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Waste Water Treatment Using Economically Viable Natural Adsorbent Materials
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC_2018
Waste Water Treatment Using Economically Viable Natural Adsorbent Materials
Abhijith Gopakumara , Rakesh Narayana , Sidharth Ajay Nagatha , Nishanthan Pa , Razim Mohammed. Sa, Smitha Chandran .Sb* a
Department of Mechanical Engineering Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana PO, Kollam.690525, Kerala Department of Chemistry, Amrita School of Arts & Sciences, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana PO, Kollam.690525, Kerala
Abstract Households, food-processing industries and ponds and lakes all contribute towards waste which are usually untreated and have a unique putrescible property. These materials are low-cost lignocellulosic materials that have some prospective for reutilization. The present study provides a detailed physio-chemical characterization of commonly found waste materials such as banana (Musa) peel, banana blossom peel and most importantly Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) which is a type of weed found in stagnant water bodies in Kerala and thus the selection of this material also contributes towards the treatment possibilities of weed which is deemed as useless and at times contributes harmful effects when present in the ecosystem. The study includes the determination of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH , Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Solids and chemical parameters like Chloride, alkalinity, Acidity and Hardness at different conditions. In addition to all these parameters, the percentage removed is determined for a comparative study. Banana peel, Banana blossom peel and a Kariba weed are naturally occurring bio-waste materials which can offer a viable and cost effective solution for waste water treatment. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization. Keywords: Bio adsorbent; Putrescible; Reutilization; Banana blossom; Kariba weed, Natural waste materials
1. Introduction Putrescible waste materials like banana peel, banana blossom peel are generated commonly from both households and food-manufacturing industries. Although the amount of these materials generated from households is fairly insignificant amount that generated from food-manufacturing industries is large, as they are a major by-product in these industries. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization.
17700
Smitha Chandran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
These wastes are difficult to manage and often causes severe problems in municipal landfills due to their high biodegradability. These materials can be used as a low-cost bio sorbents for the treatment of water and waste water. Moreover, using these wastes in various other possible utilitarian applications will eliminate these wastes from the environment and reduce the problems related to the storage collection, management and final disposal of these putrescible wastes. A fundamental study was conducted to assess removal efficiency of these materials which are discarded as potential waste from the processing industries. The materials selected have different properties such as enhanced redox activity, strong adsorption, photocatalytic properties, providing exceptional prospects to treat both surface and ground water, industrial wastewater that are contaminated with organic and inorganic compounds. More over these biodegradable materials like banana peel, banana blossom peel which would otherwise be discarded as waste in the market. Also the work attempts towards the effective and sustainable utilization of bio wastes into novel bio adsorbents in a cost effective manner. In this manner the approach is surely a novel method towards the effective utilization of waste materials. The main objective of this study is the evaluation of adsorption capacity of three different adsorbent materials namely Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta), banana peel and banana blossom peel in the removal of pollutants from waste water sample. These wastes can be potentially used as a low-cost bio adsorbent [1-5]. Adsorption is a surfacebased process.Surface characteristics and pore structures of adsorbents are the main properties in determining adsorption equilibrium and rate properties which are needed for plant design. New adsorbents are continuously being developed, introducing new applications for adsorption technology. Adsorption equilibrium is the fundamental factor in designing adsorption operations [6-13]. Banana blossoms (aka banana flower or banana heart) are tear-shaped maroon or purplish flowers hanging at the end of banana clusters. They can be eaten raw or cooked and are used primarily in salads, curries or soups. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Preparation of Samples The materials used for the study are Banana peel, Banana blossom peel were obtained from the local market and the nearby houses and the Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) was obtained from a nearby pond. The peels were washed with distilled water and dried under sunlight until constant weight was obtained. The dried product was then grounded well and sieved using a mixer. Powdered particle size were sieved through sieve having mesh size ring 0.106-0.90 mm were used for the analysis. 2.2 Experimentation 2.2.1 Sampling Water samples were collected from Lake. The water samples were collected manually in sample bottles, after rinsing with the samples, being collected, immediately refrigerated, following standard methods prescribed by APHA (2012) and subjected to various kinds of chemical analysis. The pH of all the samples were measured using pH meter, and different other chemical analysis, were done, as follows. The different Physical and Chemical parameters that were analysed were: Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Hardness, Chlorine content, Alkalinity, Acidity, pH 2.2.2 Chemical Reagents Used The water samples were analysed for the following physiochemical parameters, selected for analysis and methods followed by APHA (2012). 3. Results and Discussion The following observations were made by the results tabulated below. The standard values for the respective parameters are enlisted here, as shown in below table 1.
Smitha Chandran et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
17701
Table 1 WHO Standards for Drinking water Quality Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Parameter pH Turbidity Electrical Conductivity Hardness Chloride Ions Total Dissolved Solids
Unit NTU S/cm/oh m mg/l mg/l mg/l
WHO Standard 6.5-8.5 10 50-500 300 250 250
The analysed specimens were compared with these WHO standards for better understanding and comparison of the effectiveness of each of the bio-adsorbents so that ultimately the one with the maximum adsorption capacity could be narrowed down. The results of the natural adsorbents used are presented in table 2-6.
Table 2 Results showing removal efficiency of Banana Blossom Peel Sl. No 1 2 3
Parameters
4 5 6 7 8
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
pH Turbidity EC
Unit NTU S/cm/o hm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading 8.4 30 0.256
Final Reading 6.75 148 2.6
Removal (%) 24.44 79.72 90.15
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.7 50 476.75 Nil 150
88.24 0 61.01 NA 60
Table 3 Results showing removal efficiency of Banana Peel Sl. No
Parameters
1 2 3
pH Turbidity EC
4 5 6 7 8
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
Unit
NTU S/cm/ ohm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading
Final Reading
Removal (%)
8.4 30 0.256
5.59 145 2.6
50.26 79.3 90.1
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.92 60 8968 Nil 90
90.05 16.67 86.3 NA 33.3
17702
Smitha Chandran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
Table 4 Results showing removal efficiency of Salvinia molesta Sl. No 1 2 3
Parameters
4 5 6 7 8
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
pH Turbidity EC
Unit NTU S/cm/ ohm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading 8.4 30 0.256
Final Reading 8.9 38 2.3
Removal (%) 4.5 21.05 88.85
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.5 60 1875.3 Nil 130
87.2 16.67 34.78 NA 53.84
Table 5 Results showing removal efficiency of combination of all three adsorbents Sl. No 1 2 3
Parameters
4 5
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
7 8
pH Turbidity EC
Unit NTU S/cm/o hm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading 8.4 30 0.256
Final Reading 5.48 228 2.1
Removal (%) 53.2 86.8 87.8
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.4 300 4321 Nil 40
86.3 83.3 71.7 NA 33.3
Table 6 Comparison of percentage wise removal efficiency of the selected bio adsorbents Parameters pH Turbidity EC TDS Alkalinity Chloride Hardness
Banana Blossom Peel 24.44 79.72 90.15 88.24 0 61.01 60
Banana Peel
Salvinia molesta
50.26 79.3 90.1 90.05 16.67 86.3 33.33
4.5 21.05 88.85 87.2 16.67 34.78 53.84
Combination of all three adsorbents 53.2 86.8 87.8 86.3 83.33 71.69 33.33
Conclusion In the present study, we have explored the potential of some economically viable and environmentally sustainable utilization of natural bio adsorbent materials for waste water treatment. The reuse and reutilization of the waste material was attempted with exploring utilization of these composite materials in such a way that it may cause less impact on the environment. The waste materials used in this study are banana (Musa) peel, banana blossom peel and
Smitha Chandran et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
17703
most importantly Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) which is a type of weed found in stagnant water bodies in Kerala and thus the selection of this material also contributes towards the treatment possibilities of weed which is deemed as useless and at times contributes harmful effects when present in the ecosystem. The study includes the determination of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH , Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Solids and chemical parameters like Chloride, alkalinity, Acidity and Hardness at different conditions. The percentage removal was determined and was in the order of efficient removal as follows: Banana peel > Banana Blossom Peel > Salvinia molesta > Combination of all three adsorbents. The efficiency of the composite materials incorporated for this study shows excellent percentage removal of constituents from waste water. References 1] Patel, S., Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., (2012) 11, 365–380. [2] Midha, S., Horticulture Statistics in India,(2012) 148–161. [3] Palma, C., Contreras, E., Urra, J. and Martınez, M. J., Waste Biomass Valorisation, (2011) 2 77–86. [4] Patel, S.,. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., (2012) 11, 365–380. [5] Ay, C. O., Ozcanm, A. S., Erdogan, Y. and Ozcan, A.,. Colloids Surf. B, (2012) 100 197–204. [6] Bhatnagar, A., Sillanpää, M. and Witek-Krowiak, A., Chem. Eng. J., (2015) 270 244–271. 7] Krishni, R. R., Foo, K. Y. and Hameed, B. H., Desalination Water Treatment, (2014) 52 6096–6103. [8] Parate, V. R. and Talib, M. I., J. Environ. Sci., Toxicol. Food Technol.( 2015) 9 27–41. [9] Pranav D. Pathak, Sachin A. Mandavgane, Bhaskar D. Kulkarni, Current Science, (2016) 110 2114 -2124. [10] Ushakumary. E.R, Waste Water Treatment Using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents, PhD thesis submitted to Cochin University on April 2013. [11] Ajmal.M, Rao.R.A.K, Ahmad.R and Ahmad. J, ‘Journal of Hazardous Materials, 79 (2000) 117-131. [12] Aderhold.D,Williams.C.J and Edyvean. R.G.J Bioresource Technology, 58, (1966) 1-6. [13] Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D.,. Rev. Chem. Eng., (2015) 31, 361–381.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICMPC_2018
Waste Water Treatment Using Economically Viable Natural Adsorbent Materials
Abhijith Gopakumara , Rakesh Narayana , Sidharth Ajay Nagatha , Nishanthan Pa , Razim Mohammed. Sa, Smitha Chandran .Sb* a
Department of Mechanical Engineering Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana PO, Kollam.690525, Kerala Department of Chemistry, Amrita School of Arts & Sciences, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana PO, Kollam.690525, Kerala
Abstract Households, food-processing industries and ponds and lakes all contribute towards waste which are usually untreated and have a unique putrescible property. These materials are low-cost lignocellulosic materials that have some prospective for reutilization. The present study provides a detailed physio-chemical characterization of commonly found waste materials such as banana (Musa) peel, banana blossom peel and most importantly Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) which is a type of weed found in stagnant water bodies in Kerala and thus the selection of this material also contributes towards the treatment possibilities of weed which is deemed as useless and at times contributes harmful effects when present in the ecosystem. The study includes the determination of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH , Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Solids and chemical parameters like Chloride, alkalinity, Acidity and Hardness at different conditions. In addition to all these parameters, the percentage removed is determined for a comparative study. Banana peel, Banana blossom peel and a Kariba weed are naturally occurring bio-waste materials which can offer a viable and cost effective solution for waste water treatment. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization. Keywords: Bio adsorbent; Putrescible; Reutilization; Banana blossom; Kariba weed, Natural waste materials
1. Introduction Putrescible waste materials like banana peel, banana blossom peel are generated commonly from both households and food-manufacturing industries. Although the amount of these materials generated from households is fairly insignificant amount that generated from food-manufacturing industries is large, as they are a major by-product in these industries. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization.
17700
Smitha Chandran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
These wastes are difficult to manage and often causes severe problems in municipal landfills due to their high biodegradability. These materials can be used as a low-cost bio sorbents for the treatment of water and waste water. Moreover, using these wastes in various other possible utilitarian applications will eliminate these wastes from the environment and reduce the problems related to the storage collection, management and final disposal of these putrescible wastes. A fundamental study was conducted to assess removal efficiency of these materials which are discarded as potential waste from the processing industries. The materials selected have different properties such as enhanced redox activity, strong adsorption, photocatalytic properties, providing exceptional prospects to treat both surface and ground water, industrial wastewater that are contaminated with organic and inorganic compounds. More over these biodegradable materials like banana peel, banana blossom peel which would otherwise be discarded as waste in the market. Also the work attempts towards the effective and sustainable utilization of bio wastes into novel bio adsorbents in a cost effective manner. In this manner the approach is surely a novel method towards the effective utilization of waste materials. The main objective of this study is the evaluation of adsorption capacity of three different adsorbent materials namely Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta), banana peel and banana blossom peel in the removal of pollutants from waste water sample. These wastes can be potentially used as a low-cost bio adsorbent [1-5]. Adsorption is a surfacebased process.Surface characteristics and pore structures of adsorbents are the main properties in determining adsorption equilibrium and rate properties which are needed for plant design. New adsorbents are continuously being developed, introducing new applications for adsorption technology. Adsorption equilibrium is the fundamental factor in designing adsorption operations [6-13]. Banana blossoms (aka banana flower or banana heart) are tear-shaped maroon or purplish flowers hanging at the end of banana clusters. They can be eaten raw or cooked and are used primarily in salads, curries or soups. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Preparation of Samples The materials used for the study are Banana peel, Banana blossom peel were obtained from the local market and the nearby houses and the Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) was obtained from a nearby pond. The peels were washed with distilled water and dried under sunlight until constant weight was obtained. The dried product was then grounded well and sieved using a mixer. Powdered particle size were sieved through sieve having mesh size ring 0.106-0.90 mm were used for the analysis. 2.2 Experimentation 2.2.1 Sampling Water samples were collected from Lake. The water samples were collected manually in sample bottles, after rinsing with the samples, being collected, immediately refrigerated, following standard methods prescribed by APHA (2012) and subjected to various kinds of chemical analysis. The pH of all the samples were measured using pH meter, and different other chemical analysis, were done, as follows. The different Physical and Chemical parameters that were analysed were: Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Hardness, Chlorine content, Alkalinity, Acidity, pH 2.2.2 Chemical Reagents Used The water samples were analysed for the following physiochemical parameters, selected for analysis and methods followed by APHA (2012). 3. Results and Discussion The following observations were made by the results tabulated below. The standard values for the respective parameters are enlisted here, as shown in below table 1.
Smitha Chandran et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
17701
Table 1 WHO Standards for Drinking water Quality Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Parameter pH Turbidity Electrical Conductivity Hardness Chloride Ions Total Dissolved Solids
Unit NTU S/cm/oh m mg/l mg/l mg/l
WHO Standard 6.5-8.5 10 50-500 300 250 250
The analysed specimens were compared with these WHO standards for better understanding and comparison of the effectiveness of each of the bio-adsorbents so that ultimately the one with the maximum adsorption capacity could be narrowed down. The results of the natural adsorbents used are presented in table 2-6.
Table 2 Results showing removal efficiency of Banana Blossom Peel Sl. No 1 2 3
Parameters
4 5 6 7 8
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
pH Turbidity EC
Unit NTU S/cm/o hm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading 8.4 30 0.256
Final Reading 6.75 148 2.6
Removal (%) 24.44 79.72 90.15
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.7 50 476.75 Nil 150
88.24 0 61.01 NA 60
Table 3 Results showing removal efficiency of Banana Peel Sl. No
Parameters
1 2 3
pH Turbidity EC
4 5 6 7 8
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
Unit
NTU S/cm/ ohm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading
Final Reading
Removal (%)
8.4 30 0.256
5.59 145 2.6
50.26 79.3 90.1
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.92 60 8968 Nil 90
90.05 16.67 86.3 NA 33.3
17702
Smitha Chandran et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
Table 4 Results showing removal efficiency of Salvinia molesta Sl. No 1 2 3
Parameters
4 5 6 7 8
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
pH Turbidity EC
Unit NTU S/cm/ ohm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading 8.4 30 0.256
Final Reading 8.9 38 2.3
Removal (%) 4.5 21.05 88.85
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.5 60 1875.3 Nil 130
87.2 16.67 34.78 NA 53.84
Table 5 Results showing removal efficiency of combination of all three adsorbents Sl. No 1 2 3
Parameters
4 5
TDS Alkalinity Chloride Acidity Hardness
7 8
pH Turbidity EC
Unit NTU S/cm/o hm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Initial Reading 8.4 30 0.256
Final Reading 5.48 228 2.1
Removal (%) 53.2 86.8 87.8
0.191 50 1223 Nil 60
1.4 300 4321 Nil 40
86.3 83.3 71.7 NA 33.3
Table 6 Comparison of percentage wise removal efficiency of the selected bio adsorbents Parameters pH Turbidity EC TDS Alkalinity Chloride Hardness
Banana Blossom Peel 24.44 79.72 90.15 88.24 0 61.01 60
Banana Peel
Salvinia molesta
50.26 79.3 90.1 90.05 16.67 86.3 33.33
4.5 21.05 88.85 87.2 16.67 34.78 53.84
Combination of all three adsorbents 53.2 86.8 87.8 86.3 83.33 71.69 33.33
Conclusion In the present study, we have explored the potential of some economically viable and environmentally sustainable utilization of natural bio adsorbent materials for waste water treatment. The reuse and reutilization of the waste material was attempted with exploring utilization of these composite materials in such a way that it may cause less impact on the environment. The waste materials used in this study are banana (Musa) peel, banana blossom peel and
Smitha Chandran et al. /Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 17699–17703
17703
most importantly Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) which is a type of weed found in stagnant water bodies in Kerala and thus the selection of this material also contributes towards the treatment possibilities of weed which is deemed as useless and at times contributes harmful effects when present in the ecosystem. The study includes the determination of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH , Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Solids and chemical parameters like Chloride, alkalinity, Acidity and Hardness at different conditions. The percentage removal was determined and was in the order of efficient removal as follows: Banana peel > Banana Blossom Peel > Salvinia molesta > Combination of all three adsorbents. The efficiency of the composite materials incorporated for this study shows excellent percentage removal of constituents from waste water. References 1] Patel, S., Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., (2012) 11, 365–380. [2] Midha, S., Horticulture Statistics in India,(2012) 148–161. [3] Palma, C., Contreras, E., Urra, J. and Martınez, M. J., Waste Biomass Valorisation, (2011) 2 77–86. [4] Patel, S.,. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., (2012) 11, 365–380. [5] Ay, C. O., Ozcanm, A. S., Erdogan, Y. and Ozcan, A.,. Colloids Surf. B, (2012) 100 197–204. [6] Bhatnagar, A., Sillanpää, M. and Witek-Krowiak, A., Chem. Eng. J., (2015) 270 244–271. 7] Krishni, R. R., Foo, K. Y. and Hameed, B. H., Desalination Water Treatment, (2014) 52 6096–6103. [8] Parate, V. R. and Talib, M. I., J. Environ. Sci., Toxicol. Food Technol.( 2015) 9 27–41. [9] Pranav D. Pathak, Sachin A. Mandavgane, Bhaskar D. Kulkarni, Current Science, (2016) 110 2114 -2124. [10] Ushakumary. E.R, Waste Water Treatment Using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents, PhD thesis submitted to Cochin University on April 2013. [11] Ajmal.M, Rao.R.A.K, Ahmad.R and Ahmad. J, ‘Journal of Hazardous Materials, 79 (2000) 117-131. [12] Aderhold.D,Williams.C.J and Edyvean. R.G.J Bioresource Technology, 58, (1966) 1-6. [13] Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D.,. Rev. Chem. Eng., (2015) 31, 361–381.