Security program should be increase beyond what is already scheduled (but doing so at some time in the future and then on a deferred basis). (Author) Keywords:
Population
Ageing,
Pension Age.