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Viscosity determination by means of ultrasonics
Abstracts Copies of original articles are best obtained by writing direct to the journal in which they appeared. The addresses of jourds can be found in a reference book such as ‘World List of Scientific and Technical Publications’, ‘Willings Press Guide’, ‘Newspaper Press Directory’ an&for American journals only,‘Ayers’
ALDFUDGE, E. E. A shdy of the ultrasoak micrometer. IEEE transactions on sonics and ultrasonics, SU-14, No. 2, p. 89 (1967) An experimental study was carried out to confirm the theory of ultrasonic micrometers. The system whereby these operate is first described and then a numerical study is made of a simple model of an isotropic elastic material, similar in properties to a metal. The material is isonified with a bounded beam through a water column and the sound energy reflected to the transducer may have a pressure distribution such that the transducer detector will show zero output. It is shown that, provided the beam is narrow, the zero output can be made to occur close enough to a half-wave dilational resonance, and that it can be used to measure thickness. (14 figs, 1 table, 9 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 682) BATEMAN, T. B. Some materials for ultrasonic transducer bonding at cryogenic temperaturez. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41,No. 4, Part 2 p. 1011(1967) A new material, di-2_ethylhezylsebacate, is discussed, together with materials from the literature, for bonding piezoelectric transducers to samples at cryogenic temperatures. The techniques and factors affecting choice of transducer are discussed. Experimental data on mechanical impedance found in some materials are summarised. (6 figs, 1 table, 22 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 683) BELLAMY, R. J. and STRICKLAND, It. G. Medical diagnosis with ultrasound - Some new equipment. Biomedical Enaineerina. 2. No. 6. I). 262 (1967) A brief resumb of-the use-of ultrasonics in medicine is given, and a short section on the reflection of ultrasound is included. The article goes on to describe two instruments now available from Smith Kline, the ‘Eskoline 20’ diagnostic ultrasonoscope and the ‘Doptone’ foetal pulse detector. The applications of both machines are described in some detail. (4 figs, 32 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 684) COHEN, M. G. and GORDON, E. I. Fo&ing of microwave acoustic beams. Journal of Aulied Phvsics. 38. No. 5. v. 2340 (1967) Experiments were carried 02 which ~&l&ted that elastic waves at ultrasonic frequencies agree closely with Fresnel diffraction theory and thus propagate as coherent, unguided beams. The Bragg scattering experiments were performed as part of a study of the properties of longitudinal-wave acoustic beams in fused quartz. The frequency range was 200-425MHz. The results indicate that simple focusing elements, efficient light modulation structures and techniques for studying the properties of acoustic transducers can be achieved. (8 figs, 15 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 685) DANIELMEYER, II. G. Pulsed wide-bead ultrawnic measuring bridge for 14uids and solids. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41, NO. 4, Part 2, p. 1021 (1967) An apparatus is described for the determination of the small sound-absorption and sound-velocity changes which occur with temperature and pressure variation in molecular crystals. The system uses a one-way pulse transmission through a sample retained at constant length, covering the frequency range 40-440MHz. The ultrasonic part of the ap-
paratus is described. It consists of two parallel transmission paths, one of which is chemically resistant and vacuum tight and contains the sample. The other path is a reference path with a cutoff wave guide attenuator and an ultrasonic line, which is adjusted to have the properties of the first path in the absence of a sample. (3 figs, 2 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 686) DAVIS, E. A. and DREWS, R. E. Effects of transverse and longhdhl nommiformitiesin conductivityon ultrasonic propagation in cd8. Journal of Applied Physics, 38, No. 6, p. 2663 (1967) Ultrasonic propagation in piezoelectric crystals, such as CdS, has frequently been found to deviate from White’s theory of propagation and many ezplanations of this have been put forward. Here, the effect of longitudinal and transverse conductivity variations relative to the direction of sound propagation is considered in relation to ultrasonic attenuation and amplification characteristics. It is found that conductivity inhomogeneities are significant even for relatively small deviations from uniformity. Longitudinal variations are shown to be especially important. (8 figs, 10 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 687) DE STERKE, A. Detection by radiography and ultrasonics of lack of fuzion in welds in pipelines made by the CO, process. British Welding Journal, 14, No. 4, p. 183 (1967) Experiments on ultrasonic and radiographic testing are reported on short-arc, carbon dioxide welded specimens (6-1Qmm thick). The studies were specifically on detectability of lack of fusion. It was found that for thicknesses of 12-1Qmm ultrasonic testing is superior to radiographic. Below 8mm, radiography is preferred. It is suggested that at intermediate pipeline thicknesses, the particular case in question should govern choice of testing method. Some cases may warrant application of both methods. (16 figs, 1 reference) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 688) FAIRBANKS, H. V. Influence of ultrasonics on some metallurgical processes. IEEE transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, SU-14, No. 2, p. 53 (1967) The influence of ultrasonic energy on certain metallurgical processes is described. The processes considered are tempering of steel, solidification of molten metal, heat treatment of cold-worked metals and case carburisation of steel. It is suggested that ultrasonic energy should improve some of the properties of the metals and alloys produced, since such energy is known to affect diffusion in the solid state. The results of a feasibility study, exploring the possibility of producing ultrasonically dispersion-strengthened materials are presented. (11 figs, 2 tables and 6 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 689) FITTIPALDI, F. and RAGOZZINO, E. Viecosity determiantLmby means of Wrasonice. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41, No. 3, p. 717 (1967) An ultrasonic method for the determination of viscosity coefficients is proposed. It is based on data obtained on the persistence of diffracted lines in aqueous starch suspensions at various temperatures, and aqueous sucrose solutions at various concentrations at constant temperature, which relate the persistence to the viscosity coefficient through diffusion theory. (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 690) ULTRASONICS October 1967
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ALDFUDGE, E. E. A shdy of the ultrasoak micrometer. IEEE transactions on sonics and ultrasonics, SU-14, No. 2, p. 89 (1967) An experimental study was carried out to confirm the theory of ultrasonic micrometers. The system whereby these operate is first described and then a numerical study is made of a simple model of an isotropic elastic material, similar in properties to a metal. The material is isonified with a bounded beam through a water column and the sound energy reflected to the transducer may have a pressure distribution such that the transducer detector will show zero output. It is shown that, provided the beam is narrow, the zero output can be made to occur close enough to a half-wave dilational resonance, and that it can be used to measure thickness. (14 figs, 1 table, 9 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 682) BATEMAN, T. B. Some materials for ultrasonic transducer bonding at cryogenic temperaturez. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41,No. 4, Part 2 p. 1011(1967) A new material, di-2_ethylhezylsebacate, is discussed, together with materials from the literature, for bonding piezoelectric transducers to samples at cryogenic temperatures. The techniques and factors affecting choice of transducer are discussed. Experimental data on mechanical impedance found in some materials are summarised. (6 figs, 1 table, 22 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 683) BELLAMY, R. J. and STRICKLAND, It. G. Medical diagnosis with ultrasound - Some new equipment. Biomedical Enaineerina. 2. No. 6. I). 262 (1967) A brief resumb of-the use-of ultrasonics in medicine is given, and a short section on the reflection of ultrasound is included. The article goes on to describe two instruments now available from Smith Kline, the ‘Eskoline 20’ diagnostic ultrasonoscope and the ‘Doptone’ foetal pulse detector. The applications of both machines are described in some detail. (4 figs, 32 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 684) COHEN, M. G. and GORDON, E. I. Fo&ing of microwave acoustic beams. Journal of Aulied Phvsics. 38. No. 5. v. 2340 (1967) Experiments were carried 02 which ~&l&ted that elastic waves at ultrasonic frequencies agree closely with Fresnel diffraction theory and thus propagate as coherent, unguided beams. The Bragg scattering experiments were performed as part of a study of the properties of longitudinal-wave acoustic beams in fused quartz. The frequency range was 200-425MHz. The results indicate that simple focusing elements, efficient light modulation structures and techniques for studying the properties of acoustic transducers can be achieved. (8 figs, 15 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 685) DANIELMEYER, II. G. Pulsed wide-bead ultrawnic measuring bridge for 14uids and solids. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41, NO. 4, Part 2, p. 1021 (1967) An apparatus is described for the determination of the small sound-absorption and sound-velocity changes which occur with temperature and pressure variation in molecular crystals. The system uses a one-way pulse transmission through a sample retained at constant length, covering the frequency range 40-440MHz. The ultrasonic part of the ap-
paratus is described. It consists of two parallel transmission paths, one of which is chemically resistant and vacuum tight and contains the sample. The other path is a reference path with a cutoff wave guide attenuator and an ultrasonic line, which is adjusted to have the properties of the first path in the absence of a sample. (3 figs, 2 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 686) DAVIS, E. A. and DREWS, R. E. Effects of transverse and longhdhl nommiformitiesin conductivityon ultrasonic propagation in cd8. Journal of Applied Physics, 38, No. 6, p. 2663 (1967) Ultrasonic propagation in piezoelectric crystals, such as CdS, has frequently been found to deviate from White’s theory of propagation and many ezplanations of this have been put forward. Here, the effect of longitudinal and transverse conductivity variations relative to the direction of sound propagation is considered in relation to ultrasonic attenuation and amplification characteristics. It is found that conductivity inhomogeneities are significant even for relatively small deviations from uniformity. Longitudinal variations are shown to be especially important. (8 figs, 10 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 687) DE STERKE, A. Detection by radiography and ultrasonics of lack of fuzion in welds in pipelines made by the CO, process. British Welding Journal, 14, No. 4, p. 183 (1967) Experiments on ultrasonic and radiographic testing are reported on short-arc, carbon dioxide welded specimens (6-1Qmm thick). The studies were specifically on detectability of lack of fusion. It was found that for thicknesses of 12-1Qmm ultrasonic testing is superior to radiographic. Below 8mm, radiography is preferred. It is suggested that at intermediate pipeline thicknesses, the particular case in question should govern choice of testing method. Some cases may warrant application of both methods. (16 figs, 1 reference) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 688) FAIRBANKS, H. V. Influence of ultrasonics on some metallurgical processes. IEEE transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, SU-14, No. 2, p. 53 (1967) The influence of ultrasonic energy on certain metallurgical processes is described. The processes considered are tempering of steel, solidification of molten metal, heat treatment of cold-worked metals and case carburisation of steel. It is suggested that ultrasonic energy should improve some of the properties of the metals and alloys produced, since such energy is known to affect diffusion in the solid state. The results of a feasibility study, exploring the possibility of producing ultrasonically dispersion-strengthened materials are presented. (11 figs, 2 tables and 6 references) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 689) FITTIPALDI, F. and RAGOZZINO, E. Viecosity determiantLmby means of Wrasonice. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 41, No. 3, p. 717 (1967) An ultrasonic method for the determination of viscosity coefficients is proposed. It is based on data obtained on the persistence of diffracted lines in aqueous starch suspensions at various temperatures, and aqueous sucrose solutions at various concentrations at constant temperature, which relate the persistence to the viscosity coefficient through diffusion theory. (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 690) ULTRASONICS October 1967
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