Biological oceanography Apparatus and methods

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E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY El0. Apparatus and methods 85:4488 Alekseev, V.V., A.O. Kokorin and M.Ya. Lyamin, 1984. Physical model of the aquatic ecosystem. Ecol. Model., 25(1-3):31-46. A physical model of a freshwater reservoir is 36 m 3 in volume with the basin and air chamber isolated from the environment. The vertical distribution pattern of oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, pH and other hydrochemical parameters was obtained and a mathematical model imitated the gaseous regime of a freshwater reservoir during the warm springsummer period. Theoretical data are in good agreement with experimental results. A method of describing the physical and biological processes in a reservoir is suggested. Fac. of Phys., Moscow State Univ., Moscow 117 234, USSR.

85:4489 Fry, J.C. and A.R. Davies, 1985. An assessment of methods for measuring volumes of planktonic bacteria, with particular reference to television image analysis. J. appl. Bact., 58(1):105-112. Cell volumes were greatly overestimated (73%) by measurements made with an eyepiece micrometer and underestimated by SEM (77%), presumably due to shrinkage during preparation. The recommended technique is to stain ceils with acridine orange, filter through 0.2/~m polycarbonate membrane filters, and photograph with epifluorescence microscopy using Kodak Tri-X pan film. Volumes may then be quickly measured with a Quantimet 800 or QI0 image analyzer. As this is expensive equipment, the best alternative is to measure cell sizes from projected Tri-X negatives, which only slightly overestimate volume. Dept. of Appl. Biol., Univ. of Wales Inst. of Sci. and Tech., Cardiff CFI 2NU, UK. (mjj)

85:4490 Jensen, L.M. and Morten Sondergaard, 1985. Comparison of two methods to measure algal release of dissolved organic carbon and the subsequent uptake by bacteria. J. Plankt. Res., 7(1):41-56. A size fractionation and an antibiotic method were used simultaneously during several diel in-situ studies. Phytoplankton populations were very sensitive to even small concentrations of antibiotics (1 #g/mL). Generally the bacterial activity was inhibited by ~50%. In cases where antibiotics did not affect phytoplankton photosynthesis, the two methods agreed reasonably. Bacterial respiration data

were in the range of values from the literature. This supports the conclusion that antibiotics can be used to follow the flux of extracellular organic carbon in-situ; effects on phytoplankton must, however, be evaluated in each experiment. Methodological problems of both approaches are discussed. Botanical Inst., Univ. of Aarhus, 68 Nordlandsvej, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark.

85:4491 Richter, K.E., 1985. Acoustic scattering at 1.2 MHz from individual zooplankters and copepod populations. Deep-Sea Res., 32(2):149-161. Acoustic returns were measured in a large tank. Target strengths of preserved zooplankters at 1.2 MHz were proportional to body volume. Live euphausiids had target strengths 6 to 7 dB higher than preserved euphausiids of similar size. Volume scattering from mixed-age copepod populations was roughly proportional to total body carbon and total body volume. Scattering per unit carbon and per unit volume from copepod populations was less when larger copepods predominated, hence volume scattering from copepod populations may be a complex function of carbon and volume. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., A-022, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

85:4492 Richter, K.E., J.C. Bennett and K.L. Smith Jr., 1985. Bottom-moored acoustic array to monitor density and vertical movement of deep-sea benthopelagic animals. IEEE Jl ocean. Engng, OE-10(1):32-37. A bottom-moored vehicle, employing a 36-kHz acoustic array, is described. Its purpose is to census benthopelagic populations at abyssal depths and detect vertical movement of these animals. It is argued that an acoustic census offers particular advantages over traditional sampling methods, and when used in conjunction with these methods, offers powerful insight into abyssal community dynamics. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., A-022, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

85:4493 Saunders, Peter, 1984. Mathematics in biology. Where quantitative can be just poor qualitative. Riv. Biol., 77(3):325-341. Contrary to popular belief, mathematics is not just about numbers. To say that biology has much to gain from the increasing use of mathematics is not at all to say that it must become a quantitative subject like physics. Some of the most interesting and

OLR (1985) 32 (8)

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663

important questions in biology are essentially qualitative. In applying mathematics to biology we must choose methods appropriate to the subject rather than restrict ourselves to those familiar from theoretical physics. Dept. of Math., Queen Elizabeth Coll., Campden Hill Rd., London W8 7AH, UK.

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines, ecol-

85:4494 Smith, E.P., P.M. Stewart and John Cairns Jr., 1985. Similarities between rarefaction methods. Hydrobiologia, 120(2): 167-170.

Anoxic conditions in the near-bottom layer below the pycnocline caused mass mortality of benthic macrofauna in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste. Vertical transport of particulate organic matter and decomposition of abundant pelagic and benthic organic matter during the summer produced a low oxygen level in the near-bottom layer below the pycnocline when this layer was sufficiently close to the bottom. A high seawater temperature and vertical stability contributed to the development of anoxic conditions. Mar. Res. Centre, 66 330 Piran, Yugoslavia.

The number of species in a community is one of the most commonly used measures of diversity, a measure however, affected by sample size. The rarefaction method attempts to correct sample size bias by assuming an underlying sampling model. Several rarefaction models are shown to be similar analytically, not only for the expected number of species but also for the variance of the number of species. Dept. of Stat., Virginia Polytech. Inst., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. 85:4495 Trevors, J.T., 1984. Electron transport system activity and its relationship to other measures of activity in an estuarine sediment, Syst. appl. Microbiol., 5(1): 136-142. ETS activity was higher in aerobically incubated sediment than in anaerobically incubated sediment. Oxygen uptake in the former correlated highly with sediment ETS activity, whereas CO 2 evolution and nitrogen fixation (C2H 2 reduction) correlated very highly with ETS activity in the latter. Dept. of Environ. Biol., Univ. of Guelph, ON N1G 2WI, Canada. 85:4496 Wood, L.W., 1985. Chloroform-methanol extraction of chlorophyll a. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 42(1):38-43.

Chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) extracts significantly more chlorophyll a from algal cultures and from microcosms than does dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, absolute methanol with hydrogen sulfide, or 90% acetone. For chlorophyte cultures it yields 97% or more of the chlorophyll a within a 4-h steeping period without grinding. It can be used with both calibrated spectrophotometric and fluorometric instrumentation. Sample filtration onto MgCO 3coated filters is recommended to ensure buffering of the extraction mixture. Center for Lab. and Res., New York State Dept. of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA.

ogy, etc.) 85:4497 Faganeli, J. et al., 1985. Bottom layer anoxia in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste in the late summer of 1983. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(2):75-78.

85:4498 von Numers, Mikael, 1984. The ranges of some marine birds and plants in an area of the archipelago of SW Finland. Annls zool. Fenn., 21(3):371-377. Varmobackavagen 6 A 5, SF00360 Helsingfors 36, Finland.

ES0. General biology, ecology, biogeography, etc. 85:4499 Anderson, O.R., N.R. Swanberg and P, Bennett, 1985. Laboratory studies of the ecological significance of host-algal nutritional associations in solitary and colonial Radiolaria. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 65(1):263-272. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA. 85:4500 Chaloupka, M.Y. and D.N. Hall, 1984. An examination of species dispersion patterns along the intertidal gradient on Macquarie Island (subAntarctica) using a restricted occupancy model. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(2):133-143.

To evaluate the hypothesis that intertidal zonation boundaries and tidal emersion levels are causally related (the critical tidal level hypothesis), dispersion patterns were examined to test the null hypothesis that the observed species were randomly dispersed along the tidal emersion gradient. Results showed the intertidal species boundaries were randomly dispersed with respect to the tidal emersion gradient; hence no evidence was found to support the critical tidal level hypothesis, suggesting that tidal emersion

664

E. Biological Oceanography

is not a significant factor structuring intertidal communities on Macquarie Island. Maritime Estate Mgmt. Br., Queensland Natl. Parks and Wildlife Sere., Brisbane, Qld., Australia. 85:4501 Fry, Brian, R.K. Anderson, Lee Entzeroth, J.L. Bird and P.L. Parker, 1984. 13C enridunent and oceanic food web structure in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas,

27:49-63. A progression of increasing ~3C contents (less negative 813C values) occurred from POC (-21.7 ppt) to zooplankton to benthic crustacean gut contents to whole benthic crustaceans (-16.9 ppt), so that the degree of ~3C enrichment functioned as a crude indicator of trophic level. Considerable seasonal and spatial variation in this average pattern of J3C enrichment was not linked to inputs of terrestrial carbon. While considerable variation occurs, reduced isotopic variation appears useful for identifying consumers at higher trophic levels. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373-1267, USA. 85:4502

Hawkins, S.J. and R.G. Hartnoll, 1985. Factors determining the upper limits of intertidal canopyforming algae. Mar. Ecol.-Prog, Ser., 20(3):265-

271. Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus and Laminaria digitata all extended their range upshore when the species zoned above were removed, indicating that competition can be directly responsible for setting upper limits of low- and mid-shore canopy algae. Removal of species zoned immediately below permitted down-shore extension of Pelvetia canaliculata, F. spiralis, F. vesiculosus, F. serratus and Himanthalia elongata, confirming the setting of lower limits of these species by competition. Some species of low-shore, turf-forming understorey and encrusting red algae seemed more vulnerable to hot weather; Corallina officinalis and 'lithothamnia' suffered extensive damage. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.

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seagrasses). That omission is rectified in this review which covers marine photosynthetic carbon metabolism as well as terrestrial investigations published since the last review. Discussed are the superior performance of marine phytoplankton in carbon assimilation (marine algae are apparently 8 times more effective than terrestrial plants in assimilating C, on a chlorophyll basis), the optional uptake of HCO3 and a role for carbonic anhydrase, carbon metabolism in chloroplasts, sucrose synthesis from carbon exported from the chloroplast, nitrogen assimilation, lipid biosynthesis and respiration. CSIRO, Mar. Lab., 7000 Hobart, Tas., Australia. (msg) 85:4504

Legendre, P., S. Dallot and L. Legendre, 1985. Succession of species within a community: chronologicai clustering, with applications to marine and freshwater zooplankton. Am. Naturalist, 125(2):257-288. A model based on a clustering method which describes disjunctions occurring during ecological succession is used to analyze possible discontinuities in a multivariate (multispecies) series of biological samples which are obtained from a single sampling station at successive times. The technique accounts for sample sequences and eliminates singletons. Examples of Mediterranean (78 weeks) and freshwater (28 months) zooplankton communities illustrate the model. Dept. des sci. biol., Univ. de Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale A, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. 0st) 85:4505

McGowan, J.A. and P.W. Walker, 1985. Dominance and diversity maintenance in an oceanic ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr., 55(1):103-118.

Kelly, G.J. and Erwin Latzko, 1984. Photosynthesis. Carbon metabolism: on land and at sea. Review. Prog. Bot., 46:68-93.

Species diversity, species coexistence and changes in the order of species dominance are adequately predicted by the theories of disturbance-perturbation, dispersal-reaction, and contemporaneous disequilibrium for communities of sessile organisms. However, these theories did not explain diversity maintenance in the mobile pelagic system examined here. The phenomenon examined was the 'order of dominance of copepod species in samples separated in time and space.' Evidence for the resilience and robustness of the community is discussed. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (mjj)

Previous biennial reviews published in Progress in Botany on photosynthetic carbon metabolism have largely 'ignored' marine plants, which contribute ~30% of the total global CO 2 fixation (~24% from unicellular algae, ~6% from macrophytic algae and

Suchanek, T.H., S.L. Williams, J.C. Ogden, D.K. Hubbard and I.P, Gill, 1985. Utilization of shallow-water seagram detritus by Caribbean

85:4503

85:4506

OLR(1985)32(8)

E. BiologicalOceanography

deep-sea macrofauna: 813C evidence. Deep-Sea Res., 32(2):201-214. The relative abundance of Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme blades observed in three dcep-sea dives (2455 to 3950 m) N of St. Croix, Virgin Islands, was similar to previously published export rates from the nearby shallow-water lagoon, Tague Bay. C isotopic analyses of seagrasses and of five potential macrofaunal consumers, and macrofaunal gut content analyses showed that detrital seagrasses were a significant food source for abyssal macrofauna. Very low N content (0.21%) and a high C:N ratio (214.8) were found in abyssal Thalassia detritus, suggesting a low nutritional value; however, at least one urchin species and two holothurians consumed this naturally occurring abyssal detritus. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ., West Indies Lab., Tague Bay, Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820, USA. (gsb)

ES0. Plankton

(also primary productivity, seston and detritus)

85:4507 AUdredge, A.L. and J.M. King, 1985. The distance demersal zooplankton migrate above the benthos: implicatlons for predation. Mar. Biol., 84(3):253260. Small-bodied animals, including copepods, ostracods and amphipods, remained within 30 cm of the bottom except at full moon when a significantly higher proportion swam up at least 1 m into the water column. Syllid polychaetes swam up at least 2 m regardless of moon phase. Large-bodied forms (>2 ram) swam throughout the water column but in gradually decreasing abundances nearer the surface. Movement of the larger demersal zooplankton higher into the water column than the smaller less visible forms suggests that factors other than predation, possibly dispersal, may govern the distance demersal zooplankton swim above the benthos. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. 85:4508 Andres, H.-G. and H.-Ch. John, 1984. Results of some neuston net catches in the warmer central North Atlantic--fish larvae and selected invertebrates. Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 30(3): 144-154. Beloniform species were the most abundant ichthyoplankton sampled between 10 and 38°N and 27 and 33°W in spring 1982; myctophids were second. Total abundance (64 fishes/1000 m 2) was unexpectedly high for the Horse Latitudes. Hyperiids

665

contributed 88% of the amphipod number, the oceanic insect Halobates micans occurred at surface temperatures of >_22°C, and Sargassum invertebrate fauna occurred often. Further sampling in the northern North Equatorial Current would be required to demonstrate a Sargasso Sea recirculation mechanism. Taxon. Arbeitsgruppe der Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, FRG. (mwf) 85:4509 Baars, M.A. and H.G. Fransz, 1984. Grazing pressure of copepods on the phytoplankton stock of the central North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2): 120-142. Shipboard measurements of zooplankton grazing and respiration were coupled with measurements of in-situ copepod gut fluorescence and ambient chlorophyll concentrations. Consumption of chlorophyll by large calanoid copepods was ~ 6 times greater at night than in the day. Most calanoid species appeared to be feeding at below threshold concentrations in summer, corresponding with a decline in their biomass from July to September. Daily ingestion of phytoplankton carbon was estimated as 2-8% based on grazing rates, but 10-22% based on respiration estimates. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (mjj) 85:4510 Baars, M.A. and S.S. Oosterhuis, 1984. Diurnal feeding rhythm~ in North Sea copepods measured by gut fluorescence, digestive enzyme activity and grazing on labelled food. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2):97-119. The three methods gave different results: gut fluorescence usually showed clear day-night variation; C-14 labelled food showed day-night variation in Temora (May and July) but not Pseudocalanus or Calanus (September); amylase and tryptic activity showed no diurnal pattern except for amylase (July), probably due to vertical migration. Fluorescence seemed the most suitable method for detection of grazing rhythms. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (mwf) 85:4511 Bishop, S.S., K.A. Emmanuele and J,A. Yoder, 1984. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in Georgia nearsbore waters. Estuaries, 7(4B):506512. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA.

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85:4512 Burenkov, V.I. and A.P. Vasilkov, 1984. Statistical characteristics of phytoplankton concentration and optical ~ e s fluctuation in the field of long-period internal waves. Okeanologiia, 24(6): 899-905. (In Russian, English abstract.) 85:4513 Colebrook, J.M., 1985. Continuous plankton records: overwintering and annual fluctuations in the abundance of zooplankton. Mar. Biol., 84(3):261265. The pattern of year-to-year changes (1948-1982) in the abundance of four zooplankton taxa for the North Sea suggests that an element of the variations has its origins in winter and its occurrence through the year is a function of inherent persistence. A downward linear trend is the dominant pattern in the annual fluctuations in abundance of many species of zooplankton throughout the NE Atlantic and the North Sea. Some implications for ideas about the dynamics of the plankton ecosystem are considered. NERC, Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH Devon, UK. 85:4514 Dandonneau, Yves and Francis Gohin, 1984. Meridional and sea~nal variations of the sea surface chlorophyll concentration in the southwestern tropical Pacific (14 to 32°S, 160 to 175°E). Deep-Sea Res., 31(12): 1377-1393. An extensive survey of sea surface chlorophyll concentration (SSCC) was carried out over a fouryear period between 32 and 14°S, 160 and 175°E utilizing voluntary merchant ship observations. The technique of optimal objective mapping, applied to the noisy data set, is described. A winter increase in SSCC was observed, predominantly south of 20 to 22°S, with the amplitude of variation much less than in temperate areas. Observed correlations between SSCC and integrated (0 to 150 m) chlorophyll suggested possible application of SSCC data to whole euphotic zone estimates. The direct relationship between strong wind frequency and the 'importance of the winter enrichment' confirms the hypothesis that winter enrichment is due to enhanced vertical mixing following sea surface cooling. Gr. SURTROPAC, Centre ORSTOM, B.P. A5 Noumea, New Caledonia. (gsb) 85:4515 Davis, P.G., D.A. Caron, P.W. Johnson and J.McN. Sieburth, 1985. Phototrophlc and apochlorotie components of picoplankton and nanoplankton in the North Atlantic: geographic, vertical, seasonal

OLR(1985)32 (8)

and diel distributions. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2): 15-26. Apparent relations between different plankton types were found over geographic separation as well as seasonal and diel cycles. Population densities of apochlorotic, heterotrophic nanoplankton (Hnano) and chloroplast-containing, phototrophic nanoplankton (Pnano) were similar. All microbial populations in the euphotic zone decreased exponentially with increasing depth. Hnano, Pnano and total picoplankton (Tpico) followed trends similar to each other over winter/spring and summer blooms. Hnano were positively correlated with Tpico populations one week earlier, suggesting a predator/prey relationship. Data suggest an abundant and dynamic Hnano population which reflects changes in other components of the microbial plankton. Sieburth: Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. 85:4516 Edler, Lars, Guy Hallfors and Ake Niemi, 1984. A preliminary check-list of the phytoplankton of the Baltic Sea. Acta bot. fenn., 128:1-26. The present state of knowledge concerning species composition, nomenclature and spatial and temporal distributions of phytoplankton species in the Baltic Sea is summarized. The area was divided into ten subareas, the outermost being the Kattegat. Species occurrence and when possible, their ecological characterization, are given within each subarea. Dept. of Mar. Bot., Univ. of Lund, Box 124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. 85:4517

Elrifi, I.R. and D.H. Turpin, 1985. Transient photosynthetic responses of nitrogen limited microalgae to nitrogen addition. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 20(3):253-258. Addition of N to N-limited phytoplankton induced suppression of carbon fixation in some species. The photosynthetic suppression response upon limiting nutrient addition is taxonomically widespread but appears to be species- or strain-specific; discrepancies in previous reports are ascribed to differential phytoplankton responses and not to methodological differences. The physiological and ecological significances of the suppression phenomenon are considered. Turpin: Dept. of Biol., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON KTL 3N6, Canada. 85:4518

Eppley, R.W., E. Stewart, M.R. Abbott and U. Heyman, 1985. Estimating ocean primary productton from satellite chlorophyll. Introduction to

OLR (1985) 32 (8)

E. Biological Oceanography

regional differences and statistics for the Southern California Bight. J. Plankt. Res., 7(1):57-70. Observed variability in the proportionality (F) between primary production and near-surface chlorophyll concentrations is partly due to regional differences. F for subtropical open ocean regions is higher than that of temperate coastal regions and approaches a minimum value in the richest waters. In the simplest systems, F is proportional to insolation. Variability in F may be of ecological interest beyond that of a merely descriptive character. Inst. of Mar. Res., A-018, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La JoUa, CA 92093, USA. 85:4519 Flint, R.W., 1984. Phytoplankton production in the Corpus Christi Bay estuary. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 27:65-83. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373-1267, USA. 85:4520 Fransz, H.G., J.C. Miquel and S.R. Gonzalez, 1984. Mesozooplankton composition, biomass and vertical distribution, and copepod production in the stratified central North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2):82-96. Cruises to the Oyster Ground area of the North Sea were made during development, stable existence, and deterioration of the summer thermocline. Copepods dominated except in July when echinopluteus larvae were equally abundant; hydromedusae were the most abundant carnivores. Copepod C production was about 9 g m 2 for the period, comparable to values for the isothermal Southern Bight; no evidence for a positive influence of thermal stratification on the copepod:primary production ratio was found. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (mwf) 85:4521 Gieskes, W.W.C. and G.W. Kraay, 1984. Phytoplankton, its pigments, and primary production at a central North Sea station in May, July and September 1981. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2):51-70. Variable daily distribution and abundance were observed by both cell number and pigment concentration studies. Phytoplankton contributed 25 to 45% to total particulate organic carbon (POC) and 45 to 85% to the labile, non-refractory POC. Vertical primary production and algal biomass profiles were similar in September only. Annual primary carbon production was estimated at 250 g/m 2. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O, Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (gsb)

667

85:4522 Goldman, J.C. and M.R. Dennett, 1985. Photosynthetic responses of 15 phytoplankton species to ammonium pulsing. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 20(3): 259-264. No evidence was found that transient exposure to high NH4 + concentration led to suppression of initial photosynthesis in 13 species previously grown to steady state under NH4+-limitation in continuous culture; however, up to 60% initial suppression of photosynthesis in Nannochloris sp. and up to 32% suppression in Platymonas sp. were observed. Recovery was up to 90% complete by 60 min. Results point toward rather diverse modes of coupling between transient CO 2 fixation and NH4 + uptake, but are consistent with relatively undisturbed photosynthesis in response to ephemeral patches of NH4 ÷ in the pelagic environment. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 85:4523 Greene, C.H., 1985. Planktivore functional groups and patterns of prey selection in pelagic communities. J. Plankt. Res., 7(1):35-40. A classification system for dividing planktivorous predators into functional groups is proposed, based on the tactics by which predators encounter and subdue prey. Vertebrate predators are classified as either nonvisual filter feeders or visual particulate feeders; invertebrate predators as cruising raptorial feeders, ambush raptorial feeders, cruising entangling feeders, or ambush entangling feeders. Some observed and predicted trends in the patterns of prey selection associated with various functional groups are described. School of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. 85:4524 Hargrave, B.T., G.C. Harding, K.F. Drinkwater, T.C. Lambert and W.G. Harrison, 1985. Dynamics of the pelagic food web in St. Georges Bay, southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 20(3):221-240. Some of the interrelationships between physiochemical factors and levels of primary and secondary (larval fish and lobster) production in St. Georges Bay are assessed. Results suggest that there is a rapid and close coupling between production of particulate organic matter, patterns of consumption by herbivores and carnivores, and the regeneration of nutrients throughout the water column. The success of the bay as a nursery for pelagic spawners is discussed. Mar. Ecol. Lab., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (ist)

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E. BiologicalOceanography

85:4525 Hinga, K.R., 1985. Evidence for a higher average primary productivity in the Pacific than in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 32(2):117-126. Sediment community respiration measurements, and therefore the rate of organic carbon supply necessary to support the respiration, are considerably higher for a transect of offshore stations in the North Pacific than for a similar transect in the North Atlantic. The rate of deep-water oxygen consumption, calculated from ~4Cand oxygen distributions, is higher in the Pacific than in the Atlantic. This requires (assuming steady state) the average per unit area new primary production to be about 1.8 times greater in the Pacific. Relationships between new primary production and total primary production (new production plus production supported by nutrients recycled in the euphotic zone) and primary production data, when limited to measurements made in both oceans by the same investigators, indicate that the total primary production is also likely to be greater in the Pacific. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. 85:4526 Krupatkina, D.K. and N.A. Ostrovskaya, 1984. Variability and dally pattern of chlorophyll a in large and small fractions of phytoplankton in various districts of the Black Sea late in summer. Okeanologiia, 24(6):969-976. (In Russian, English abstract,) 85:4527 Longhurst, A.R., 1985. The structure and evolution of plankton communities. Prog. Oceanogr, 15(1):135. A more complete understanding of the circulation of Paleozoic and Mesozoic oceans has not yet been matched by similar advances in paleoecology, particularly that of pelagic planktonic ecosystems. In the first part of this study a general model of the planktonic ecosystem of contemporary oceans is presented, based on the synthesis of data from more than 4000 plankton samples representing more than 130 seasonal or regional compartments. The model is then compared with candidate life-forms of the past, with the general conclusion that the energy pathways of the ancient oceans were probably similar to those of today. Includes 6 pages of references. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Dartmouth, NS, Canada. (fcs) 85:4528 Marschall, H.G., 1985. Comparison of phytoplankton concentrations and cell volume measurements

OLR(1985)32(8)

from the continental shelf off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Hydrobiologia, 120(2):171-179. Composition and concentrations varied across the shelf with maximum volumes not necessarily related to maximum concentration values. Shelf phytoplankton was composed of two major size classes: ultraplankton (cells less than 10 microns in size), and net phytoplankton. Cell concentrations decreased along transects seaward, to increase near the shelf margin. Higher cell volume values coincided with increased cell counts east of Cape Cod, but were lower southward, increasing in the mid-shelf region, to decrease along the shelf margin. The shelf ultraplankton component typically was >90% of the standing crop, but ~1% of its phytovolume. Associations are made between cell volumes and concentration combinations and different phytoplankton assemblages. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23508, USA. 85:4529 Mayzaud, O., P. Mayzaud, C. de la Bigne, P. Grohan and R.J. Conover, 1984. Diel changes in the particulate environment, feeding activity and digestive enzyme concentration in nerittc zooplankton. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(1):15-35. Zooplankton species composition and particle size spectra in the Bay of Villefranche-sur-mer (France) showed both gradual changes and one abrupt oscillation during a 30 h period in February, despite negligible winds. Phytoplankton biochemical composition showed a clear diel rhythm. Did rhythmicity in feeding rate was found for Clausocalanus arcuicornis; the maximum rate was at night. Carbohydrase activity of the total zooplankton peaked at night, whereas protease activity peaked just before dawn and trypsin-like activity showed no periodicity. These enzyme changes were not related to food supply or species composition. Factors regulating short-term activity differ from those regulating medium term acclimation. Biochim. Mar., Sta. Zool., 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. (mjj) 85:4530 McCauley, Edward, 1985. The prediction of cladoceran grazing rate spectra. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(1):202-212. Three statistical approaches were tested to seek a framework for a general theory of cladoceran particle size selection: the algebraic continuous model, the algebraic discrete model, and the distributional model. The first two can predict the shape of grazing rate: particle size spectra but make biased predictions. The last approach, in which equations are used to predict the parameters of the

OLR (1985) 32 (8)

E. Biological Oceanography

negative binomial distribution which mimics grazing rate spectra, makes fairly precise and unbiased predictions. Dept. of Biol., McGill Univ., 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal, PQ H3A IB1, Canada. 85:4531 Murphy, L.S. and E.M. Haugen, 1985. The distribution and abundance of phototrophic ultraplankton in the North Atlantic. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(1):47-58. Both eucaryotic ultraplankton and cyanobacteria have subsurface numerical maxima. In vertically stable water, cyanobacterial abundance peaks at ~1% light level; the eucaryotic ultraplankton, at ~0.5% light level. Cyanobacterial abundance decreases with increasing latitude and decreasing temperature. The eucaryotic assemblage is numerically dominated by ultraplankton. Ultraplankton numbers generally range one order of magnitude less than the cyanobacteria, but they may equal or exceed cyanobacteria at depth and in northerly latitudes. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA. 85:4532 Nagasawa, Sachiko and Ryuzo Marumo, 1984. The zooplankton community and its abundance in Tokyo Bay [Japanl. Mer, Tokyo, 22(3-4):277-286. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Minamidai 1-15- l, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan.

85:4533 Ouchi, Akira, 1984. Prediction of red tide occurrence by means of discriminant analysis. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 50(10): 1647-1651. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Surface water data (N = 526) from northern Hiroshima Bay gathered from 1976-1982 were divided into a red tide and non-red tide group based on a critical value of 250/~g/L PON. Discriminant analysis was then performed using six variables. The method and its advantages are discussed. Hiroshima Prefecture Fish. Exper. Sta., Ondo, Aki, Hiroshima 737-12, Japan. (msg) 85:4534 Pasternak, A.F., E.G. Arashkevich and Yu.I. Sorokin, 1984. The role of parasitic seaweeds of the genus Biastodinlum in the ecology of plankton copepods. Okeanologiia, 24(6):994-998. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Blastodinium (abundant in the tropical Pacific) can be considered a haft-parasitic alga, deriving half its energy from its host even though it is capable of photosynthesis in the carrier's body. The role of

669

Blastodinium in gas exchange and production of micro-matter for plankton needs further study. (lit) 85:4535 Patriti, Gilbert, 1984. Aspects of the structure of zooplanktonic populations from port areas in the Gulf of Fos-sur-Mer lFrancel. T~thys, 11(2): 155-161. (In French, English abstract.) Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Centre univ. de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France. 85:4536 Richter, K.E., 1985. Acoustic determination of small--scale distributions of individual zooplankters and zooplankton aggregations. Deep-Sea Res., 32(2): 163-182. Distributions were compared to temperature and chlorophyll structure from tens of centimeters to hundreds of meters on horizontal scales and through the 18 m water column, based on determinations made with a 1.2 mHz, dual beam transducer. Horizontal patches of small zooplankton were observed, 4- to 15-fold above background population densities, on scales of ~10-100 m. Horizontal distributions varied independently of chlorophyll at the 8 m chlorophyll maximum and independently of temperature. Large zooplankton were found amid aggregations of small zooplankton that were ~ 6 m thick, 100-fold greater than mean vertical abundances, and 40% greater than mean horizontal abundances per depth. Mean vertical abundances of both large and small zooplankton were greatest near the surface, were near minimum at the 8 m chlorophyll maximum, and were not concentrated on small temperature gradients and inversions. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., A-022, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. 85:4537 Senin, Yu.M., 1984. The hydrochemical aspects of the production cycle in the northeastern shelf of the U.S.A. Okeanologiia, 24(6):977-985. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Data from seven Soviet-American cruises were analyzed to estimate production cycles and to examine interactions of chemical and biological parameters in four regions. A quasipermanent cycle (mean daily production ~ 1 - 2 g C/m 2) and a spring-summer maximum production cycle (up to 5 g C/m 2) were noted. Inorganic nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton production values were negatively correlated in spring but unrelated in summer.

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85:4538 Shim, J.H. and Y.C. Park, 1984. Community structure and spatial distribution of phytoplankton in the southwestern sea of Korea [East China Sea] in early summer. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 19(1):6881. Three distinct phytoplankton communities were identified: neritic and cold water diatoms off the SW Korean coast, neritic and oceanic diatoms (and a few flagellates and an euglenoid) near Jeju Island where warm and highly saline waters appear to be part of the Kuroshio, and small dino- and microflagellates in the rest of the study area where waters are warm and of low salinity. High concentrations of phytoplankton cells, chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen were recorded near the seasonal pycnocline in offshore areas. Dept. of Oceanogr., Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151, Korea. (msg) 85:4539 Shushkina, E.A. and L.P. Lebedeva, 1984. Trophic interactions in plankton communities of different productivity in the Pacific Ocean. Okeanologiia, 24(6):986-993. (In Russian, English abstract.) Hypertrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic areas were distinguished by characteristic differences in trophic structure and function. Changes in the ratio of phytoplankton to zooplankton, the role of bacteria and protozoa and prey abundance as waters become less productive are described. (msg) 85:4540 Smith, J.C. et al., 1985. Arctic [Foxe Basin, Canada] marine photoautotrophic picoplankton. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 20(3):207-220. Substantial proportions (10 to 70%) of the chlorophyll a content, RuBPC activity and autofluorescent bodies present in whole seawater samples passed a 1 /Lm screen in intact photoautotrophic particles. A smaller fraction (10 to 25%) of the light-dependent 14C fixation was found in this fraction. About 10% of the whole sample RuBPC passed a 0.2 pm screen, indicating the presence of autotrophy in marine ultramicrobacteria (femtoplankton). Mar. Ecol. Lab., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. 85:4541 Smith, K.L. Jr., 1985. Macrozooplankton of a deep sea hydrothermal vent [EPR, 21°N]: in-situ rates of oxygen consumption. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(1): 102-110.

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Diffuse warm-water (_<25°C) effluents along crevices between pillow lava formations were densely populated with epibenthic megafauna; nonvent areas had similar physical features but few visible fauna. Vent and nonvent plankton were dominated by Isaacsicalanus paucisetus. Abundance and biomass were highest over the vent area, decreasing by as much as two orders of magnitude over the nonvent area. Although weight-specific oxygen consumption rates of vent and nonvent plankton were of similar magnitude, both were one to two orders of magnitude lower than published rates for surface-water mixed plankton. Mar. Biol. Res. Div., A-002, Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. 85:4542 Stoecker, D.K. and N.K. Sanders, 1985. Differential grazing by Acartla tonss on a dinoflagellate and a tintinnld. J. Plankt. Res., 7(1):85-100. Dept. of Biol., WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 85:4543 Stubblefield, C.L., C.M. Lascara and M. Vecchione, 1984. Vertical distribution of zooplankton in a shallow turbid estuary [Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana]. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 27:93-104. To determine whether selected zooplankton taxa aggregate near bottom during daytime in a shallow ( ~ 2 m) turbid system, three samples (one-minute tows) at each of 3 stations were taken first with a one-half meter net without towing bridle and then with an epibenthic pullsled. Data obtained indicated a consistent trend of higher abundances of postlarval shrimps, fishes, decapods and copepods near bottom. Observed patterns of vertical distribution were taxa-specific; stratification of zooplankton abundances may indicate biological responses associated with mechanisms of larval retention, did migration, or demersal habits. Dept. of Biol. and Environ. Sci., McNeese State Univ., Lake Charles, LA 70609, USA. 85:4544 Tsujita, Tokimi, 1984. Sequential processes in the occurrence of blooms and red tides in the sea. Mer, Tokyo, 22(3-4):305-323. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Recent advances in understanding the dynamic features of red tide formation are described, stressing the importance of interactions of abiotic factors and algae. Analysis of blooms in temperate and subarctic regions of the Pacific and Atlantic have demonstrated the influence of climate conditions for red tide formation. Future research should concentrate on synoptic sightings of red tides, mesoscale or

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E. BiologicalOceanography

coarse-scale studies of blooms and hydrographic conditions, plankton patchiness, and modelling studies. Sanyo Suiro Sokuryo Co., Nihonbashi Horidomecho 1-3-17, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, Japan. (msg) 85:4545 Weikert, Horst, 1984. Zooplankton distribution and hydrography in the Mauritanian upwelling region off northwestern Africa, with special reference to the calanoid copepods. Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 30(3):155-171.

Most of the 300/~m net zooplankton were found in the 0-30 m layer. Calanoid copepods dominated, except in the oceanic zone where salps were more abundant. Zooplankton biomass and numbers were greatest in the oceanic zone ( > 18°C) and least in the freshly upwelled water (<16.5°C). Horizontal zooplankton distribution was related to the countercurrent, Southern Water mass, and Northern Water admixture. Diurnal vertical migration was noted only for the metridiids. Inst. fur Hydrobiol. und Fisch. der Univ. Hamburg, FRG. (mjj) 85:4546 Welschmeyer, N.A. and C.J. Lorenzen, 1985. Chlorophyll budgets: zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth in a temperate fjord [Dahob Bay, Washington] and the central Pacific gyres. Limnol. Oeeanogr., 30(1): 1-21.

The model provides estimates of phytoplankton growth, macro- and microzooplankton grazing, the vertical flux of pigments out of the euphotic zone, and the flux of solar radiation through the water column. Growth rates varied seasonally in Dabob Bay (0.05-0.9 d -~) and ca. 67% of the total daily grazing rate was due to macrozooplankton herbivores. Phytoplankton growth rates were ca. 0.2 d -~ in the oceanic gyres, regardless of season or location, and ca. 95% of daily grazing was due to microzooplankton herbivores. The model suggests that grazing and growth are in balance. Biol. Lab., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. 85:4547 Williams, D.McB., E. Wolanski and J.C. Andrews, 1984. Transport mechanisms and the potential movement of planktonic larvae in the central region of the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 3(4):229-236.

Larvae are likely to be flushed from their natal reef into the mainstream shelf current within a few days, if not hours, of hatching and probably travel tens or hundreds of kilometers, suggesting that reefs within the Great Barrier Reef are biologically interconnected and interdependent. Currents on the outer

671

shelf are almost entirely unidirectional and longshore during spring and summer when larvae are most abundant. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, MSO, Townsville, Qld. 4810, Australia. (mwf)

E90. Sargassum and symbionts (also similar communities) 85:4548 Maples, R.S., 1984. The eplpbytic diatom flora of two Sargassum species IS. natans and S. tluitansl. GulfRes. Repts, 7(4):373-375. Dept. of Biol. and Environ. Sci., McNeese State Univ., Lake Charles, LA 70609, USA. 85:4549 Ohno, Masao, 1984. Aigological observation on the floating seaweeds of offshore water of Shikoku Island in Japan. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 50(10):1653-1656. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Mar. Biol. Inst., Kochi Univ., UsaInoshiri, Kochi 781-04, Japan. 85:4550 Umezaki, Isamu, 1984. Ecological [growth I studies of S a r g ~ u m hemlphyUumC. Agardh in Obama Bay, Japan Sea. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 50(10):1677-1683. Lab. of Fish. Res., Div. of Trop. Agricult., Kyoto Univ., 606 Japan.

El00. Nekton (communities; also fish, reptiles, mammals) 85:4551 Digby, S.A., 1984. Remote sensing of drained ice areas around the breathing holes of ice-inhabiting seals. Can. J. Zool., 62(6):1011-1014. RADARSAT Proj. Off., Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, 110 O'Connor St., Suite 200, Ottawa, ON K I P 5M9, Canada. 85:4552 Garshelis, D.L., A.M. Johnson and J.A. Garshelis, 1984. Social organization of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Can. J. Zool, 62(12): 2648-2658. Forest Wildlife Populations and Res. Gr., Minnesota Dept. of Natl. Res., 1201 East Highway 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA.

85:4553 George-Nascimento, Mario, Rodrigio Bustamante and Ciro Oyarzun, 1985. Feeding eoalogy of tile South American sea lion Otar/a flareseen~, food

672

E. BiologicalOceanography contents and food selectivity. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2): 135-143. Dept. de Biol. Ambiental, Pontifica Univ. Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.

85:4554 Gordon, J.D.M. and J.A.R. Duncan, 1985. The ecology of the deep-sea benthic and henthopelagic fish on the slopes of the Rockall Trough, northeastern Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 15(1):3769. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., P.O. Box No. 3, Oban, Argyll, Scotland. 85:4555 Hopkins, T.L. and T.M. Lancraft, 1984. The composition and standing stock of mesopelagic micronekton at 27°N 86°W in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 27:143158.

A series of oblique 0-1000 m tows made with 6.5 m 2 Tucker trawls was used to determine the standing stock of micronekton in June and September, 1981. Semaeostome scyphomedusae, fishes, and crustaceans constituted 48.3%, 34.7% and 12.6%, respectively of total micronekton biomass (5371 kg WW/km2). Semaeostome scyphomedusae, though averaging almost half the WW biomass, were uncommon and occurred in only five tows. Cyclothone spp. fishes were numerically dominant. Faunal diversity was high; diel vertical migration was apparent. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of So. Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA. 85:4556 Reijnders, P.J.H., 1985. On the extinction of the southern Dutch harbour seal population. Biol. Conserv., 31(1):75-84.

The harbour seal population in the southern Netherlands has decreased sharply since about 1953. Causes such as hunting pressure, habitat limitation through construction, disturbance and water pollution, are discussed. As in the Wadden Sea, where the seal population has been studied more intensively, the initial sharpest decrease was caused by overhunting, probably followed by the impact of pollution. Construction has had a secondary effect. Res. Inst. for Nature Mgmt., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. 85:4557 Robertson, A.I. and R.C.J. Lenanton, 1984. Fish community structure and food chain dynamics in the surf-zone of sandy beaches: the role of detached macrophyte detritus. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3):265-283.

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Over a 2.5 year sampling period, surf-zone fish catches from two sandy beaches (with and without detached macrophytes) in Western Australia were analyzed. The number of fish netted was 2 to l0 times higher for the weed beach, with two distinct patterns of species distribution. Certain species were more abundant in weed areas during the day, presumably due to weed-associated feeding and predator refuge, while other species (feeding mainly on infaunal polychaetes and bivalve siphons) were distributed independently of macrophyte detritus. It is suggested that the food chain dynamics of this system are unique. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., PMB No. 3, Townsville, MC, Qld. 4810, Australia. (gsb) 85:4558 S~inchez, P. and B. Moll, 1984. The cephalopods of the Namibian coast (SE Atlantic). Result. Exped. cient., Barcelona, 12:3-22. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Invest. Pesq., Paseo Nac., s/n 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 85:4559 Stein, D.L., 1985. Towing large nets by single warp at abyssal depths: methods and biological results. Deep-Sea Res., 32(2): 183-200.

Techniques and difficulties of towing large trawls from chartered commercial fishing vessels are presented. Five fish species not previously reported off northern California and one species nominally benthic were sampled from midwater depths of 2000-4300 m. Numbers of species, individuals, and weight of fish decreased with depth; decapod crustaceans showed no trends; cephalopods were uncommon at all depths. Coll. of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (mwf) 85:4560 Steltner, Hermann, Sophie Steltner and D.E. Sergeant, 1984. Killer whales, Orcinus orca, prey on narwhals, M o n o d o n monoceros:, an eyewitness account. Can. Fld-Naturalist, 98(4):458-462. Pond Inlet, N.W.T. X0A 0S0, Canada.

El10. Bottom communities 85:4561 Agur, Zvia and J.L. Deneubourg, 1985. The effect of environmental disturbances on the dynamics of marine intertidal populations. Theor. Populat. Biol., 27(1):75-90.

Population dynamics of intertidal molluscs in the Red Sea are studied using a model that alternates

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E. BiologicalOceanography

periods of environmentally harsh and favorable conditions on a time scale similar to the length of juvenile (larval) life stages. The larvae are resistant to disturbances such as wave action which can destroy adult forms. Results suggest that adult population dynamics may be determined by the length of the larval stage. Dept. of Appl. Math., Weizmann Inst. of Sci., Rehovot, 76100 Israel. (mjj) 85:4562 Bodin, Ph., 1984. Meiofauna and harpacticoid copepod communities in the Bay of Douarnenez (Finist~re, France). Annls Inst. oc~anogr., Paris, 60(1):5-17. (In French, English abstract.) Univ. de Bretagne Occidentale, Lab. d'Oceanogr. Biol., 6, Ave Le Gorgeu, 29283 Brest Cedex, France. 85:4563 Briggs, K.B., 1985. Deposit feeding by some deep--sea megabenthos from the Venezuela Basin: selective or non-selective. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(12):127-134.

Particle-size distributions of gut contents and sediments were compared from 3 different sedimentary provinces (3410-5062 m depth). Megabenthic echinoderms from the 2 shallower provinces contained particle-size distributions almost identical to that of the top 5 mm of sediment (conspicuously coarser than sediment > 5 nun deep). Echinoderms from the deepest province held a higher percent of coarse and medium sand-size foraminifers than did surrounding sediment. Data suggest that some bulk deposit feeders skim the surface, selectively ingesting the more nutritive, uppermost layer of sediment in the deep sea. Oceanogr. Div., NORDA, NSTL Station, MS 39529, USA. 85:4564 Cad~e, G.C., 1984. Macrobenthos and macrobenthic remains on the Oyster Ground, North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2):160-178.

Muddy northern sediments had approximately twice the macrobenthic biomass as the sandy southern sediments; Amphiura filiformis characterized the former and Venus gallina the latter. Dead organic carbon comprised most of the sediment organic carbon. The dead molluscan assemblages were different from the living ones; reasons for this difference and implications for the geological record are discussed. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (ahm)

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85:4565 Castel, Jacques, 1984. Influence of bioturbation by the clam (Ruditapes pldlippinmum) on meiobenthic communities. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S6r. 111)299(19):761-764. (In French, English abstract.)

The Japanese clam, a burrowing bivalve, was selectively introduced into experimental enclosures in order to detect its possible influence on the meiobenthic community. Clam bioturbation significantly increased the abundance of nematodes but did not alter the copepod community. This result can be explained by a stimulation of the potential food supply (diatoms and bacteria) and by an increased heterogeneity in the habitat. Inst. de Biol. Mar., Univ. de Bordeaux-I, 33120 Arachon, France.

85:4566 Creed, E.L. and B.C. Coull, 1984. Sand dollar, Mellita quinquiespertorata (Leske), and sea pansy, Reailla reafform/s (Cuvier) effects on meiofaunai abundance [North Inlet, South Carolina]. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3):225-234.

Abundances of nematodes and the harpacticoid copepod Apodopsyllus unguiformis decreased significantly in the presence of sand dollars; other taxa were not affected. In two Renilla experiments, one natural and another where artificial and real Renilla were implanted, no consistent effect on any meiobenthic taxon was determined. However, sediments disturbed by implanting living and artificial Renilla returned to ambient levels within 1 h. Dept. of Mar., Earth, and Atmos. Sci., Box 8208, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

85:4567 De Wilde, P.A.W.J., E.M. Berghuis and A. Kok, 1984. Structure and energy demand of the benthic community of the Oyster Ground, central North Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2):143-159.

A rich Amphiura community was found, dominated by amphiuroids, spatangids, Chaetopterus, callianassids and Arctica. Biomass averaged 25.1 g/m 2 and was predominantly due to large macrofauna (21.4 g/mE), of which 52% were found in the top l0 cm of sediment. Annual benthic respiration was 150 g/m2; the annual organic carbon demand of 46 g/m 2 represented ,~,20% of primary production. Water below the summer thermocline became oxygen deficient (~50% saturation). Muddy sediments had an ETS/R ratio of 2 whereas sandy sediments had a ratio of 7.5. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (mjj)

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85:4568 Desrosiers, G., J.-C.F. Br~thes and B.F. Long, 1984. The effect of a landslide on an Intertidal benthic community on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Oceanologica Acta, 7(2):251-258. (In French, English abstract.) Dept. d'Oceanogr., Univ. du Quebec a Rimouski, PQ, Canada. 85:4569 Dexter, D.M., 1984. Temporal and spatial variability in the community structure of the fauna of four sandy beaches in southeastern New South Wales

[Australia]. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 35(6): 663-672. Dept. of Zool., San Diego State Univ., CA 92182, USA.

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85:4572 Fiala-Medioni, Aline, 1984. Ultrastructural eviden~ of abundance of lntracellular symbiotic bacteria in the gill of bivalve molluscs of deep hydrothermal

vents. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S~r. III)298(17): 487-492. (In French, English abstract.) High concentrations of bacteria (often in the process of dividing) were observed by TEM in the gills of Calyptogena magnifica and a mytilid. The bacteria appeared 'perfectly integrated' in the gill branchial cells suggesting a symbiotic relationship based on chemoautotrophic energy transfer to the host. Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris VI, Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. (msg)

85:4573

85:4570 Ebeling, A.W., D.R. Laur and R.J. Rowley, 1985.

Gittings, S.R., T.J. Bright and E.N. Powell, 1984. Hard-bottom macrofanna of the East Flower

Severe storm disturbances and reversal of community structure in a southern California kelp forest. Mar. Biol., 84(3):287-294.

Garden brine seep [Gulf of Mexico]: impact of a

long-term, sulfurous brine discharge. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 27:105-125.

Storm I (1980) removed all Macrocystis pyrifera canopies but spared most understory kelps, mainly Pterygophora californica. The previously large accumulation of detached drift kelp, mostly M. pyrifera, disappeared; Strongylocentrotas franciscanus and S. purpuratus emerged to find alternative food. Without effective predators, they consumed most living plants, including the surviving understory kelps, and weakened the detritus-based food chain. In 1983, Storm II reversed the process by eliminating exposed urchins, while clearing rock surfaces for widespread kelp settlement and growth. By summer 1984, the kelp again formed extensive canopies. Thus, severe storms may have vastly different effects on community structure, depending on its predisturbance state. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

A brine seep fills a small basin at 72 m depth with anoxic, hypersaline (~200 ppt) water with a high total dissolved sulfide concentration (~1600 #g atoms/L) and flows down a canyon. Excluding the areas of full-strength brine, there is a significant increase in the number of hard-bottom invertebrates approaching the lake and canyon from the adjacent carbonate bank environment. Changes in taxonomic composition along this gradient are determined primarily by changing sulfide concentration and an increase in food supply. Powell: Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA.

85:4571 Faubel, A., 1984. On the abundance and activity pattern of zoobenthos inhabiting a tropical reef area, Ceba, Philippines. Coral Reefs, 3(4):205213. Data are provided regarding the structure and abundance of meiofauna and small macrofauna, especially relative to other seaweed and animal assemblages; diel feeding activities of zoobenthos are discussed. The importance of proteolytic and hydrolytic activities in the decomposition patterns of organic particulate matter is considered. Zool. Inst. und Mus., M.-L. King Platz 3, D-2000 Hamburg 13,

FRO. 0st)

85:4574 Hatcher, B.G., 1984. A maritime accident provides evidence for alternate stable states in benthic communities on coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 3(4): 199-204. The persistence of a stable macroalgal community in a habitat that is usually dominated by microalgae is documented and the possible relationships between the unusual community and the long-term effects of short-term pollution from a nearby shipwreck are discussed. In the absence of wreck-derived influence, the persistence of the macroalgal-dominated community suggests that alternative stable states may be possible. Coral reef community structure may not be totally explicable in terms of prevailing physicochemical and biotic conditions; random historical events may have strong shaping influences. Mar. Biol. Lab., Univ. of Western Australia, P.O. Box 20, North Beach, WA 6020, Australia. (jst)

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85:4575 Lasker, H.R., E.C. Peters and M.A. Coffroth, 1984. Bieaehin=e of reef coelenterates in the San Bias Islands, Panama. Coral Reefs, 3(4):183-190. Bleaching, associated with drastic reductions in zooxanthellae density and with atrophy and necrosis of animal tissue, appeared in 25 species of hermatypic corals, gorgonians, hydrocorals, anemones, and zoanthids in June 1983 following a 2°C rise in water temperature in late May. Species most affected were Agaricia sp., which frequently died, Montastraea annularis, and Millepora spp. Temperatures 31.5°C and higher for 3 weeks and at or above 30°C for an additional 4 weeks most likely caused the bleaching. Dept. of Biol. Sci., SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. (mwf) 85:4576 Menge, B.A., Jane Lubehenco and L.R. Ashkenas, 1985. Diversity, heterogeneity and consumer pressure in a tropical rocky intertidal community. Oecologia, 65(3):394-405. Sessile species number and diversity were positively correlated with substratum heterogeneity on an island shore in the Gulf of Panama. Rock surfaces bore an algal crust, while most other species such as invertebrates and foliose algae were found in holes and crevices where they received protection from some grazers. Exclusion of grazers from rock surfaces allowed growth of foliose algae and invertebrates. As predicted by the 'intermediate disturbance hypothesis,' diversity was highest at intermediate consumer pressure. Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (mjj) 85:4577 Miller, R.J., 1985. Succession in sea urchin and seaweed abundance in Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Biol., 84(3):275-286. Halifax Fish. Res. Lab., Halifax, NS B3J 2S7, Canada. 85:4578 Nodot, Claude et al., 1984. Distribution of benthic blocoenoses in relation to the sedimentologic characteristics of soft substrates. 2. The 'Grande Rade' of Toulon [France]. T~thys, 11(2): 141-153. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biol. des Invert. Mar., Case 901, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France. 85:4579 Segonzac, Genevieve, 1984. Recent calcareous algae (Rhodophyeeae, Chlornphyceae) sampled in the western Indian Ocean. T~thys, 11(2):93-104. (In French, English abstract.) 14, place Dupuy, 31000 Toulouse, France.

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El20. Estuarine, marsh and mangrove communities 85:4580 Bell, S.S., K. Walters and J.C. Kern, 1984. Meiofauna from seagrass habitats: a review and prospectus for future research. Estuaries, 7(4A): 331-338. The literature on meiofauna from temperate and tropical seagrass systems is reviewed and data are presented on meiofauna from subcommunities within a Tampa Bay, Florida seagrass bed--seagrass blades, sediments surrounding individual culms and the water column. Four areas for future research are identified: (1) comparisons of macrofauna and meiofauna from seagrass sites and a description of their trophic interactions; (2) elucidation of relationships between meiofauna and algal epiphytes; (3) monitoring of vertical migration of meiofauna into the water column; and (4) biogeographic comparisons of 1-3 above. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of So. Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA. 85:4581 Dame, R.F., R.G. Zingmark and Elizabeth Haskin, 1984. Oyster reefs as processors of estaarine materials. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 83(3):239-247. In tidal flows passing over it, the oyster reef reduces the amplitude of POC and chlorophyll a signals while increasing the amplitude of the ammonia signal. Observations suggest that oyster reefs have one of the highest reported release rates of ammonia (1680-7250 /~g at. m -2 h-t), and thus are probably important to material cycling in marsh-estuarine ecosystems. The magnitude of POC removal by the oyster reef is many times greater than that expected from biofiltration alone, suggesting that removal due to physical factors may be important. Coastal Carolina Coll., Univ. of So. Carolina, Conway, SC 29526, USA. 85:4582 Fulton, R.S. III, 1985. Predator-prey relationships in an estuarine littoral copepod community. Ecology, 66(0:21-29. Seasonal divergences of planktonic copepod communities in a marine eelgrass bed and adjacent unvegetated channel habitats were observed. During midsummer when Menidia menidia were abundant in the eelgrass bed, pelagic copepod densities were significantly reduced relative to channel abundances. Differences declined overnight, when fish were not feeding, and were reestablished after dawn. In late winter, with the arrival of large numbers of postlarval fish in the eelgrass bed, there was a

676

E. BiologicalOceanography

reduction of juvenile Centropages spp. relative to channel abundances. However, the littoral copepod Pseudodiaptomus coronatus appeared unaffected by the intense predation in the eelgrass bed; its epibenthic habit and cryptic coloration allow P. coronatus to utilize refuges in the littoral habitat. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of North Carolina, 3407 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. 85:4583

OLR (1985)32 (8)

physical processes determine overall habitat conditions and productivity cycles whereas biological processes such as predation and competition define specific community relationships. Concepts are discussed which relate observed sequences of ontogenetic feeding units to food web patterns and geographic differences of population-mlche relationships from one estuary to another. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.

Jackson, D., C.F. Mason and S.P. Long, 1985. Macro-invertebrate populations and production on a saltmarsh in east England dominated by

Spartlna anglica. Oecologia, 65(3):406-411. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK. 85:4584

Kitting, C.L., 1984. Selectivity by dense populations of small invertebrates foraging among seagrass blade surfaces. Estuaries, 7(4A):276-288. Univ. of Texas, Mar. Sci. Inst., Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. 85:4585

Kneib, R.T., 1984. Patterns of invertebrate distribution and abundance in the intertidal salt marsh: causes and questions. Estuaries, 7(4A):392-412. Benthic (sediment invertebrates) and natant (aquatic organisms) components of intertidal marsh communities are described, as are their distribution and abundance patterns in marshes of the southeastern U.S. Possible causes for these patterns are reviewed. Factors of importance other than predation include: density-dependent processes, selective larval settlement or mortality, habitat preferences, and physical disturbance. Original data on infaunal invertebrate distributions in marshes of Sapelo Island, Georgia, are included. Univ. of Georgia Mar. Inst., Sapelo Island, GA 31327, USA. (mjj) 85:4586

Livingston, R.J., 1984. The relationship of physical factors and biological response in coastal seagrass meadows [NE Gulf of Mexico]. Estuaries, 7(4A): 377-390. Complex relationships exist between physical controlling factors and biological response. Such seagrass systems are physically unstable over short periods due to wide ranges of temperature, salinity, and natural water quality conditions. These factors control the distribution and productivity of the seagrasses and algae which constitute the habitat and organic substrate for diverse assemblages. In addition, the benthic plants mediate predator-prey relationships and competitive interactions. Thus,

85:4587 Orth, R.J., K.L. Heck Jr. and Jacques van Montfrans, 1984. Faunal communities in seagrass beds: a review of the influence of plant structure and prey characteristics on predator-prey relationships. Estuaries, 7(4A):339-350. Summarizing studies relating predator-prey relationships to different features of the seagrass system, this review suggests that the abundance of many species is positively correlated with two distinct aspects of plant morphology, the root-rhizome mat and the plant canopy. A scheme that defines the conditions under which any particular species will be abundant or rare in a seagrass assemblage is based on prey and predator characteristics (e.g., epifaunal vs. infaunal, tube-dweller vs. nontube dweller, burrowers vs. nonburrowers, and large vs. small as adult) and on characteristics of the seagrasses (e.g., leaf morphology, shoot density and biomass, bed structural complexity, root-rhizome density and standing crop). VIMS, Sch. of Mar. Sci., Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. 85:4588 Orth, R.J., K.L. Heck Jr. and M.P. Weinstein (eds.), 1984. Faunal relationships in seagram and marsh ecosystems. Seventh biennial conference of the Estuarine Research Federation, October 22-26, 1983, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Special issue. Estuaries, 7(4A):470pp; 16 papers. The seagrass section contains 7 papers dealing with patterns, processes and fauna, including: a review of meiofauna from seagrass habitats; small grazing animals on seagrass blades; latitudinal patterns of decapod and peracarid epifauna; effects of seagrass biomass and structure on predator-prey relationships; effects of larger herbivores; and importance of physical factors and long-term data sets, using Apalachee Bay as a case study. The marsh section contains an additional 7 papers which concern the relationship between marsh ecology and macrofauhal communities, including: causes of invertebrate distribution patterns; high marsh macrofauna; fishes and invertebrates in tidal marsh creeks; and the importance of marshes as nursery areas for fishery

OLR (1985) 32 (8)

E. Biological Oceanography

species. VIMS, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. (mjj) 85:4589 Rader, D.N., 1984. Salt-marsh benthic invertebrates: small-scale patterns of distribution and abundance. Estuaries, 7(4A):413-420.

Samples containing culms of Spartina yielded significantly higher abundances than did samples without; only Nereis succinea did not show this effect. These patterns occurred despite a decreased volume of sediment in samples containing culms. Heightened abundances of benthic invertebrates associated with structural elements at the sedimentwater interface may result from either nonrandom recruitment (either active via recruit selectivity or passive through hydrogeographic effects of culms) or differential post-recruitment mortality (resulting from inhibition of epibenthic predators or from variable habitat quality). Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA. 85:4590 Talbot, C.W. and K.W. Able, 1984. Composition and distribution of larval fishes in New Jersey high marshes. Estuaries, 7(4A):434-443. Zool. Grad. Prog., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. 85:4591 Thayer, G.W., K.A. Bjorndal, J.C. Ogden, S.L. Williams and J.C. Zieman, 1984. Role of larger herbivores in seagrass communities. Estuaries, 7(4A):351-376.

The nutritional ecology of macroherbivores in seagrass meadows and the roles of grazing by urchins, fishes and green turtles in tropical systems and waterfowl in temperate systems are discussed in this review. Only a few species graze on living seagrasses; macroherbivores, however, can have a profound effect on the plants, on other grazers and associated fauna, and on chemical and decompositional processes. Grazing also interrupts the detritus cycle; possible consequences and the enhancement of intersystem coupling are discussed. Beaufort Lab., SEFC, NMFS, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. 85:4592 Turner, Teresa, 1985. Stability of rocky intertidal surfgrass beds: persistence, preemption, and recovery. Ecology, 66(1):83-92.

Experimental removal of Phyllospadix scouleri from 0.25-m 2 plots led to significant increases in algal cover and diversity, suggesting that the surfgrass preempts space from other species. Recovery was

677

slow; seedlings occupied ~ 1% cover after 3 years. The surfgrass beds had high persistence stability, despite slow recovery, because of their high preemptive ability. Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (mwf) 85:4593 Virnstein, R.W., W.G. Nelson, F.G. Lewis III and R.K. Howard, 1984. Latitudinal patterns in seagrass epifaana: do patterns exist, and can they be explained? Estuaries, 7(4A):310-330.

Possible relationships between latitude and seagrass epifaunal diversity, density, size, and susceptibility to predators were sought in data sets from the literature. No consistent patterns could be found, leaving no support for the 'assumptions of hypotheses concerning primary productivity, stability, time, competition, predation and habitat heterogeneity and complexity.' A weak tendency for seagrass production to increase toward the tropics was the only latitudinal gradient revealed. Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., RR 1, Box 196, Fort Pierce, FL 33450, USA. (mjj) 85:4594 Weinstein, M.P., Larry Scott, S.P. O'Neil, R.C. Siegfried II and S.T. Szedlmayer, 1984. Population dynamics of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, in polyhaline tidal creeks of the York River Estuary, Virginia. Estuaries, 7(4A):444-450. Lawler, Matusky and SkeUy, Engineers, One Blue Hill Plaza, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA. 85:4595 Zimmerman, R.J. and T.J. Minello, 1984. Densities of Penaeus aztecus, Penaeus setiterus, and other natant macrofanna in a Texas salt marsh. Estuaries, 7(4A):421-433. Natl. Mar. Fish., Galveston Lab., 4700 Ave. U., Galveston, TX 77550, USA.

El30. Fouling and boring organisms (communities and control) 85:4596 Brault, Solange and Edwin Bourget, 1985. Structural changes in an estuarine subtidal epibenthic [fouling] community: biotic and physical causes. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):63-73.

Colonization and decolonization were higher during summer; intensity of settlement varied from year to year for a given species. Balanus crenatus and Obelia longissima dominated the community and determined much of its physical structure during most of the study period (18 mo.). Biogenic heterogeneity

678

E. Biological Oceanography

created by the dominant species increased the number of both individuals and new species; mechanisms responsible (increase in surface area, new types of substrata, creation of crevices, modification of water movements) are discussed. It is suggested that B. crenatus and O. longissima maintain their dominance using 3 strategies: dense, early, rapid colonization; greater attractiveness for other species than a flat substratum; positive or neutral attractiveness to settling larvae of their own species. Dept. de biol., Univ. Laval, Sainte-Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.

OLR (1985)32 (8)

85:4601

Vald6s Mir6, Vivian, 1984. [Nesting data on birds that breed in Cuba.] Poeyana, 282:27pp. (In Spanish, English abstract.) 85:4602

Valste, Juha and JOrgen Palmgren, 1984. Changes in the numbers and distribution of waders in an ardaipelngo off the southern coast of Finland in 1914-1981. Annls zool. Fenn., 21(3):359-369. Tvarminne Zool. Sta., SF-10850, Tvarminne, Finland. 85:4603

El40. Birds 85:4597

Heath, R.G.M. and R.M. Randall, 1985. Growth of jackass penguin chicks (Spheniscus demersus) hand reared on different diets. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., (A)205(1):91-105. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.

yon Haartman, Lars, 1984. New archipelago birds in the era of water eutrophication [SW Finland], Annls zool. Fenn., 21(3):427-430. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland. 85:4604

Wilson, R.P., 1985. Seasonality in diet and breeding success of the jackass penguin Spheniseus demersus. J. Orn., Lpz., 126(1):53-62.

85:4598

Kilpi, Mikael, 1984. Seasonal movements and dispersai in Finnish herring gulls ~ m'gentntus. Annls zool. Fenn., 21(3):253-257. Zool. Mus. of the Univ., P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland.

El50. Microbiology (communities, processes; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.) 85:4605

85:4599 Lishman, G.S., 1985. The food and feeding ecology of Ad~lie penguins (Pygosce//s ade//ne) and chinstrap penguins (P. antm-cffca) at Siguy Island, South Orkney Islands. J. Zool., Proc. zool. Soc. Lond~ (A)205(2):245-263. Analysis of adult penguin stomach contents (throughout chick-rearing) revealed that Ad61ies ate mostly juvenile Antarctic kriU while chinstraps mainly ate mature krill. The differences in diet may reflect the earlier breeding period of the Ad61ie (one month before the chinstraps) but they also may feed in different areas. Late afternoon chick feedings were most common; adults may feed primarily at night. British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. (ahm)

Bauerfeind, Susanne, 1985. Degradation of phytoplankton detritus by bacteria: estimation of bacterial consumption and respiration in an oxygen chamber. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(12):27-36. Experiments allowed evaluation of the bacterial biomass increase in the absence of predators, without addition of a labelled substrate. The bacteria consumed dissolved substances very rapidly, increasing in biomass by >500 #g C1-~ d -~. Up to 81Y7o of the bacterial gross uptake was respired. Results demonstrate the importance of bacteria as remineralizing organisms in the water column. Inst. fur Meeresk. an der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel 1, FRG. 85:4606

85:4600

Nakamura, Kazue, Hiroshi Hori and Yutaka Osaka, 1983. A mass inland drift of Leach's storm-petrels by a typhoon in the autumn of 1979. Bull. Kanagawa Pref. Mus, Nat. Sci., 14:37-44. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

Biddanda, B.A., 1985. Microbial synthesis of macroparticulate matter. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 20(3): 241-251. Particle formation in filtered seawater occurred only in the presence of bacteria. Bacteria growing at the expense of DOM formed large particles ( > 100 #) by

OLR (1985) 32 (8)

E. Biological Oceanography

aggregation as well as by the aggregation of smaller particles into larger ones (bacterio-particle aggregates) >1 mm. Parallel killed treatments did not show any particle formation. Microbial macroparticulate matter synthesis could be the major pathway by which carbon and energy are transferred from the micro- to the macro-food webs in aquatic ecosystems. Inst. of Ecol., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga 30602, USA.

85:4607 Fukami, K., U. Simidu and N. Taga, 1985. Microbial decomposition of phyto- and zooplankton in seawater. I. Changes in organic matter. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2): 1-5. Fluctuations in the concentrations of various types of organic matter during decomposition of the diatom Skeletonema costatum and the copepod Tigriopus japonicus were investigated under laboratory conditions. During diatom decomposition concentration of particulate protein increased for the first few days in spite of continual decrease in particulate organic carbon (POC); however, for the copepod concentration of particulate protein decreased parallel to that of POC. POC decrease in the copepod body was rather slow, presumably because of the chitinous exoskeleton. Results suggest that detritus, especially phytoplankton derived, becomes nitrogen-rich during early stages of decomposition due to bacterial growth on the detritus. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan.

85:4608 Fukami, K., U. Simidu and N. Taga, 1985. Microbial decomposition of phyto- and zooplankton in seawater. II. Changes in the bacterial community. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):7-13. During phytoplankton (Skeletonema costatum) decomposition, the attached community changed as follows: Pseudomonas-Alcaligenes (Ps) group--~ Acinetobacter-Moraxella (Ac) group --~ Chromogenic (C) group--, Ps* (Ps group with low growth rate). During zooplankton (Tigriopus japonicus) decomposition, on the other hand, the Vibrio (V) group of bacteria predominated at first and the change was as follows: V ---, Ps --~ Ac --, C ~ Ps*. High per-cell specific activity of attached bacteria, observed during the earlier stages of decomposition, gradually decreased to as low as that of free-living bacteria. Results suggest that during the process of decomposing POC, the bacterial community shows a successive change in both generic composition and heterotrophic activity. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan.

679

85:4609 Gains, Walter and Walter Jcdich, 1984. Taxonomy and phylogeny o! fungi. Review. Prog. Bot., 46:274-296. The field of mycology has shown great progress in the last 12 years. Reviewed are recent publications in the areas of fungal speciation, nomenclature, ultrastructure, chemotaxonomy, ecology and geography. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Oosterstr. 1, P.O. Box 273, NL 3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. (m.ij)

85:4610 Kepkay, P.E. and F.~. Andersen, 1985. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of a sediment enriched with Spartina detritus. Mar. EcoL-Prog. Ser., 21(12):153-161. Metabolism of a salt-marsh sediment, kept flooded at constant temperature, was monitored for 30 d after burial of fresh and aged Spartina detritus. CO 2 released by the sediment was 2.0-6.9 times the oxygen taken up, indicating that anaerobic mineralization of organic carbon was predominant. Sulfate reduction accounted for only 21% of the CO 2 production during an initial 8 d period of rapid decomposition, but became more dominant as decomposition slowed, eventually accounting for 77% of the CO 2 produced. The production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its mineralization within the sediment were closely associated; as a result, very little of the DOC escaped into the water column. Instead, it fueled an active anaerobic community, expressed in terms of the large production and upward flux of CO 2. Mar. Ecol. Lab., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

85:4611 Kohlmeyer, Jan, 1984. Tropical marine fungi. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 5(4):329-378. Marine Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes were collected in tropical and subtropical regions (Australia, Belize, Fiji, Hawaii, Marshall Islands, Mexico, New Zealand, Palau, Thailand), and the known range of distribution for these fungi was extended. New species (4), varieties (3), and combinations (2) of Ascomycetes are proposed, and keys to the taxa of Halosarpheia and Lulworthia are presented. Nine new host plants were found. Marine Ascomycetes were discovered for the first time living in shells of Foraminifera. Inst. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of No. Carolina, 3407 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.

680

E. BiologicalOceanography 85:4612

Moriarty, D.J.W. et al., 1985. Microbial biomass and prodnetivity in seagrass beds. Geomicrobiol. J., 4(1):21-51. Production by bacteria and seagrass (Zostera capricorni) in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, was measured and related to N-cycling. Seagrass production averaged 1.28 g C m -2 day -~. Bacterial production measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation averaged 33 nag C m -2 day -~ in sediment and 23 in the water; comparable rates were obtained using 32p incorporation. Sulfate reduction was 10 mmol SO4 m -2 d a y I and methanogenesis was only 5.6 mg CH 4 m -2 day-l. Strictly anaerobic bacteria were the major component of microbial biomass. Interstitial NH 3 ranged 23-71 /~M; daily NH 3 turnover would be required to meet seagrass requirements. Bacteria and bacterial grazers are probably important in recycling of nitrogen. CSIRO Div. of Fish Res., P.O. Box 120, Cleveland, Qld. 4163, Australia. (mjj) 85:4613 Okuzumi, Masayo, Masaishi Awano and Yumi Ohki, 1984. Effects of temperature, pH value and NaC! concentration on histamine formation of N-group bacteria (psychrophilie and halophilic histamine-forming bacteria). Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 50(10):1757-1762. (In Japanese, English abstract.) Tokyo Univ. of Fish., Konan4, Minato, Tokyo 108, Japan. 85:4614

Soto, Yenise, James Robeson and Patricio GarciaTello, 1984. Incidence and metabolic traits of bacteria with hydrophnhic surface present in the neuston of littoral pools. Revta Biol. mar, Univ. Chile, 20(2):127-137. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Bacteria showing surface hydrophobicity were isolated in greater numbers in the neustonic layer than in subsurface layers, and were identified as belonging to the genera Vibrio and Pseudomonas. The bacteria used various sugars, organic polymers and aromatic compounds as carbon sources. GarciaTello: Inst. de Biol., Univ. Catolica de Valparaiso, Casilla 4059, V ,lparaiso, Chile. (msg) 85:4615

Tokura, R., 1984. Sand-inhabiting marine fungi from Japanese beaches. Botanica mar, 27(12):567-569. Direct microscopic examination of sand collected beneath driftwood, combined with 'wood baiting'

OLR(1985)32 (8)

techniques, led to the identification of 18 species of marine fungi. The most common species were Corollospora maritima and other Corollospora species, Arenariomyces trifurcatus, Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides, Lulworthia sp., and an unidentified species. Lab. of Biol., Kyoto Univ. of Educ., Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612, Japan. (mjj)

85:4616 Van der Werf, B. and G. Nieuwland, 1984. Bacterial biomass and respiratory electron transport system activity in the Oyster Ground area (North Sea) in 1981. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18(1-2):71-81. Bacterial electron transport activity and biomass, measured in the fraction smaller than /~m, were higher in September (up to 200 #tool 02 m -3 h ~and 22 mg m 3, respectively) than in May or July. Comparison to total respiration estimates indicated only a minor role for organisms of this size fraction in community respiration. Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. (gsb) 85:4617 Walker, J.D., 1984. Chemical fate of toxic substances: biodegradation of petroleum. Mar. Technol. Soc. J , 18(3):73-86. Methods for estimating number of petroleumtransforming microbes and for estimating or quantifying petroleum biodegradation are critically reviewed. A number of inadequately appreciated factors that can influence the process are discussed including sunlight, plasmids/genes for hydrocarbon degradation, and invertebrates. Petroleum biodegradation in simulated natural environments is compared with that in-situ; recommendations for future research are provided. Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA. 85:4618

Zanial, A. and E.B.G. Jones, 1984. Observations on some Iignicolons marine fungi from Kuwait. Nova Hedwigia, 390-4):569-575. Three Deuteromycotina and nine Ascomycotina are reported for Kuwait coastal waters, the first reports of marine fungi from this region. The most common species are Halosphaeria salina, Antennospora quadricornuta (tropical water species), Cirrenalia macrocephala and Humicola alopallonella (cosmopolitan in distribution). Observations on spore appendage ontogeny in H. salina are reported. Dept. of Bot. and Microbiol., Univ. of Kuwait, Kuwait.

OLR (1985)32 (8)

E. Biological Oceanography

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crustatea, E240-Protozoa) 85:4619

Bedford, A.P. and P.G. Moore, 1985. Macrofaunai involvement in the subllttoral decay of kelp debris: the sea urchin Psamm~ehlnns miliaris (Gmelin) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Estuar. coast. ShelfSci., 20(1): 19-40. Moore: Univ. Mar. Biol. Sta., Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, KA28 0EG, Scotland. 85:4620

Charuchinda, Mickmin and Jorgen Hylleberg, 1984. Skeletal extension of Acropora tormosa at a fringing reef in the Andaman Sea. Coral Reefs, 3(4):215-219. Monthly extension of branches (tagged with wire) averaged 8 cm in 344 days but was twice as fast during the dry NE monsoon, when turbidity was low and light conditions were good for zooxantheUae, than during the wet SW monsoon, when nutrients from runoff and vertical mixing were high but light conditions were poor. Phuket Mar. Biol. Center, P.O. Box 60, Phuket 83000, Thailand. (mwf)

681

85:4623

Fritz, L.W., R.A. Lutz, M.A. Foote, C.L. Van Dover and J.W. Ewart, 1984. Selective feeding and grazing rates of oyster (CrassosUea ~ ) larvae on natural phytoplankton assemblages. Estuaries, 7(4B):513-518. Rutgers Univ., P.O. Box 587, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA. 85:4624

Harriott, V.J., 1985. Mortality rates of sderactinian corals before and during a mass bleaching event. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):81-88. Mass bleaching of shallow-water coral~ was observed at Lizard Island and other locations on the Great Barrier Reef in early 1982. In a patch-reef community mortality rates of scleractinian corals from 4 families were higher during the bleaching period than during the previous year. Bleaching may be the result of penetration of high levels of UV radiation during the time of maximum annual water temperature. Mortality rates varied amongst the coral species studied, and were generally higher in smaller colonies, the rates are comparable with those reported in similar studies of reef-flat and reef-crest habitats. Sir George Fisher Centre for Trop. Mar. Stud., James Cook Univ., Townsville, Australia.

85:4621

Doumenc, D. and A. Foubert, 1984. A microcomputerised method for actinian taxonomy: key to the global genera. Annls Inst. oc~anogr., Paris,

60(1):43-86. (In French, English abstract.) A micro-computerised method has been devised to help identify the 221 known genera of Actiniaria. The taxonomic generic characters are defined with precision. A tabular key with 52 possible items has been made for Actiniaria genera. ERA 957, CNRS Lab. de Biol. des Invert. Mar. et Malacol., Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., 57 rue Cuvier, F 75005 Paris, France. 85:4622

Focardi, Stefano, J.L. Deneubourg and Guido Chelazzi, 1985. How shore morphology and orientation mechanisms can affect the spatial organization of intertidal molluscs. J. theor. Biol., 112(4):771-782. A mathematical model developed for clustering and homing behaviors of Nerita textilis showed that snails could shift from individual to collective strategies depending on hole dimension. The mechanism of trail-following led to differences in spatial distribution such as that observed between sympatric species. Small variations in behavioral parameters could greatly change the behavior of the system. Ist. Nazionale di Biol. della Selvaggina, via Stradelli Guelfi 23/a, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. (mwf)

85:4625

Le Pennec, Marcel, Anne Hily and Albert Lucas, 1984. Special gonadlc ~ of a deep--sea Mytilidae from an eastern Pacific hydrothermai vent. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (Srr. III)299(18): 725-730. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Zool., Univ. de Bretagne Occid., 29283 Brest Cedex, France. 85:4626

Le Pennec, Marcel and Daniel Prieur, 1984. Observations on the nutrition of a Myttlldae from a hydrothermal vent of the East Pacific Rise. C. r. Acad. Sei., Paris, (Srr. III)298(17):493-498. (In French, English abstract.) Bacteria found on the surface of and inside the epithelium lining the gill filaments 'confirm a nutritive role for the gills' in this Myrilidae. Bacteria as well as diatoms from the euphoric zone were identified in the digestive tract. Lab. de Zool., Univ. de Bretagne Occid., 6, Ave. Le-Gorgeu, 29283 Brest Cedex, France. (msg) 85:4627

Lessios, H.A. et al., 1984. Mass mortality of Diadema anff//arum on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs, 3(4): 173-182.

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Populations of D. antillarum were reduced by >90% in the San Bias Islands, and decreased from 14,000/ha in June 1982 to 0.5/ha in May 1983 at Punta Galeta. Mean test diameter was reduced from 48.6 to 25.0 nun. Mortality appeared to be due not to physical stress but to a species-specific water-borne pathogen of unknown origin. Recovering adults appeared a month or so after the event, presumably because 'with their spines broken and their tube-feet flaccid, they...[were] unable to emerge from hiding' until they recovered. Smithsonian Trop. Res. Inst., Box 2072, Balboa, Panama. (mwf) 85:4628 Ohta, Suguru, 1984. Star-shaped feeding traces produced by echiuran worms on the deep-sea floor of the Bay of Bengal. Deep-Sea Res., 31(12): 1415-1432.

On the basis of photographic observations and observations of shallow-water forms, several of the ten types of feeding traces can be ascribed to the foraging of deep-sea echiuran worms; at least four types are probably produced by deep-sea bonellid worms. A geometrical model experiment simulating the feeding behavior of a bonellid worm suggested simple behavioral principles which afford maximum utilization of the surface area around a central hole with least expenditure of energy. The prediction of the maximum number of spokes for a given aspect of spokes agreed well with those observed, both utilizing about 76% of the fresh sediment surface within the span of the proboscis around a central hole. Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo, Minamidai 1-15-1, Nakano, Tokyo 164, Japan. 85:4629 Olson, R.R., 1985. The consequences of shortdistance larval dispersal in a sessile marine invertebrate. Ecology, 66(1):30-39.

The colonial ascidian-algal symbiosis Didemnum molle occurs in large numbers on shallow patch reefs in the lagoon at Lizard Island, Australia; largest populations occur on the upstream ends of the patch reefs. Larvae dispersed invariably downstream in the direction of the water current and generally settled in 10-15 min when given a suitable substratum (dark surface). Larvae denied a suitable substratum for 40 rain settled rapidly when provided with a dark surface, suggesting that when larvae encounter a reef after drifting over sand flats they probably settle immediately. The settlement pattern that results from an inferred dispersal model describes the upstream distribution of adult D. molle colonies on patch reefs in the lagoon. Biol. Lab. 399, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

OLR(1985)32(8)

85:4630 Rodhouse, P.G., C.M. Roden, M.P. Hensey and T.H. Ryan, 1985. Production of mussels, Mytilus edu//s, in suspended culture and estimates of carbon and nitrogen flow: Klllary Harbour, Ireland. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 65(1):55-68. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.

85:4631 Southward, A.J., 1984. Fluctuations In the 'indicator' chaetognaths Sagitta elegans and Sggitta setosa in the western [English] Channel. Oceanologica Acta, 7(2):229-239. (In French, English abstract.) Mar. Biol. Assoc., The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, South Devon PLI 2PB, UK. 85:4632 Thompson, T.E. and D.M. Crampton, 1984. Biology of Melibe flmbriatg a conspicuous opisthobranch mollusc of the Indian Ocean, which has now invaded the Mediterranean Sea. J. molluscan Stud., 50(2):113-121.

An account is given of an influx of swimming Melibe fimbriata into the Ionian Sea inlet of Astakos in September 1982. This large opisthobranch slug (up to 140 mm in length) has probably entered the Mediterranean via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. A brief description is also given of the only other Melibe of the Atlantic Ocean, M. rosea, to facilitate recognition of M. fimbriata. Melibe rosen is smaller (up to 50 mm in length), and lives under boulders in shallow water; it cannot swim. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Bristol, UK. 85:4633 Vink, S. and M.J. Atkinson, 1985. High dissolved C:P excretion ratios for large benthic marine invertebrates. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2): 191-195. In 13 species of large benthic invertebrates, CO 2 respiration and P excretion per dry weight decreased as animal size increased. A closer relation was found between CO2 respiration and P excretion than between either and dry weight. The mean C:P excretion ratio, 609:1, is higher than O:P ratios for zooplankton, probably reflecting detritus or macrophyte food sources which have substantially higher C:P ratios than phytoplankton or bacteria. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Western Australia Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. 85:4634 Zibrowius, Helmut, Vasco Monteiro Marques and Manfred Grasshoff, 1984. The distribution of

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E230. Crustacea

would reduce yield per recruit. All regulation changes in size and reduction in fishing mortality would increase total egg production. Increasing recruit size by one molt increment is the most effective regulation option, especially where the current recruit size is one molt below the onset of egg production. Fish. Res. Br., Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada.

85:4635 Bamber, R.N., 1985. The autecology of Cyathura car/nata (Crustacea: Isopoda) in a cooling water discharge lagoon. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 65(1): 181-194. Mar. Biol. Unit, C.E.G.B., Fawley, Southampton SO4 ITW, UK.

85:4641 Casalta, L.L., Michel Olle, Andr6e Blach6re and H.J. Ceccaldi, 1984. Sterols and fluoride of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia snperba Dana (Crustacea). T~thys, 11(2):127-132. (In French, English abstract.)

85:4636 Boulton, A.J. and Brenton Knott, 1984. Morphological and electrophoretic studies of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea) of the Perth region, Western Australia. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 35(6): 769-783. Dept. of Zool., Monash Univ., Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia.

Two main sterols were quantitatively determined: cholesterol, 75 to 80% according to the sampling sites, and desmosterol, 15 to 19%. Six other sterols were present in much lower proportions. Maximum fluoride content was in the exoskeleton (1370 to 1390 ppm/dry weight), although there was considerable content in the flesh. Lab. du Serv. de la Repression, 2, rue Saint-Pierre, 34000 Montpellier, France.

Coraillum rubrum in the Atlantic (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Gorgonaria). T~thys, 11(2):163-170. (In French, English abstract.) Sta. mar. d'Endoume, Rue Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille France.

85:4637 Bradley, D.J. and R.B. Forward Jr., 1984. Phototaxis of adult brine shrimp, Artenffa sallna. Can. J. Zool., 62(12):2357-2359. Duke Univ. Mar. Lab., Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. 85:4638 Bruce, A.J. and D.A. Cropp, 1984. A redescription of Periclimenes yaldwyni Holthuis ( Brachycarpus andouini Bate, 1888, Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) and its occurrence in Australian waters. Pacif. Sci., 38(3): 189-198. Northern Territory Mus., Div. of Nat. Sci., P.O. Box 4646, Darwin 5794, Australia. 85:4639 Bucklin, A. and N.H. Marcus, 1985. Genetic differentiation of populations of the planktonic copepod Labidocera aestiva. Mar. Biol., 84(3): 219-224. Mar. Biol. Res. Div., Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. 85:4640 Campbell, Alan, 1985. Application of a yield and egg-per-recruit model to the lobster fishery in the Bay of Fundy. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt, 5(1):91-104. Substantial reductions in fishing mortality from current levels would be required to maximize yield per recruit. Raising recruit size or apphcation of a 'closed window' size regulation would increase yield per recruit, but application of a maximum size regulation concurrent with the present recruit size

85:4642 Cockcroft, A.C. and W.D. Emmerson, 1984. The effect of temperature on the growth, development and survival of Macropetasma atr/canus (Balss) (Penaeoidea: Penaeidae) larvae reared in the laboratory. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3):203-210. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth, 6000 Republic of South Africa. 85:4643 Conley, W.J. and J.T. Turner, 1985. Omnivory by the coastal marine copepods Centropages hamatus and Labidoeera aestiva. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2): 113-120. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of So. Florida, 140 Seventh Ave. So., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA. 85:4644 de Freitas, A.J., 1984. The Penaeoidea of southeast Africa. I. The study area and key to the southeast African species. Investl Rept, oceanogr. Res. Inst., Durban, 56:31pp. Thirty-seven species of the superfamily Penaeoidea, excluding the family Benthesicymidae, have been recorded in the waters of southeast Africa from the Rovuma River in the north to the Kei River in the south. In this first of five monographs, the study area is described in general; more details are given for Delagoa Bay where most of the biological work was done between 1971 and 1973. The typical life-cycle is

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briefly described; a key to the families (including Benthesicymidae), genera and species is presented.

Stud., Univ. of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA.

85:4645 de Freitas, A.J., 1984. The Penaeoidea of southeast Africa. V. The family Sicyoniidae. Investl Rept, oceanogr. Res. Inst, Durban, 60:1-12.

85:4650 Falk-Petersen, Stig, 1985. Growth of the euplmusiids Thysanoessa inermis, Thysanoessa raschii, and Megaayctiphanes norvegica in a subarctic fjord, north Norway. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 42(1): 1422. Inst. of Fish., Univ. of Tromso, P.O. Box 3083, 9001 Tromso, Norway.

This final monograph of the series on the Penaeoidea of southeast Africa deals with a single family, the Sicyoniidae. Only two species, Sicyonia lancifera and S. longicauda, were found in the study area; both are fully described and illustrated. 85:4646 du Preez, H.H,, 1984. Molluscan predation by OvMipes punctatus (De Haan) (Crustacea: Brachym'a: Portunidae). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(1):55-71. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa. 85:4647 Dyer, M.F., 1985. The distribution of Hyas araneus (L.) and Hyas coarctatus Leach (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) in the North Sea and the Svalburd region. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 65(1): 195-201. Water Res. Centre, Stevenage Lab., Elder Way, Hertfordshire SG1 1TH, UK. 85:4648 Ennis, G.P., 1985. An assessment of the impact of size limit and exploitation rate changes on egg production in a Newfoundland lobster [Homarus met/c.anus] population. N. Am. J. Fish. Mgmt, 5(1):86-90. An increase in minimum legal size from 81 to 89 mm carapace length at the current exploitation rate of ~80% would result in a 144% increase in eggs produced per female recruit; at the present size limit, a reduction in exploitation rate to 60% would result in a 90% increase. Together, both changes would result in a 270% increase in eggs per recruit. About 49% of the eggs are produced by pre-recruit animals under existing conditions in this fishery. Stockrecruitment in lobsters and whether or not increased egg production in a population will result in increased recruitment are discussed. Fish. Res. Br., Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's NF A I C 5XI, Canada. 85:4649 Epifanio, C.E. and A.I. Dittel, 1984. Seasonal abundance of brachyuran crab larvae in a tropical estuary: Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, Central America. Estuaries, 7(4B):501-505. Coll. of Mar.

85:4651 Fenwick, G.D., 1984. Life-history tactics of brooding Crustacea. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3):247-264. Studies on the population biologies of four amphipods and a myodocopid ostracod from an unpredictable habitat at Kaikoura, New Zealand, provide a test of current theories of life-history tactics. Species habitat stabilities and mortality risks were both greatest at the sand surface, decreasing with sediment depth. Population parameters confirm the ranking, but comparisons with species' combinations of life-history traits do not fit predictions of the various theories. Failure is principally due to phylogenetic constraints, the lack of viable genetic alternatives for a trait. A new theory that recognizes the possibility of several equally successful combinations of traits in a given situation and that incorporates recent ideas on growth rates, body size and size-specific mortality is required. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 85:4652 Froglia, Carlo and Stefano Giannini, 1984. Pelagic shrimps of the Adriatic Sea. (Crustacea Decapoda Natantia). Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat. Milan, 125(1-2):49-60. Giannini: Ist. di Ricerche sulla Pesca Marit., Molo Mandracchio, 60100 Ancona, Italy. 85:4653 Fulton, John and Robin LeBrasseur, 1984. Euplmusiids of the continental shelf and slope of the Pacific coast of Canada. Mer, Tokyo, 22(34):268-276. Twelve species were identified; the 3 most abundant, Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa longipes and T, spinifera, were measured and their regional distributions were determined. Catches of euphausiids greater than 3 g/m 2 (the amount required to support Commercial harvesting), achieved at approximately a fifth of the sampling locations, tended to be toward the south end of the Queen Charlotte Islands and near the inshore end of submarine canyons. Dept. of

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685

Fish. and Oceans, Pacific Biol. Sta., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5K6, Canada.

Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.

85:4654 Galois, R.G., 1984. Variations in lipid composition during viteliogenesis in the prawn Penaeus indicus Miine Edwards. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(2):155-166. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biochim. et Ecol. des Invert. mar., URA CNRS 41, Sta. mar. d'Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France.

Goeke, G.D. and R.W. Heard Jr., 1984. A review of the genus Clythrocerus (Brachyura: Dorippidae) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico with notes on Clytlmmerus sthnpsoni. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(4): 351-355. Fish. and Parasitology Sect., Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.

85:4655 George, V.S., 1985. Demographic evaluation of the influence of temperature and salinity on the copopod Eurytemora berdmfmi. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):145-152. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. 85:4656 Gill, C.W., 1985. The response of a restrained copepod [Temora longicomis] to tactile stimulation. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Set., 21(1-2):121-125. Centre d'Etudes d'Oceanogr, et de Biol. Mar., CNRS, F-29211 Roscoff, France. 85:4657 Gleason, D.F. and R.J. Zimmerman, 1984. Herbivory potential of postlarval brown shrimp [Penaeus

aztecus] associated with salt marshes. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3):235-246. Plant materials fed to shrimp included Skeletonema costatum, Isochrysis sp., Spartina detritus, and Spartina epiphytes in a total of 16 different treatments. After 16 days the greatest increases in length and weight occurred in those treatments containing Skeletonema, followed by Spartina epiphytes exclusive of Skeletonema. Shrimp growth did not occur in beakers with (1) no food, (2) Isochrysis sp. or Spartina detritus alone or (3) Isochrysis and detritus in combination. Ecdysis occurred in all treatments, except where no food was present, including those in which there was no measurable growth. Results indicate that planktonic diatoms and Spartina epiphytes are potential sources of nutrition for postlarval Penaeus aztecus. Univ. of Houston, Mar. Sci. Prog., 4700 Ave. U., Galveston, TX 77550, USA. 85:4658 Goeke, G.D. and R.W. Heard Jr., 1984. Amphipods of the family Ampoliseidae (Gammarldea). III. Ampelisca paralmclfica, a new species of amphipod from the western North Atlantic with the designation of a substitute name for A. escbrlchtli pacifica Gurjanova, 1955. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(4):331-337. Fish. and Parasitology Sect., Gulf

85:4659

85:4660 Goeke, G.D. and R.W. Heard Jr., 1984. Amphipods of the family Ampeliscidae (Gammaridea). IV. Infraspecific variation in Ampelisca agassizl. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(4):393-395. Fish. and Parasitology Sect., Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA. 85:4661 Gore, R.H., 1984. Abyssal lobsters, genus Wiile. moesia (Palinura, Polychelidae), from the Venezuela Basin, Caribbean Sea. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., 136:1-11. 288-2 Winner Circle, The Glades, Naples, FL 33942, USA. 85:4662 Gotelli, N.J-., S.L. Gilchrist and L.G. Abele, 1985. Population biology of Trapezia spp. and other coral-associated decapods. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):89-98. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. 85:4663

Guidi, L.D., 1984. The effect of food composition on ingestion, development, and survival of a harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe cucumariae Humes. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(2):101-110. Lab. Arago, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. 85:4664 Harrison, K., 1984. The morphology of the sphoeromatid brood pouch (Cnlstacea: Isopoda: Sphoeromatidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 82(4):363-407. Dept. of Zool., The Univ., Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. 85:4665

Heath, D.J. and A.A. Khazaeli, 1985. Population dynamics of the estuarine isopod Sphaeroma rugicauda. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 20(1):105116. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQ, UK.

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85:4666 Heinrich, A.K., 1984. Intra-annual variability of Copepoda numbers in oceanic communities. Okeanologiia, 24(6):999-1002. (In Russian, English abstract.) A comparison of copepod populations in the Sargasso Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Polar Basin showed no significant difference in numbers in the 0-500 m layer or deeper. 0It) 85:4667 Henmi, Yasuhisa, 1984. The description of wandering behavior and its occurrence varying in different tidal areas in Macrophthaimus japonicus (De Haan) (Crustacea: Ocypodidae). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3): 211-224. Dept. of Biol., Kyushu Univ., Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812, Japan. 85:4668 Humes, A.G., 1984. Benthoxynus spicul~fer n.gen., n.sp. (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with Vestimentffera (Pogonophora) at a deep-water geothermal vent off the coast of Washington. Can. J. Zool., 62(12):2594-2599. Benthoxynus spiculifer, n.gen., n.sp. associated with Vestimentifera, is distinguished from Dirivultus and Ceuthoecetes, the other two genera of the Dirivultidae, as follows: in the female by the 18-segmented first antenna with an aesthete on segment 17, by 3 terminal setae on the second antenna, and by the absence of an inner seta on the first segment of the endopod of leg 3; in the male by the I 1-segmented first antenna with an aesthete on segment 10 and a large process with serrate tip on segment 6, and leg 5 reduced to 2 setae, without a free segment. BUMP, MBL, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 85:4669 Ikeda, T., P. Dixon and J. Kirkwood, 1985. Laboratory observations of moulting, growth and maturation in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Polar Biol., 4(1):1-18. Australian Antarctic Div., Dept. of Sci. and Tech., Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7150, Australia. 85:4670 Kirkwood, G.P. and I.F. Somers, 1984. Growth of two species of tiger prawn, Penaeus esculentus and P. sem/su/c~tus, in the western Gulf of Carpentaria [Australia]. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 35(6):703-712. Div. of Fish. Res., CSIRO Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.

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85:4671 Macpherson, E., 1984. Decapod crustaceans from the Valdivia Bank; southeast Atlantic. Result. Exped. cient., Barcelona, 12:39-105. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Invest. Pesq. de Barcelona, Paseo Nac., s/n 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 85:4672 Macquart-Moulin, Claude, 1984. The nocturnal pelagic phase and the migratory behaviours of benthic mphipods (NW Mediterranean). T~thys, 11(2):171-196. (In French, English abstract.) Dusk-to-dawn plankton hauls in the Gulf of Marseille revealed three migratory amphipod groups distinguished by their distribution patterns: benthohyponeustonic species (almost always adult males) in the uppermost layer; benthoplanktonic species throughout the water column; and mixed species distributed differently at varying times and station depths. Nocturnal distribution patterns were not related to diurnal behavior. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France. (msg) 85:4673 McBane, C.D. and R.A. Croker, 1984. Some observations on the life history of the amphipod crustacean, Hyale niissoni (Rathke), in New Hampshire. Estuaries, 7(4B):541-545. Jackson Estuar. Lab., Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. 85:4674 Mielke, Wolfgang, 1984. [Interstitial fauna from Galapagos. XXXI, Paramesochridae (Harpacticoida).l Microfauna Mar., 1:63-147. (In German, English abstract.) 85:4675 Muraoka, Kensaku, 1983. Larva of Tdtodymunla horvatM Nobili (Crostacea, Brachym'a, Plnnotheridae) from Tokyo Bay [Japanl. Bull. Kanagawa Pref. Mus., Nat. Sci., 14:27-35. (In Japanese, English abstract.) 85:4676 O'Hara, S.C.M., A.C. Neal, E.D.S. Corner and A.L. Pulsford, 1985. Interrelationships of cholesterol and hydrocarbon metahoHsm in the shore crab, CKeinus. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K, 65(1):113-131. The Lab., Mar. Biol. Assoc., Citadel Hill, Plymouth PLI 2PB, UK. 85:4677 Parker, J.G., 1984. The distribution of the subtidal Amphipoda in Belfast Lough in relation to

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E. Biological Oceanography

sediment types. Ophelia, 23(2):119-140. Fish. Res. Lab., 38 Castleroe Rd., Coleraine, BT51 3RL, Northern Ireland. 85:4678

Peyrot-Clausade, M., 1984. Brachyura and Anomura cryptofanna of the great reef of Tuiear [SW Madagascarl. Annls Inst. oc~anogr., Paris, 60(1): 29-41. (In French, English abstract.) Sta. mar. d'Endoume, F 13007 Marseille, France. 85:4679

Rabalais, N.N. and J.N. Cameron, 1985. Physiological and morphological adaptations of adult Uca subcylinddca to semi-arid environments. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 168(I): 135-146. Louisiana Univ. Mar. Consort., Star Route Box 541, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA. 85:4680

Rabalais, N.N. and J.N. Cameron, 1985. The effects of factors important in semi-arid environments on the early development of Uca subcyliudrica. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 168(1):147160. Louisiana Univ. Mar. Consort., Star Route Box 541, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA. 85:4681

Reid, D.G. and E. Naylor, 1985. Free-running, endogenous semilunar rhythmicity in a marine isopod crustacean [Eurydice puichra]. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 65(1):85-91. Sch. of Animal Biol., Univ. Coll. of No. Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK. 85:4682

Roff, J.C., K.G. Davidson, Gerhard Pohle and M.J. Dadswell, 1984. Guide to the marine flora and fauna of the Bay of Fundy and Scotian Shelf: larval Decapoda: Brachyura. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1322:57pp. Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada. 85:4683

Roff, J.C., L.P. Fanning and A.B. Stasko, 1984. Larval crab (Decapoda: Brachyura) zoeas and megalopas of the Scotian Shelf. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1264:21pp. Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada. 85:4684

Schram, F.R., 1984. Relationships within eumalacostracan Crastacea. Trans. San Diego Soc. nat. Hist., 20(16):301-312. Cladistic analysis based on 31 characters of external anatomy suggested: (1) while the basic outline of

687

Calman's (1904) taxonomy of Eumalacostraca might be utilized, the arrangement within peracarids postulated by Slewing (1956) cannot be maintained; (2) the Baupl(me approach of Schram (1981) has some merit and some of the controversial higher taxonomic groupings indicated by that method are vindicated; (3) the idea that the carapace is a derived feature within eumalacostracans, advanced by Dahl (1983), can be maintained only if a high level of homoplasy is tolerated; (4) the concept of a taxon Mysidacea seems best abandoned. San Diego Nat. Hist. Mus., P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA 92112, USA. 85:4685

Sieg, JOrgen, 1984. INew knowledge of the Tanaidacea. A phylogenetic study.I Zoologica, 46(136): 132pp. (In German.) 85:4686

Somers, I.F. and G.P. Kirkwood, 1984. Movements of tagged tiger prawns, Penaeus spp., in the western Gulf of Carpentaria [Australia]. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 35(6):713-723. Div. of Fish. Res., CSIRO Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 120, Cleveland, Qld. 4163, Australia. 85:4687 Stock, J.H., 1985. A new poecilustomatoid copepod [Solitaricola bipes n.gen., n.sp.I associated with solitary deep-water corals. Hydrobiologia, 120(2):129-132. Inst. of Taxon. Zool., Univ. of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 20125, 1000 HC Amsterdam, Netherlands. 85:4688

Suthers, I.M., 1984. Functional morphology of the mouthparts and gastric mill in Penaeus plebejus Hess (Decapoda: Penaeidea). Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 35(6):785-792. Dept. of Biol., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. 85:4689

Turner, J.T., P.A. Tester and W.J. Conley, 1984. Zooplankton feeding ecology: predation by the marine cyclopoid copepod Corycaeus amazonicns F. Dahl upon natural prey. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(2):191-202. NMFS, NOAA, SEFC, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. 85:4690

Ulltang, Oyvind, Lilia Brinca and Cristina Silva, 1980. A preliminary assessment of the shallow water prawn stocks off Mozambique, north of Beira. Revta Investnes Pesq., Mozambique, 1: 69pp. Inst. of Mar. Res., Bergen, Norway.

688

E. Biological Oceanography

85:469t Vadon, C., 1984. Ecology and polychromatism of Sirpus zariquieyi Gordon, 1953 (Crustacea Brachyura Pirimelidae) of the Mediterranean shore. Annls Inst. oc~anogr., Paris, 60(1):95-99. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biol. des Invert. mar. et Malacologie, 55, rue de Buffon, F 75005 Paris, France. 85:4692 W/tgele, J.W., 1985. Observations on nutrition and ultrastructure of digestive tract and fat body of the giant paranthurid Acealathnra gigantissima Kussakin. Polar Biol., 4(1):33-43. Univ. Oldenburg, Fachbereich 7, Arbeitsgruppe Zoomorph., Postfach 2503, D-2900 Oldenburg, FRG. 85:4693 Walton, W.E., 1985. Factors regulating the reproductive phenology of Onychodiaptomns birgei (Copepoda: Calanoida). Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(1):167-179. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. 85:4694 Wildish, D.J., 1984. Secondary production of four sublittoral, soft-sediment amphipod populations in the Bay of Fundy. Can. J. Zool., 62(6): 10271033. Fish. and Environ. Sci. Div., Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada. 85:4695 Wong, C.K. and W.G. Sprules, 1985. Size-selective feeding by the predatory copepod Epischura laeustris Forbes. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 42(1): 189-193. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Toronto, Erindale Campus, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. 85:4696 Z~higa, Oscar, Rodolfo Wilson and Enrique Oyarce, 1984. The excretion of ammonia in rock shrimp Rhynehocinetes typns under laboratory conditions (Crustacea: Decapoda: Rhynchocinetidae). Revta Biol. mar., Univ. Chile, 20(2):113-126. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Oyarce: Inst. de Invest. Oceanol., Univ. de Antofagasta, Casilla 1240, Antofagasta, Chile.

E240. Protozoa (except E250-Foraminifera, Radiolaria and Tintinnida) 85:4697 Andersen, P. and T. Fenchel, 1985. Bacterivory by mlcroheterotrophic flagellates in seawater sampies. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30(1):198-202.

OLR (1985) 32 (8)

Changes in the population sizes of bacteria and of heterotrophic microflagellates in seawater during the first 30-60 h after sampling indicate that these protozoa control bacterial numbers in-situ. In the samples studied, an average flagellate will clear 1-2 × 10 5 mL h -~ (15°C). If this result is extrapolated to other areas, typical concentrations of microflagellates in the sea suggest that between 5 and 250% of the water column is cleared of bacteria per day. Bacterial numbers above about 106 mL ~ will sustain flagellate growth. Dept. of Ecol. and Genetics, Univ. of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintinnida, e t c . (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS)

85:4698 Arnold, A.J., Felicita d'Escrivan and W.C. Parker, 1985. Predation and avoidance responses in the Foraminifera of the Galapagos hydrotherlnal mounds. J. foram. Res., 15(1):38-42. Analysis of drilling predation patterns on Galapagos Foraminifera reveals that the predator is highly species-selective in its choice of prey, feeding almost exclusively on the most abundant foram species, Siphouvigerina auberiana. Drillings occur in 27% of the individuals, most specimens show multiple holes, and the prey rarely survive attacks. Evidence is presented suggesting predator avoidance behavior in S. auberiana, as well as behavioral countermeasures on the part of the predator, most likely the juvenile stage of a naticid gastropod. Dept. of Geol., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA. 85:4699 Hughes, G.W., 1985. Recent Foraminifera and selected biometrics of Heterostegina from Ontong Java Atoll, Solomon Islands, southwest Pacific. J. foram. Res., 15(1): 13-17. The occurrence of 56 species of Foraminifera in Hafimeda gravels provides a characteristic assemblage from 31 to 38 m water depth. Presence of Amphistegina sp. and Heterostegina depressa resembles that recorded in similar western Pacific lagoons. The absence of Opercufina sp. and rare occurrence of Calcarina hispida and Anomalinella rostrata resembles that recorded from Onotoa lagoon. Protoconch size in H. depressa was roughly half that observed in specimens from the Gulf of Elat. Robertson Res. Intl., Ty'n-y-Coed, Llanrhos, Gwynnedd, LL30 1SA, N. Wales, UK.

OLR(1985)32 (8)

E. BiologicalOceanography 85:4700

Jones, R.W., 1984. A revised classification of unilocular Nodosariida and Buliminida (Foraminifera).

Revta esp. Micropaleont., 16(1-3):91-160.

689

complex interactions between environmental factors including the overlying water masses, the substrate, and ecosystem dynamics. Atlantic Geosci. Centre, Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (jst)

85:4701

Loeblich, A.R. Jr. and Helen Tappan, 1985. Rnpertianella, new name for Pseudotriloculina Rasheed, 1971, non Cberif, 1970 (Miliolacea). J. foram. Res., 15(1):p.52. Dept. of Earth and Space Sci., UCLA, CA 90024, USA. 85:4702

Qvale, Gunnbjerg and Rajiv Nigam, 1985. Bolivina skagerrakensis, a new name for Bolivina cf. B. robusta, with notes on its ecology and distribution. J. foram. Res., 15(1):6-12. Inst. for Geol., P.O. Box 1047, Blindern 0316 Oslo 3, Norway. 85:4703 Takahashi, Kozo and A.W.H. B6, 1984. Planktonic Foraminifera: factors controlling sinking speeds. Deep-Sea Res., 31(12): 1477-1500. Sinking speed is governed primarily by shell weight and presence/absence of spines. Progressive shell thickening during growth accounts for some of the higher sinking speeds. Sinking speeds of the spinose species are approximately 3-fold slower than those of non-spinose species. Based on data from plankton tows, most planktonic Foraminifera ~ 150 #m reach the mean ocean depth of 3800 m in 3 to 12 days. Estimates suggest that Foraminifera are out of Stokes' sinking range. Reynolds number and drag coefficients are negatively well correlated, indicating that drag is one of the important controlling factors in the sinking regime. WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. 85:4704 Taylor, S.H., R.T. Patterson and H.-W. Choi, 1985. Occurrence and reliability of internal morphologic features in some Glandulinidae (Forami-

niferida). J. foram. Res., 15(1):18-23. Dept. of Earth and Space Sci, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. 85:4705 WiUiamson, M.A., 1985. Recent foraminiferal diver° sity on the continental margin off Nova Scotia, Canada. J. foram. Res., 15(1):43-51.

Benthic Foraminifera diversity was examined using four diversity characteristics: Shannon-Weiner index, equitability, species number, and Fisher index; the spatial distributions of these indices identified four distinct areas on the continental margin. The observed trends in diversity suggest

E260.

Macrophytes (algae,

grasses, etc.) 85:4706

Aranda, J., F.X. Niell and J.A. Fermindez, 1984. Production of Aspamgopsis armata (Harvey) in a thermally-stressed intertidal system of low tidal amplitude. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(3):285-295.

Primary production of Asparagopsis armata (Harvey) was estimated by means of a tentative demographic method based on the Allen's survival curves. Results have been compared with those obtained by two other methods: biomass difference with time and short-term oxygen evolution. These methods give, respectively, under-estimates and over-estimates of production values. Dept. of Ecol., Univ. of Malaga, Camino de la Misericordia s/n, Malaga 4, Spain. 85:4707

Breeman, A.M., S. Bos, S. van Essen and L.L. van Mulekom, 1984. Light-dark regimes in the intertidal zone and tetrasporangial periodicity in the red alga Rhodochorton purpurenm. Helgol~nder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):365-387. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Rijksuniv. Groningen, P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren (Gn), Netherlands. 85:4708

Brouns, J.J.W.M., 1985. The plastochrone interval method for the study of the productivity of seagrasses; possibilities and limitations. Aquat.

Bot., 21(1):71-88. Lab. of Aquat. Ecol., Catholic Univ., Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands. 85:4709 Bulthuis, D.A., G.W. Brand and M.C. Mobley, 1984. Suspended sediments and nutrients in water ebbing from seagrass--covered and denuded tidal mudflats in a southern Australian embayment.

Aquat. Bot., 20(3-4):257-266. From both types of mudflats, concentrations of suspended solids, phosphorus and silicate increased during the last hour of ebb tide with maxima in concentrations 0.5-1 h before slack water ebb; concentrations were higher in water ebbing from the denuded mudflats. Nitrogen increased significantly during a night-time ebb; light-dependent biological

690

E. BiologicalOceanography

uptake is implicated. Mar. Sci. Lab., P.O. Box 114, Queenscliff, Vict. 3225, Australia. 85:4710 Cambridge, M., A.M. Breeman, R. van Oosterwijk and C. van den Hoek, 1984. Temperature responses of some North Atlantic C/adophom species (Chlorophyceae) in relation to their geographic distribution. Helgoll|nder Meeresunters, 38(3-4):349-363. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren (Gn), Netherlands. 85:4711 Cambridge, M.L. and A.J. McComb, 1984. The loss of seagrasses in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. I. The time course and magnitude of seagrass decline in relation to industrial development. Aquat. Bot., 20(3-4):229-243. Dept. of System. Bot., Biol. Centre of the State Univ., P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. 85:4712 Greenwell, M., C.J. Bird and J. McLachlan, 1984. Depth-related variation in gross chemical composition of several seaweeds. Aquat. Bot., 20(34):297-305. The percentages of dry weight, ash, carbon and nitrogen were determined in Chondrus crispus, Furcellaria lumbricalis and other major perennial species distributed along a depth gradient. In all instances the trend was an increase in ash as a percentage of the dry weight, and a decrease in the percentage dry weight and organic matter, with depth. Percentage carbon also decreased with depth; however, percentage nitrogen increased with depth, thus the C/N ratio decreased with depth. NRCC, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3ZI, Canada. 85:4713 Guiry, M.D., 1984. Phetoperiodic and temperature responses in the growth and tetrusperogenesis of G/garffna ,~/cu/ar/s (Rhodophyta) from Ireland. Helgol~nder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):335-347. Dept. of Bot., Natl. Univ. of Ireland, Univ. Coll., Galway, Ireland.

85:4714 Hornsey, I.S. and D. Hide, 1985. The production of antimlcmblai compounds by British marine algae. IV. Variation of antimicrobial activity with algal generation. Br. phycol. J~ 20(1):21-25. Dept. of Sci., Cambridgeshire Coll. of Arts and Tech., East Rd., Cambridge CBI 1PT, UK.

OLR(I985)32 (8)

85:4715 Innes, D.J., 1984. Genetic differentiation among popldatious of marine algae. Helgoldnder Meeresunters, 38(3-4):401-417. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. 85:4716 Laning, K., 1984. Temperature toleran~ and biogeography of seaweeds: the marine algal flora of Helgoland (North Sea) as an example. Helgol~nder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):305-317. Seawater temperatures near Helgoland seasonally range ~3-18°C. All algae survived 0°C, and none 33°C. Among the brown algae, Chorda tomentosa was most sensitive, surviving only 18°C, followed by Laminaria spp. surviving 20 ° but not 23°C; Fucus spp. and Cladostephus spongiosus were the most heat-tolerant, surviving 28°C. Among the red algae, species of the Delesseriaceae had a maximum survival temperature of 20°C, whereas the Phyllophoraceae exhibited the maximum heat tolerance with survival at 30°C. The latter value was also achieved by Codium fragile, Bryopsis hypnoides and Enteromorpha prolifera among the green algae, whereas the Acrosiphonia spp. survived only 20°C, and Monostroma undulatum only 10°C. Seasonal shifts of heat tolerance of up to 5C ° were detected in some species. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Notkestrasse 31, D-2000 Hamburg 52, FRG. 85:4717 McLachlan, J. and C.J. Bird, 1984. Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution of Grac//m'/a species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature. Helgoll~nder Meeresunters, 38(3-4):319-334. Isolated from tropical and temperate coasts of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific, all 15 taxa survived a minimum of 15°C and, with two exceptions, a -" maximum of 28°C; only two species tolerated 34°C and none 36"C. Taxa intolerant of ~15°C were generally tropical, whereas temperate species tended to be eurythermal, and not restricted to cooler waters. Maximum growth of warm-water isolates tended to occur over a broad range (20°C and higher) and usually extended to the upper limits of thermal tolerance. Temperate isolates showed maximum growth at 20 ° or 15°C; no appreciable growth occurred <~10°C. Most species were reported from areas where the mean water temperature is _>250C. Where the 3-month mean minimum temperature ~20°C, there is a rapid decline in number of species. NRCC, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.

OLR (1985)32 (8)

E. BiologicalOceanography

85:4718 McMillan, Calvin, 1984. The condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in seagrass~. Aquat. Bot., 20(3-4):351-357. Plant Ecol. Res. Lab., Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA. 85:4719 Orth, R.J. and K.A. Moore, 1984. Distribution and abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation [SAV! in Chesapeake Bay: an histoHcni perspective. Estuaries, 7(4B):531-540.

Evidence suggests that SAV has generally been common throughout the bay over the last several hundred years with several fluctuations in abundance (e.g., Zostera marina declined in the 1930's and Myriophyllum spicatum expanded rapidly in the late 1950's and early 1960's). Since 1965 there has been a significant reduction of all species in most sections of the bay. Declines were first observed in the Maryland portion between 1965 and 1970. Dramatic reductions were observed over the entire length of the bay from 1970 to 1975, particularly severe around Susquehanna Flats and the rivers along Maryland's eastern and western shores. Greatest losses of vegetation occurred in the years following tropical storm Agnes in 1972; since 1975 little regrowth has been observed. It appears that the factors responsible are regional in nature and may be related to changes in water quality, primarily increased eutrophication and turbidity. VIMS, Coll. of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. 85:4720 Rietema, H. and C. van den Hock, 1984. Search for possible latitudinal ecotypos in Dumontla contorta (Rhodophyta). Helgok~nder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):389-399. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren (Gn), Netherlands. 85:4721 Roberts, M.H. Jr., R.J. Orth and K.A. Moore, 1984. Growth of Zostera ram'/ha L. seedlings under laboratory conditions of nutrient enrichment. Aquat. Bot., 20(3-4):321-328. VIMS, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. 85:4722 Searles, R.B., 1984. Seaweed biogeography of the mid--Atlantic coast of the United States. Helgoldnder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):259-271.

There is some spillover of cool temperate species south of Cape Hatteras into North Carolina and of warm temperate species south of Cape Canaveral

691

toward Palm Beach. Elements of the warm temperate flora also extend into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Thirty-one species are endemic to the warm temperate flora. Inshore N.C. waters include approximately equal numbers of species with northern and southern centres of distribution; offshore species have predominantly southern affinities, but also include most of the endemic species. The deep water flora is a summer flora dominated by perennial species. The inshore, eurythermal cool temperate and tropical species have a variety of cryptic stages by which they persist throughout the year. Dept. of Botany, Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA. 85:4723 Short, F.T. and C.P. McRoy, 1984. Nitrogen uptake by leaves and roots of the seagrass Zostem mar/ha L. Botanica mar., 27(12):547-555. Jackson Estuarine Lab., Univ. of New Hampshire, RFD 2, Adams Point, Durham, NH 03824, USA. 85:4724 Thorhaug, Anitra, 1985. Large-scale seagrnss restorntion in a damaged estuary, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 16(2):55-62.

Thalassia testudinum, Halodule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme were transplanted to test plots in Biscayne Bay, Florida, that had been damaged by dredging, filling and urban runoff. Highest survival was shown by Thalassia sprigs, which were successful in high and low energy regimes of varying turbidity. Halodule sprigs survived well in medium energy regimes, but did not tolerate high turbidity. Poor survival was shown by Syringodium. Sprigs were a more economical planting method than were plugs. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida Intl. Univ., Miami, FL, USA. (mjj) 85:4725 Thorne-Miller, B. and M.M. Harlin, 1984. The production of Zostera mar/ha L. and other submerged macrophytes in a coastal lagoon in Rhode Island, U.S.A. Botanica mar, 27(12):539546. Bot. Dept., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. 85:4726 van den Hock, C. et al., 1984. Seaweed biogeography workshop of the international working group on seaweed biogeography. Helgoll~nder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):225-417; 11 papers.

The pattern, ecological, and genetic approaches to the study of seaweed biogeography are represented in the workshop papers. Among the topics are global seaweed distribution patterns and causes as illustrated by Rhodophyta and seaweed biogeography of

692

E. BiologicalOceanographx

the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Ecological papers examine the influence of temperature, light and photoperiod on species of Gracilaria, Gigartina, Cladophora, Rhodochorton, and Dumontia. A final paper examines genetic differentiation among marine algae populations. (msg) 85:4727 van den Hoek, C., 1984. World-wide latitudinal and longitudinal seaweed distribution patterns and their possible causes, as illustrated by the distribution of Rhodophytan genera. Helgoli~nder Meeresunters., 38(3-4):227-257. Tropical, warm temperate, cold temperate, antarctic and arctic floras were recognized by hierarchical clustering of 637 genera, and a subset of 145 non-tropical, non-endemic genera. Distribution patterns are interpreted based on past geologic conditions, oceanic configurations, dispersal, and vicariance. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren (Gn), Netherlands. (mjj) 85:4728 van Montfrans. Jacques, R.L. Wetzel and R.J, Orth, 1984. Epiphyte--grazer relationships in seagrass meadows: consequences for seagrass growth and production. Estuaries, 7(4A):289-309. Studies have shown that the production of algal epiphytes attached to seagrass blades approaches 20% of the seagrass production and that epiphytes are more important as food for associated fauna than are the more refractory seagrass blades. Since epiphytes may compete with seagrasses for light and water column nutrients, excessive epiphytic fouling could have serious consequences for seagrass growth. The literature on epiphyte-grazer relationships in seagrass meadows is summarized. Insights from simulations of these relationships for a Chesapeake Bay Zostera marina meadow and future research needs are discussed. VIMS, Coll. of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA. 85:4729 Webb, J.W., J.D. Dodd, B.H. Koerth and A.T. Weichert, 1984. Seedling establishment of Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens on dredged material in Texas. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(4):325-329. Mar. Biol. Dept., Texas A&M Univ., Galveston, TX, USA. 85:4730 Wittmann, K.J., 1984. Temporal and morphological variations of growth in a natural stand [Gulf of Naples] of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 5(4):301-316.

OLR ~1985)32 (8)

Renewal and growth of leaves was continuous throughout the year but showed strong seasonal modulation of leaf appearance. Leaf area index in late summer was at its maximum and 3 times that of autumn. Rhizome production is highly different between the primary and the secondary growth axis (274 versus 30 mg dw shoot ~ y t, respectively) in plagiotrope growth. Both foliage and rhizome growth are positively correlated with leaf width. Inst. fur allgemeine Biol. der Univ. Wien. Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A 1090 Wien, Austria. 85:4731 Yarish, C., A.M. Breeman and C. van den Hoek, 1984. Temperature, light, and photoperiod responses of some northeast American and West European endemic rhodophytes in relation to their geographic distribution. Helgoli~nder Meeresunters.. 38(3-4):273-304. Responses of algae to temperature were measured under different light and daylength regimes: results were compared to observed algal distributions and SST. Three phytogeographic groups were recognized. The NE American tropical-to-temperate algae appear to be limited at their northern boundary by minimum summer temperatures needed for growth or reproduction. The warm-temperate Mediterranean Atlantic group is limited by winter lethal temperatures. The amphi-Atlantic tropical-to-warm temperate group distribution could not be explained. Univ. of Connecticut, Biol. Sci. Gr., Stamford, CT 06903, USA. (mjj)

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores.

dia-

toms. flagellates, etc.) 85:4732 Borum, Jens, Hanne Kaas and Soren Wium-Andersen, 1984. Biomass variation and autotrophic production of an epiphyte--macrophyte community in a coastal Danish area. Ii. Epiphyte species composition, biomass and production. Ophelia, 23(2): 165-179. Young eelgrass leaves were first colonized by bacteria and diatoms, followed by as many as 24 algal species. Epiphyte diversity, biomass and productivity were greatest in spring, and decreased in summer, probably due to nutrient limitation and grazing by invertebrates. Epiphyte production averaged 70 g C / m ~ of eelgrass bed per year, or 8% of total eelgrass plus epiphyte production. Light attenuation by epiphytes was ~10%, and did not significantly depress eelgrass production. Mar. Pollution Lab., Jaegersborg Alle 1B, Charlottenlund, DK-2920 Denmark. (mjj)

OLR (1985)32 (8)

E. BiologicalOceanography

85:4733 Droop, M.R., 1985. Fluorescence and the light/nutrient interaction in Monochrysis. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 65(1):221-237. Scottish Mar. Biol. Assoc., Dunstaffnage Mar. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 3, Oban, PA34 4AD, Scotland. 85:4734 Fallowfield, H.J. and B.A. Osborne, 1985. Growth and light absorptance of cyanobacteria and Chlorophyceae with particular reference to Anabaena variabilis and Scenedesmus obliquus. Br. phycol. J., 20(1):27-41. Osborne: Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland. 85:4735 Giffen, M.H., 1984. A checklist of marine littoral diatoms from Namaqualand, South Africa. Bacillaria, 7:179-200. Taxonomic innovations comprise eleven new species, two new varieties and one new form. The distribution of certain taxa is noted. 137 Hillbrow Rd., Kidd's Beach 5264, Republic of South Africa.

85:4736 Heijs, F.M.L., 1984. Annual biomass and production of epiphytes in three monospecific seagrass communities of Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. Aquat. Bot., 20(3-4):195-218. Lab. of Aquat. Ecol., Catholic Univ., Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.

85:4737 Hendey, N.I. and P.A. Sims, 1984. Some new or unusual Eocene biddulphioid diatoms. I. Bacillaria, 7:59-90. Eocene materials from the Falklands Platform, Bermuda Rise and the Indian Ocean were found to be rich in diatoms; many were in a good state of preservation and illustrated unusual structure types. Two new genera, four new species are described and Biddulphia immanis Boyer is transferred to the genus Hemiaulus. The relationships of the five taxa to those previously described are discussed and the genus Biddulphia is circumscribed. 12 Penwinnick Parc, St. Agnes, Cornwall TR5 0UQ, UK.

85:4738 Maples, R.S., 1984. A preliminary checklist of epiphytic and benthic marine diatoms of Louisiana. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(4):385-388. Dept. of Biol. and Environ. Sci., McNeese State Univ., Lake Charles, LA 70609, USA.

693

85:4739 Palmisano, A.C., S.T. Kottmeier, R.L. Moe and C.W. Sullivan, 1985. Sea ice microbial communities. IV. The effect of light perturbation on microalgae at the ice-seawater interface in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):37-45. The first estimates of in-situ production in these communities gave a peak photosynthetic rate of 0.35 mg C (mg Chl a) ~ h ~. During the first 3 weeks two 100 m 2 quadrats (a control and one covered with 70 cm of snow to reduce underwater irradiance by 97%) had very high C:chl a ratios ( > 146). During the next 3 weeks the control value dropped to a more 'healthy' 38, typical of bottom ice communities while the light-perturbed value remained high. Facultative heterotrophy was observed. Mar. Biol. Res. Sect., Univ. of So. Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, USA. (mwf) 85:4740 Raimbault, Patrick, 1984. Influence of temperature on the transient response in nitrate uptake and reduction by four marine diatoms. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(1):37-53. An initial rapid uptake was observed at all temperatures in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum; uncoupling between uptake and reduction was extensive, with a great nitrate accumulation at the beginning of uptake. Rapid uptake was short (a few min) at high temperatures, where internal control acted rapidly, and very long (1 h) at low temperatures, even for a cold-adapted species such as Nitzschia turgiduloides. For Chaetoceros affinis no real uptake was observed at any temperature, and this species accumulated much less nitrate, indicating a good coupling between uptake and reduction. Centre d'Oceanol, de Marseille, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France. 85:4741 Schrey, S.E., E.J. Carpenter and D.M. Anderson, 1984. The abundance and distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate, Gonyanlax tamarensis, in Long Island estuaries. Estuaries, 7(4B):472-477. Mar. Sci. Res. Center, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. 85:4742 Shaffer, G.P., 1984. The effect of sedimentation on the primary production of benthic microflora. Estuaries, 7(4B):497-500. During February 1978, 20 cm of rain over a seven day period caused an enormous deposition of

694

E. BiologicalOceanography

fine-grained sediments in the eastern arm of Mugu Lagoon, California. For February-July 1978, this deposition decreased the net primary production of the benthic community by an estimated 6.5 fold. The persistence of the fine-grained sediment over much of the lagoon will continue to render these areas lower in exportable organic carbon. Center for Wetland Res., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7503, USA. 85:4743 Smetacek, V.S., 1985. Role of sinking in diatom life--history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Mar. Biol., 84(3):239-251. The author proposes that mass sinking of diatoms may be an important aspect of a survival strategy representing a transition from a surface-growing stage to a resting stage which is benthic or deepwater. The survival value (even for oceanic bloom diatoms) of rapid mass sinking, rapid sinking mechanisms, life-histories of diatoms from different regions, the role of copepod fecal pellets in mass vertical flux, the evolutionary ecology of diatoms and geological implications of the sinking process are discussed. Inst. fur Meereskunde and der Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kid I, FRG. (jst) 85:4744 Syvertsen, E.E., 1984. Morphology of the arctic planktonic Navicula pelagiea (Bacillariophyceae), with spodai reference to the 'setae.' ?Cord. J. Bot., 4(5):725-728. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Univ. of Bergen, N-5065 Blomsterdalen, Norway. 85:4745 Teng, Tzu-Chiu, 1984. Influence of certain organic substances on growth and colony formation of Asterionella glacialis Castracane ( Bacillariophyeeae). Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N. I), 5(4):317327. An axenic clone was grown at 10°C, 0.039 ly rain ', 12:12 LD cycle in Guillard's f/2 medium enriched with eight different organic substances. Growth rates in organically-enriched media during exponential phase usually exceeded those in f/2 medium alone. Cell yields after 12 days in media enriched with glycl-glycin and trypticase + yeast extract were significantly greater than in the other treatments. Longer chain lengths accompanied organic enrichment, notably with trypticase + yeast extract and 100 ppm soil extract. A potential effect of organic substance-trace metal-silica interactions on colonysize is suggested. 20425 Osage Ave., Torrance, CA 90503, USA.

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E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also B350Atmospheric pollution, C 2 1 0 - C h e m i c a l pollution, F 2 5 0 - W a s t e disposal) 85:4746 Aubert, M., J. Aubert, H. Augier and C. Guillemaut, 1985. Study of the toxicity of some silicon compounds in relation to marine biological chains. Chemosphere, 14(1): 127-138. Analyses showed low toxicity levels for organosilicon compounds in a marine environment, for both direct exposure by marine animals or indirect exposure via the food chain. Centre d'Etudes et de Rech. de Biol. et d'Oceanogr. Med., 1, ave JeanLorrain, 06300 Nice, France. 85:4747 Bates, S.S., Andr6 Tessier, P.G.C. Campbell and Martin L6tourneau, 1985. Zinc-phosphorus interactions and variation in zinc accumulation during growth of Chlamydomonas variabilis (Chlorophyceae) in batch culture. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 42(1):86-94. Mar. Ecol. Lab., Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. 85:4748 Bjerregaard, Poul, Sayhan Top~uoglu, N.S. Fisher and S.W. Fowler, 1985. Biokinetics of americium and plutonium in the mussel Mytilus edulig Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(I-2):99-111. Inst. of Biol., Odense Univ., Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark. 85:4749 Charmantier, G., M. Charmantier-Daures and W.W. Young-Lai, 1985. Lethal and sublethal effects of potash brine on different stages of the lobster, Homarus amedcanw~. Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1344:13pp. Centre de Physiol. des Invert., Univ. des Sci. et Tech. du Languedoc, 34060 Montpeilier Cedex, France. 85:4750 Cunningham, J.J., W.M. Kemp, M.R. Lewis and J.C. Stevenson, 1984. Temporal responses of the macrophyte, Potmnogeton pertolistus L., and its associated autotrophic community to atrazine exposure in estuarine microcosms. Estuaries, 7(4B):519-530. Horn Point Environ. Lab., Univ. of Maryland, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA.

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E. BiologicalOceanography

85:4751 Dixon, D.R. and D. Pollard, 1985. Embryo abnormalities in the periwinkle, Littorina 'saxaflfis; as indicators of stress in polluted marine environments. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(1):29-33. NERC, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK. 85:4752 Dodge, R.E., S.C. Wyers, H.R. Frith, A.H. Knap, S.R. Smith and T.D. Sleeter, 1984. The effects of oil and oil dispersants on the skeletal growth of the hermatypic coral Dipioria strigosa. Coral Reefs, 3(4):191-198. Coral specimens were exposed to varying concentrations of oil and oil plus detergent for 6-24 hrs in laboratory and field trials and then held in field conditions for one year. No significant differences between extension growth parameters and a calical shape parameter were observed in treated vs control corals. The growth parameter, especially if coupled with other physiological parameters, would provide a more precise answer to questions concerning shortand long-term effects of oil on coral reefs. Nova Univ. Oceanogr. Center, 8000 N. Ocean Dr., Dania, FL 33004-3078, USA. (bwt) 85:4753 Elliott, N.G, R. Swain and D.A. Ritz, 1985. The influence of cyclic exposure on the accumulation of heavy metals by Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck). Mar. environ. Res, 15(1): 17-30. Div. of Fish. Res., CSIRO Mar. Lab., GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia. 85:4754 Hegseth, E.N. and Kjetill 13stgaard, 1985. Application of in-situ dialysis cultures in studies of phytotoxicity of North Sea crude oils. Wat. Res., 19(3):383-391.

Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were grown in dialysis cultures in outdoor tanks exposed to seawater extracts of Ekofisk and Statfjord crude oils and to seawater collected below an artificial Statfjord crude oil spill. Effects on growth rate and photosynthetic capacity were similar to those observed in laboratory batch cultures, and so was the difference in sensitivity among the algae, with Skeletonema being the most sensitive. The in-situ dialysis culture technique served well as a link between laboratory and field situations, and may be used to monitor phytotoxic effects in an oil spill situation. Trondhjem Biol. Sta., Univ. of Trondheim, N-7001 Trondheim, Norway.

695

85:4755 Jorajuria, Adriana, 1984. Evolution of the community at a station exposed to sewage, Marseiile--Cortinu [France]. T~thys, 11(2):105-109. (In French, English abstract.) Comparison after two years of the soft bottom benthic community exposed to the outfaU shows a change toward total destabilization of its structure. This has resulted in a significant quantitative and qualitative reduction of species characteristic of various communities or of the substrate, and their replacement by opportunistic species. CICESE, P.O. Box 4844, San Ysidro, CA 92073, USA. 85:4756 Kawai, Shin'ichiro, Minoru Fukushima, Tsuneya Tsuchinaga and Kunio Oda, 1984. Metals and synthetic organic compounds in plankton from the estuary and harbor area in Osaka City [Japan]. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 50(10): 1777-1783. Osaka City Inst. of Public Hlth. and Environ. Sci., Tohjo 8-34, Tennoji, Osaka 543, Japan. 85:4757 Keller, Monique, 1984. Effects of the Marseille sewage onffali on meiohenthic populations. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris, (S6r. III)299(19):765-768. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biol. des Invert. mar., 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France. 85:4758 Koenig, D.W. and Bailey Ward, 1984. Growth of Prototheca zoptii Kriiger on crude-oil as a function of pH, temperature, and salinity. Syst. appl. Microbiol., 5(1):119-123. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA. 85:4759 Maher, W.A., 1985. Characteristics of selenium in marine animals. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(1):33-34. Water Res. Centre, Canberra Coll. of Adv. Educ., P.O. Box 1, Belconnen, ACT 2616, Australia. 85:4760 Murray, A.J. and J.E. Portmann, 1984. Metals and organochiorine pesticide and PCB residues in fish and shellfish in England and Wales in 1976 and trends since 1970. Aquat. Environ. monit. Rept, 10:79pp. 85:4761 O'Clair, C.E. and S.D. Rice, 1985. Depression of feeding and growth rates of the seastar Evssterlas troscbelli during long-term exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil. Mar. Biol.,

696

E. BiologicalOceanography 84(3):331-340. NMFS, NOAA, P.O. Box 210155, Auke Bay, AK 99821, USA.

85:4762 Parsons, T.R., 1984. Effect of nutrient loading in seawater as observed in experimental ecosystems. Mer, Tokyo, 22(3-4):90-94.

Widely different results can be obtained under experimental conditions (depending on ecosystem type, temperature, nutrient ratios) in studies of the effect of excess nutrient loading on marine ecosystems. Some of these results are summarized to provide a better basis for understanding eutrophication in the natural environment. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. VrT 1WS, Canada. 85:4763 Patel, B., V.S. Bangera, Shakunt Patel and M.C. Balani, 1985. Heavy metals in the Bombay Harbour area [India]. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(I): 22-28. Health Phys. Div., Bhabha Atomic Res. Centre, Bombay 400 085, India. 85:4764 Ravid, Rosa, Josepha Ben-Yosef and Hava Hornung, 1985. Baseline. PCB's, DDT's and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine organisms from the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(1):35-38. Hornung: Israel Oceanogr. & Limnol. Res., Tel-Shikmona, POB 8030, Haifa 31080, Israel. 85:4765 Sanders, B.M. and K.D. Jenkins, 1984. Relationships between free cupric ion concentrations in seawater and copper metabolism and growth in crab larvae. Biol. Bull. mar. biol. Lab., Woods Hole, 167(3):704-712. Molecular Ecol. Inst., Calif. State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA. 85:4766 Scarfe, A.D., A.B. Thum and C.L. Wilke, 1985. Effects of the Black River (Cape [Town], South Africa) on the distribution and survival of marine psammofauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(2):69-75. Dept. of Vet. Anatomy, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. 85:4767 Seki, Humitake and Tetsuo Iwami, 1984. The process of eutrophication in a body of natural water. Mer, Tokyo, 22(3-4):95-100. The eutrophication process was shown schematically using threshold theory. Reversible processes of each

OLR(1985)32 (8)

ecosystem component maintain a steady-state oscillation within a certain range, bounded by thresholds. When the oscillation amplitude exceeds the threshold range the system irreversibly moves to the next trophic level. Inst. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, Sakuramura, Ibaraki, 305 Japan. 85:4768 Shiells, G.M. and K.J. Anderson, 1985. Pollution monitoring using the nematode/copepod ratio: a practical application. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(2): 62-68. Ratios from polluted sites in the Firth of Forth were much higher than from a clean site, but considerable evidence casts doubt on the ratio's credibility as a tool to detect organic pollution. Nematodes and copepods exhibited differing degrees of contagion. Seasonal patterns of variation of the ratio varied geographically and at some sites the seasonal range was great. Along sewage pollution gradients in time and space the ratio varied in an inconsistent manner. A possible improvement to the ratio including only interstitial forms is suggested. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Napier Coll. of Commerce and Tech., Colinton Rd., Edinburgh EHI0 5DT, Scotland. 85:4769 Vandermeulen, J.H. and E.S. Gilfillan, 1984. Petroleum pollution, corals and mangroves. Mar. Technol. Soc, J., 18(3):62-72. The proximity of coral reefs and mangrove forests to tanker routes subjects these dominant flora of tropical and subtropical coastal zones to chronic oil exposure. A 'realistic and well-designed research program' is called for to investigate the fate and persistence of oil and its effects on development of coral larvae and mangrove seedlings. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS, Canada. (msg) g5:4770 Waldichuk, Michael, 1985. Viewpoint. Biological availability of metals to marine organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 16(l):7-11. To produce an effect, a metal must be in a form that is biologically available--usually the dissolved ionic form. Leaching from minerals and sediment biogeochemistry are briefly reviewed in order to highlight the complexity of natural processes that release metals from their mineral form and bind (or release) them to particulate material. Bioavailability is related to sediment redox state, organic content and particle size as well as type and source of metal contamination. While measurements of metal concentrations in water and sediment are necessary, these measurements cannot be translated into body

OLR(1985)32 (8)

E. BiologicalOceanography

burden; tissue concentrations also must be measured. West Vancouver Lab., Canada Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Vancouver, BC, Canada. (bwt) 85:4771 Wildish, D.J. and M.L.H. Thomas, 1985. Effects of dredging and dumping on benthos of Saint John Harbour, Canada. Mar. environ. Res., 15(1):4557, Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada.

E330. Laboratory culture (rearing experiments, etc.) 85:4772 Dutton, P.H., C.P. Whitmore and N. Mrosovsky, 1985. Masculinisation of leatherback turtle Dermochelys corlacea hatchlings from eggs incubated in styrofoam boxes. Biol. Conserv., 31(3):249-264. Dept. of Zool. and Psychol., Univ. of Toronto, ON M5S IAI, Canada. 85:4773 Fabregas, Jaime, Julio Abalde, Concepcion Herrero, Buenaventura Cabezas and Manuel Veiga, 1984. Growth of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica in batch cultures with different salinities and nutrient concentrations. Aquaculture, 42(34):207-215. Dept. de Microbiol., Univ. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

85:4774 Hoeg, J,T., 1984. A culture system for rearing marine invertebrate larvae and its application to larvae of rhizocephalan barnacles. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 84(2): 167-172. A culture system consisting of a tray with flowing seawater and holding individual cages with bottoms of nylon net is described. The advantages are its small size, good water quality, and easy handling of individual broods of larvae. It has proved successful in the rearing of rhizocephalan larvae. Inst. of Cell Biol., Univ. of Copenhagen, 15 Universitetsparken DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. 85:4775 Weiss, V., Z. Gromet-Elhanan and M. Halmann, 1985. Batch and continuous culture experiments on nutrient limitations and temperature effects in the marine alga Tetraselmis suecica. Wat. Res., 19(2):185-190. Halmann: Isotope Dept. and Biochem. Dept., Weizmann Inst. of Sci., Rehovot, Israel.

697

85:4776 Y~fera, M., A. Rodriguez and L.M. Lubi~ln, 1984. Zooplankton ingestion and feeding behavior of Peuaeus kerathurus larvae reared in the laboratory. Aquaculture, 42(3-4):217-224. Inst. de Invest. Pesq. de Cadiz, Puerto pesquero s/n, !!006 Cadiz, Spain.

E340. Aquaculture (commercial) 85:4777 Aiken, D.E. and S.L. Waddy, 1985. The uncertain influence of spring photoperiod on spawning in the American lobster, Homarus amerlcanus. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 42(1): 194-197. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada. 85:4778 Aiken, D.E., S.L. Waddy (comment), K. Nelson and D. Hedgecock (reply), 1985. [Discussion ofl Photoperiodic control of vitellogenesis in the American lobster ( Homarus americanus). Can. J. Fish. aqual. Sci., 42(1):198-200. Fish. Res. Br., Biol, Sta., St. Andrews, NB E0G 2X0, Canada. 85:4779 Akaboshi, Shizuo, O.M. Pereira and Chossi Sinque, 1983. Experimental culture of Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1795), in the estuarine lagoon region of Canan6ia (25°05"S; 48°01"W) Silo Paulo, Brazil. Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 10:!-8. (In Portuguese, English abstract.) Pesq. Cient., Secao de Biol Pesq., Inst. de Pesca, Brazil. 85:4780 Galasun, P.T., A.I. Andryushchenko and V.V. Grusevich, 1984. Biological principles of introducing new species for aquaculture (lctalurus punctatus and Ictlobus cyprinellus) into Ukrainian waters. Aquaculture, 42(3-4):333-342. Acclimatization experiments suggest that channel catfish and bigmouth buffalo are suitable species for aquaculture in the Ukraine; catfish are envisioned for pond culture in the southern Ukraine and for culture using thermal effluents; bigmouth buffalo can be used in polyculture ponds. The potential for developing brood stocks in ponds and water-cooling reservoirs is discussed. Ukrainian Res. Inst. of Fish., Obuhoskaja 135, 252164 Kiev, USSR. (msg) 85:4781 Griffin, W.L., W.E. Grant, R.W. Brick and J.S. Hanson, 1984. A bioeconomic model of shrimp

698

E. BiologicalOceanography marleaiturai systems in the U.S.A. Ecol. Model., 25(!-3):47-68.

The model consists of 5 interconnected submodels: environmental, engineering, production, marketing, and profit. The economics of a mariculture operation along the Texas coast and the effects of changes in water flow were simulated. Results suggested the operation would be marginally economically feasible, with a predicted annual return on investment of 4.5%. The role of modelling in planning and developing mariculture systems is discussed. Dept. of Agric. Econ., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (mwf) 85:4782 Teshima, Shin-ichi and Akio Kanazawa, 1984. Effects of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate levels in purified diets on growth and survival rates of the prawn larvae. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 50(10):1709-1715. Fac. of Fish., Univ. of Kagoshima, 50-20 Shimorata-4, Kagoshima 890, Japan.

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology 85:4783 Roughgarden, Jonathan, Yoh Iwasa and Charles Baxter, 1985. Demographic theory for an open marine population with space-limited recruitment. Ecology, 66(1):54-67. A demographic model for sessile marine invertebrates that have a pelagic larval phase predicts the number of animals of each age in the local system through time. In the model, there is always a steady state where recruitment balances mortality. However, growth can interfere with recruitment and can destabilize this steady state, provided that the settlement rate is sufficiently high, Results suggest that in the high settlement limit, the intertidal landscape is a mosaic of cohorts, punctuated with occasional gaps of vacant substrate. In the low settlement limit, the landscape has vacant space and organisms of all ages mixed together; spatial variation is caused by microgeographic variation in settlement and mortality rates, Hopkins Mar. Sta., Dept. of Biol. Sci., Stanford Univ,, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.

FAI0. Miscellaneous 85:4784 Denny, M.W., T.L. Daniel and M.A.R. Koehl, 1985. Mechanical limits to size in wave-swept organisms. Ecol. Monogr., 55(1):69-102.

OLR0985)32(8)

A model was developed to assess the possibility that the observed limits to size in wave-swept organisms are due to mechanical, and not biological, forces. The model predicts the probability of destruction for an organism, using five parameters that can be measured empirically: (l) organism size, (2) organism structural strength, (3) maximum acceleration of water in a wave (4) maximum velocity of water at the moment of maximum acceleration, (5) probability of being exposed to waves with certain flow parameters. The model was applied to a number of different species. Biol. Sci. Dept., Stanford Univ., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. (jst) 85:4785 Kelly, L.J., D.J. Kewley and A.S. Burgess, 1985. A biological chorus in deep water northwest of Australia. J. acoust. Soc. Am., 77(2):508-511. Measurements were made for frequencies between 20 and 800 Hz. Chorus noise at 500 Hz, consisting of continual drumming sounds, was evident for 9-10 h in the evening, with the peak noise level occurring soon after sunset. The noise spectrum level at this peak frequency rose approximately 12 dB above the background noise level. The source of the noise is believed to be fish of the family Sciaenidae, commonly known as croakers. Dept. of Def., Weapons System Res. Lab., Salisbury, SA, Australia. 85:4786 Melkonian, Michael, 1984. Systemati¢~ and evolution of the algae. Review, Prog. Bot., 46:248-273. This review covers about 30% of the papers and books on the systematics and evolution of algae (including prokaryotic algae) published mainly during 1982 and 1983. Selected Papers in Phycology //edited by Rosowski and Parker (1982) is singled out as the most valuable publication both for teaching purposes and as a reference guide. Botan. Inst. der Westfalischen Wilhelms Univ., Schlossgarten 3, D-4400 Munster, FRG. (msg) 85:4787 Miller, R.J., 1985. Sea urchin pathogen: a possible tool for biological control. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 21(1-2):169-174. Halifax Fish. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 550, Halifax, NS B3J 2S7, Canada. 85:4788 Moynihan, Martin, 1985. Notes and comments. Why are cephalopods deaf?. Am. Naturalist, 125(3): 465-469. Norris and Mohl (1983) have hypothesized that certain odontocete whales stun their prey by emit-

OLR(1985)32 (8)

699

ting sounds of explosive intensity. Might this explain the otherwise enigmatic deafness of coleoid cephalopods on which the whales often feed? It would appear that the ability to hear has been selected against--there is no utility to a sensory organ if it

must continuously operate in an environment damaging to it at levels still sublethal to its owner. Instead, the coleoids have developed highly acute visual systems. Smithsonian Tropical Res. Inst., Apt. 2072, Balboa, Panama. (fcs)

F. GENERAL F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary) 85:4789 Baskakov, A.I., S.P. Gagarin, A.A. Kalinkevitch, B.G. Kutuza and V.A. Terekhov, 1984. Simultaneous radiometric and radar altimetric measurements of sea microwave signatures. I E E E Jl ocean. Engng, OE-9(5):325-328.

Advantages provided by the combined use of a polarization microwave radiometer and a short-pulse radar altimeter for sea roughness monitoring are described. In regions of fully developed roughness, a correlation exists between the polarization characteristics of the microwave radiation by the sea surface and the rms waveheight as measured by the altimeter; correlation is not found in regions where roughness is not developed. Moscow Power Engrg. Inst., Moscow, USSR. 85:4790 Benggio, B.L. and T.A. Nelsen, 1985. Technical note: successful instrmnent array deployments in soft mud bottoms adjacent to the Mississippi Delta. Appl. Ocean Res., 7(1):58-60. An anchor design for instrument arrays was developed for use in very soft muddy sediments. Because of low sediment shear strengths and high sensitivities combined with dynamic loadings due to strong currents, problems in successful deployments and recoveries were anticipated. Four sediment trap arrays and two current meter/transmissometer arrays were deployed, all six successfully. The array design is a safe, easy and cost effective method for deploying instrument arrays in areas where soft bottoms and strong currents are a consideration. NOAA, AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.

85:4791 Bennett, R.H., J.T. Bums, F.L. Nastav, Joel Lipkin and C.M. Percival, 1985. Deep--ocean piezometer probe technology fur geotechnical investigations. I E E E Jl ocean. Engng, OE-10(1):17-22. NORDA, Seafloor Geosci. Div., NSTL, MS 39529, USA.

85:4792 Bogorodsky, V.V. and A.I. Kozlov, 1984. On the ability of microwave radiometers to resolve spatially underlying surfaces and on methods to improve it. I E E E Jl ocean. Engng, OE-9(5):356359. Arctic and Antarctic Res. Inst., Leningrad, USSR.

85:4793 Chaudhry, A.H. and R.K. Moore, 1984. Towerbased backscatter measurements of the sea. IEEE Jl ocean. Engng, OE-9(5): 309-316. Remote Sensing Lab., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-2969, USA. 85:4794 Daniault, Nathalie, Pierre Blouch and F.-X. Fusey, 1985. The use of free--drifting meteorological buoys to study winds and surface currents. Deep-Sea Res., 32(IA):107-113. Free-drifting meteorological buoys have been developed with a capability to estimate the magnitude and direction of surface winds. It is shown, using wind data and assuming the buoys are Lagrangian tracers of surface currents, that short-term variations of both quantities are correlated in agreement with Ekman's theory. Centre de Meteorol., COB, EERM/CMM, B.P. 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France.