DENTAL SURGERY.

684 the Committee of Management under the Conjoint Scheme weeks before the examination, and lodge with him examination in Part I. on producing evidence (1) of having a testimonial of character from a Fellow of either of been in possession of a registrable qualification in Medicine, I the Colleges, or of the Royal Colleges of Physicians or Surgery, and Midwifery for at least 12 months ; (2) of’ Surgeons of London or Edinburgh. The fee for the examina. having attended, after obtaining such registrable qualifica- tion is .E1O 10s. The examination for the Diploma in Public tion, practical instruction in a laboratory recognised by the! Health comprises the following subjects :-Hygiene, Examining Board in England during a period of six months ;; Chemistry, Meteorology and Climatology. Engineering, and (3) of being at least 23 years of age. A candidate Vital Statistics, Sanitary Law, and Bacteriology. For will be admitted to Part II. of the examination on pro- further particulars apply to Alfred Miller, Secretary, ducing evidence (1) of having been associated day by day in Committee of Management ;; Office, Royal College of the duty, routine and special, of Public Health administra- Physicians, Dublin. tion during six months (of which at least three months shall be distinct and separate from the period of laboratory inDENTAL SURGERY. struction required under Par. 2 for Part I.) under the supervision of a medical officer of health who fulfils certain conditions which can be ascertained on application to the ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled to secretary’ 1 ; (2) of having attended the clinical practice of a as a dentist, although he cannot register as such practise the diseases for infectious recognised by Examining without the hospital special licence ; but it is of eminent advantage Board in England, after obtaining his registrable qualification in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery ; and (3) of being to take the L.D.S., otherwise few dental appointments at general or special hospitals or dispensaries are available, at least 24 years of age. what is still more important, the manual dexterity and, The Royal College of Physicians of Edinbzergh, the for the successful practice of dentistry can requisite and the of of College Surgeons Royal Edinburgh, .Royal be by long and careful training; and, this only gained and candiSurgeons of Glasgow.—All Faculty of dates for the Diploma in Public Health must have been having been attained, it is but little trouble to pass The subjects beyond those the special examinations. qualified for at least one year. Those qualified before included are-Dental Anatomy in the qualification general to do not evidence of attend1890 require produce All other candidates must and Physiology (Human and Comparative), one course; ance on any special courses. have attended, after qualifying, six months’ practical in- a separate course of Dental Histology, including the prepara. struction in a recognised laboratory or laboratories, and tion of microscopical sections ; Dental Surgery, one course; must have studied for six months the duties of outdoor a separate course of Practical Dental Surgery; a course of less than five lectures on the Surgery of the Mouth; sanitary work under the medical officer of health of a county not Dental Mechanics, one course ; a course of Practical Dental or large urban district or a medical officer of health who is also a teacher of Sanitary Science in a Medical School, Mechanics, including the manufacture and adjustment of six dentures and six crowns ; Dental Metallurgy, one course; or a sanitary staff officer of the Royal Army Medical Corps of Practical Dental Metallurgy ; Practice of Dental having charge of an Army Corps District or command. a course at a recognised school, two years, and a certificate There are two examinations, and candidates may enter Surgery for both at one period or for either separatelv. The First of having been engaged during a period of not less than Examination includes (a) Laboratory Work (Chemistry and two years in acquiring a knowledge of Dental Mechanics Bacteriology), (b) Physics, and (c) Meteorology ; and the (this may be obtained by apprenticeship to a duly quali. Second Examination embraces (a) Report on Premises fied dental practitioner or in the mechanical departll’ent visited, (b) Examination at Fever Hospital, (c) Examina- of a recognised dental hospital). The Dental Schoolsin tion at Public Abattoir, (d) Written and Oral Examinations London are the Royal Dental Hospital of London, tbe National Dental Hospital, and Guy’s Hospital Dental on Epidemiology and Endemiology, (e) Vital Statistics and Most of the large provincial towns have now School. and The is Practical fee Sanitation. 12 Law, Sanitary (f) dental A convenient arrangement by which both for either hospitals. for or 6 guineas examinations, guineas of them. A fee of 3 guineas is payable by rejected the M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., and L.D.S. can be taken is as candidates for either examination. The examination is follows :-The Preliminary Examination in General EducaThe pub- tion having been passed the student should commence his held twice yearly, in May and October. lished regulations provide detailed synopses of the mechanical training at a dental school or with a qualified medical student. subjects of examination. The Registrar for Edinburgh dentist and register as a dental andtaken is Mr. James Robertson, solicitor, 54, George-square, and (This instruction, however, may be prior to the for Glasgow Mr. Alexander Duncan, LL.D., 242, St. Vincent- date of registration as a dental student.) During the mechanical tuition the student should receive instruction in street. and Physics, together with Biology, and should Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and Royal College of Chemistry Conjoint Surgeons in Ireland.—Stated examinations for the Diploma pass the First Professional Examination for the He should then obtain in Public Health are held in the months of February, May, Diploma during his first year. instruction in Pharmacy and, having passed the examination, July, and November. A special examination for the for the First Professional Dental of the Committee of at the discretion may, Management should complete his work this at the end of his second year. (except during the months of August and September), be Examination and pass obtained on payment of £15 15s., in addition to the ordinary On the completion of the mechanical training the student fees mentioned below, and on giving notice at least one should join the general and dental hospitals and at the fortnight before the date of the proposed examination. expiration of 18 months at the general hospital should Every candidate for the Diploma in Public Health must be pass the Second Examination for the Conjoint Diploma. a registered medical practitioner. (Candidates registered The Final Examination for the L.D.S. can be taken at the end of two years from joining the hospital The or entitled to be registered prior to January, 1890, are exempt from the rules as to study.) He must subsequently student during these two years will have been attending to qualification (1) receive six months’ laboratory instruction simultaneously both the general and dental hospitals. During in Chemistry, Bacteriology, and the Diseases of Animals the remainder of his time he should devote himself to in which subjects he transmissible to man ; and (2) during six months prac- Surgery, Medicine, Midwifery, &c., tically study outdoor sanitary work under a medical may be examined at the expiration of the required time from officer of health and shall as an additional require- the passing of the Second Examination. When time is nota ment attend a hospital for infectious diseases. Can- great object, a better course is to join only the general didates are examined on four days, commencing on hospital at the completion of the mechanical tuition, and the first Monday of February, May, and November. complete the Second Examination for the Conjoint Diploma Each candidate must return his name to the secretary of and also his " Dressingand "Clerking" appointments before commencing his surgical training at the Dental 11 Provided that the period of six months may be reduced to a period Hospital. The best course, however, is entirely to finish of three months (which shall be distinct and separate from the period the curriculum for the M.R.C.S. and L.R.C.P. and then of laboratory instruction required under Regulation 2) in the case of take the special Dental work. The regulations for the any candidate who produces evidence that after obtaining a registrable qualification, he has during three mont hs attended a course or courses Dental Licence of the Royal Colleges of Ireland and Edinof instruction in sanitary law, sanitary engineering, vital statistics, and burgh and of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of other subjects hearing on public health administration given by a Glasgow are verv similar to those of the English College. teacher or teachers in the department of public health of a recognised rhe L.D.S. can also be obtained alone. medical school. at least 24 years of age. A candidate registered under the Medical Act after Jan. 1st, 1890, will be admissible to) ,

Physicians

diploma

two

685 The Registration

of Dental Surgery. Candidates may present themselves for the Second Professional Examination after the completion the existing registration of medical students, and subject to of four years’ professional study from the date of registrathe same regulations as regards Preliminary Examinations. tion as a dental student and after the lapse of not less than Candidates for a diploma in Dental Surgery must produce six months from the date of passing the First Professional certificates of having been engaged during four years in Examination. The Second Professional Examination conprofessional studies and of having received two years’ sists of : Part I., General Anatomy and Physiology, The two years of General instruction in mechanical dentistry. Surgery and Pathology ; Part II., Dental instruction in mechanical dentistry, or any part of them, Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Pathology and Surgery, The written examination may be taken by the dental student either before or after and Practical Dental Surgery. his registration as a student, but no portion of such in Part I. comprises General Anatomy and Physiology, mechanical instruction will be counted as one of the four General Pathology and Surgery, and in Part II., Dental Anatomy and Physiology, and Dental Pathology and years of professional study unless taken after registration. It is now necessary for anyone practising Dental Surgery Surgery. At the Practical Examination candidates may be in this country to be on the Register and no foreign qualifi. examined (a) on the treatment of Dental Caries and may be required to prepare and fill cavities or to do any cations are admitted. The Royal College of Surgeons of Englo,-red grants a other operation in Dental Surgery (candidates must prodiploma in Dental Surgery under the following regulations, vide their own instruments) ; (b) on the Treatment of There is which apply to all candidates who have registered as dental the various irregularities of Children’s Teeth. students after Jan. lst, 1897. Candidates are required to also an Oral Examination. Candidates may take the two pass three examinations : the Preliminary Science Exami- parts of the examination together or separately. Candidates nation, the First Professional Examination, and the Second must pass Part I. before proceeding to Part II. If they fail Professional Examination. I. Preliminary Science Exami- in Part I. they are not allowed to proceed with Part II. nation.-Before admission to this examination the candidate Exemption from the Preliminary Science Examination is must produce a certificate of having received instruction granted to candidates who have passed an Examination in (which may be taken prior to the date of registration as a Chemistry and Physics for a degree in Medicine at a Univerdental student) at a recognised institution in Chemistry, sity in the United Kingdom, in India, or in a British Physics, and Practical Chemistry. The examination consists colony. Exemption from Examination in Anatomy and of these subjects and is identical with Part I. of the First Physiology is granted to candidates who have passed the Examination of the Examining Board in England. II. The Second Examination of the Examining Board in England or First Professional Examination. -The candidate must produce the corresponding Examination for any degree or qualificathe following certificates : 1. Of having been engaged tion in medicine or surgery registrable under the Medical during a period of not less than two years in acquiring a Act of 1886. Exemption from Examination in General Surpractical familiarity with the details of mecna.nical gery and Pathology is granted to candidates who have passed dentistry, under the instruction (which may be taken the Examination in Surgery of the Examining Board in prior to registration as a dental student) of a competent England or the corresponding Examinations of the Colpractitioner or under the direction of the superintendent leges and Universities above mentioned. The fee for of the mechanical department of a recognised dental the diploma is 20 guineas and is payable as follows :hospital. 2. Of registration as a dental student by the Preliminary Science Examination, 3 guineas; First ProGeneral Medical Council. 3. Of having attended at a fessional Examination, 2 guineas; Second Professional recognised Dental Hospital and School (a) a course of Examination, 5 guineas; the balance to be paid on The Preliminary Lectures on Dental Metallurgy; (b) a course of Practical the completion of the Examinations. Dental Metallurgy ; (e) a course of Lectures on Dental Science Examination is held in January, March, or Mechanics ; and (d) a course of Practical Dental Mechanics, April, July, and October in each year. The First and including the manufacture and adjustment of six dentures Second Professional Examinations are held in May and Candidates must give 21 clear and six crowns. Candidates may present themselves for the November in each year. First Professional Examination on production of the re- days’ notice of their intention to present themselves for quired certificates. The Examination consists of Mechanical examination. Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.—For the Licence Dentistry and Dental Metallurgy, the examination in Dental Metallurgy being by written paper. III. The Second in Dental Surgery all candidates must pass a PreProfessional Examination.-The candidate must produce liminary Examination in General Knowledge and have their the following certificates: 1. Of having been engaged during names inscribed in the Register of Dental Students of the four years in the acquirement of professional knowledge General Medical Council. A copy of regulations giving subsequently to the date of registration as a dental student. a list of Preliminary Examinations recognised for obtain2. Of having attended at a recognised dental hospital and ing this Licence, as well as of the subjects of the school (a) a course of Dental Anatomy and Physiology ; Professional Examinations, may be obtained from Mr. D. L. (b) a separate course of Dental Histology, including the pre- Eadie, Clerk to the Royal College of Surgeons, at 54, Georgeparation of microscopical sections ; (c) a course of Dental square, Edinburgh. Candidates must produce certificates Surgery ; (d) a separate course of Practical Dental Surgery ; of having, subsequently to the date of registration, been (e) a course of not less than five lectures on the Surgery engaged for four years in professional studies and of three of the Mouth, which lecturemay be given at a dental years’ instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a regishospital or at a recognised medical school ; in the latter tered dental practitioner, except in the case of previously case they may form part of the course of lectures on registered medical practitioners, when two years will be Surgery; (f) a course of Dental Materia Medica ; and considered sufficient. Candidates must have attended the (g) a course of Dental Bacteriology. 3. Of having attended following curriculum : Anatomy, one course of six months ; at a recognised dental hospital or in the dental department Practical Anatomy, twelve months ; Chemistry, with Laboraof a recognised general hospital the practice of Dental tory Instruction, one course of six months ; Physics, with Surgery during two years. 4. Of having attended at Laboratory Instruction, three months; Physiology, with a recognised medical school (a) a course of lectures on Laboratory Instruction, one course of six months; Surgery, Anatomy, (b) a course of lectures on Physiology, (c) a including Surgical Pathology, one course of six months ; separate Practical Course of Physiology, (d) a course of Medicine, including Medical Pathology, one course of six lectures on Surgery, and (e) a course of lectures on Medicine. months ; and attendance on the practice of a recognised The lectures on Surgery and Medicine must be attended general hospital, with Clinical Instruction on Surgery and after the completion of the courses of lectures on Anatomy Medicine, twelve months. These courses must have been and Physiology. 5. Of having performed Dissections attended at a University or in an established school of at a recognised medical school during not less than medicine or in a provincial school specially recognised by the 12 months. 6. Of having attended at a recognised College as qualifying for the diploma in Surgery. In addihospital the practice of Surgery and Clinical Lectures tion to these courses candidates will be required to have attended in a recognised dental hospital, or with teachers on Surgery for twelve months during the ordinary sessions. 7. Of being 21 years of age. The certificates of professional recognised by the College, the following special courses of study will be required to show that students have attended the lectures and instruction : Dental Anatomy and Physiology courses of professional study to the satisfaction of their (Human and Comparative) (not less than 24 lectures), teachers. All students joining the Dental Hospitals after with Practical Dental Histology, three months ; Dental Oct. 1st, 1909, will be required to attend a course of practical Surgery and Pathology (not less than 20 lectures), with instruction in the anaesthetics in common use in the practice the Materia Medica and Therapeutics applicable to Dental

of Dental Students

is carried

Medical Council Office in London in the

on

at the

same manner as

686

Surgery, three months ; Dental Mechanics (not less than familiarity with the details of Mechanical Dentistry under 12 lectures), Theoretical and Practical, with Dental the instruction of a registered dentist, or under the Metallurgy, three months-one course each ; two years’ direction of the superintendent of the Mechanical Depart. attendance at a dental hospital or the dental depart- ment of a recognised Dental Hospital where the arrange. ment of a general hospital recognised by the College. ments for teaching Mechanical Dentistry are satisfactory to Practical instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a the Council of the College. This instruction may be com., registered Dentist, or in the Mechanical Depart- menced or attended before the candidate registers as a ment of a recognised dental hospital and school, as medical or dental student. 2. Of having passed the First apprentices or otherwise, either before or after registra- Dental Examination. 3. Of having attended, at institutions Certificates of attendance on recognised by the College for the purpose, the following tion, for three years. such of these courses as may be respectively required courses of instruction : (a) Dental Surgery and Pathology, will entitle candidates to appear either for the First Orthodontia, and the Materia Medica and Therapeutics applicDental Examination or for the First and Second able to Dental Surgery. Lectures. Two courses. (b) Dental Examinations for the Triple Qualification, as they may Mechanics. Lectures. Two courses. (c) Dental Anatomy. select, and subject to the existing regulations for each Lectures. One course. (d) The practice of a Dental Hospital, qualification. Candidates who have passed the First and or of the Dental Department of a General Hospital. Two years. Second Examinations for the Triple Qualification will be 4. Of having attended Clinical instructions at a recognised exempt from the First Dental Examination and will have General Hospital during the ordinary teaching sessions the advantage of being admissible either to the Final Dental (nine months). 5. Of having been engaged during four Examination or to the subsequent Examination for the Triple years in the acquirement of professional knowledge subseQualification, or to both. But the First Dental Examination quently to the date of registration as a medical or dental One year’s boni fide apprenticeship with a regis. will not be held as equivalent to the First and Second Triple student. Examinations and will admit to the Final Dental Examina- tered dental practitioner, after being registered as a medicai tion only. Candidates who are Licentiates of this College or or dental student, may be counted as one of the four years who may be registered medical practitioners will be required of professional study. 6. Of being 21 years of age. All to produce certificates of attendance on the special subjects certificates of instruction and evidences of age and registra. only and will be examined in these only for the dental tion shall be submitted at least seven days before the comdiploma. First Professional Examination : The candidate mencement of the examination to the Registrar of the must have attended the courses on Anatomy, Physiology, College. In the First Dental Examination candidates will be Chemistry, and Physics. The examination embraces Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, and Physics. The fee examined in (A) Physics and Chemistry, including Practical is L55s., for re-entry L33s. Second Examination : The Chemistry and Metallurgy. (B) Anatomy, Physiology, and candidate must have attended the remaining courses of Histology—General and Dental. All the subjects may be the curriculum, must produce certificates showing that passed at the same time, or they may be passed in two groups, he is 21 years of age, and must pay a fee of £10 10s., (A) and (B). Before presenting themselves for examinafor re-entry L55s. The examination embraces Surgery, tion in either group, candidates must have attended the Medicine, Therapeutics, and the special subjects of required courses of instruction in the subjects of the group Dental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery and for which they present themselves. The examination is Pathology, and Dental Mechanics with Dental Metallurgy, partly written, partly viru voce, and partly practical. with

Practical

Examination.

Candidates who claim

In the Final Dental Examination candidates will be examined in General Pathology, Medicine, and Surgery; Dental Surgery, and Dental Pathology, with the Materia Medica and Therapeutics applicable to Dental Surgery; Dental Mechanics and Metallurgy ; Orthodontia. Candidates must pass in all the subjects at one examination. The examination is partly written, partly vivi voce, and partly later than one week before the examination with Mr. D L. practical, and includes the examination of patients and the Eadie, 54, George-square, Edinburgh, Clerk to the College. performance of dental operations. Candidates are required Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.— to provide their own instruments and gold for filling. The The regulations as to certificates, curriculum, number, and First Dental Examination will commence on the first are in effect similar subjects of examinations, fees, &c., Mondays in the months of February, May, and November. to those of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, The Final Dental Examination will commence on the but embrace Dental Bacteriology. Candidates can enter for second Mondays in the months of February, May, and the First Examination in three divisions, the first embracing November. The fee for the Diploma in Dental Surgery is Physics and Chemistry, the second Dental Metallurgy and 20 guineas, and is payable in the following manner. viz., Dental Mechanics, and the third Anatomy and Physiology. First Dental Examination, Part (a), each admission, £33s.;y The examination in Dental Mechanics is practical ; and Part (b), each admission, .64 4s.Final, each admn-ion, there is at the Final Examination an examination in £55s. :amount payable before grant of Diploma, £88s,; Practical Dentistry conducted in a dental hospital. total, E21. Fees for re-examination will not be allowed to the in for Ireland.—Candidates count as part of the fee of £21 payable for the Dipiuma. of College Surgeons Royal Licence in Dental Surgery are required to pass two pro- Tees will not be refunded under any circumstances. Candifessional examinations, and to produce the following certifi- dates must pay the fees for examinations from which they are exempted, unless when such exemptions have been cates before admission to the several examinations :-First Dental Examination.—(A) Of having attended granted in virtue of examinations passed before the Conjoint courses of instruction in the following subjects at an instituBoard in Ireland. tion recognised for the purpose : (a) Theoretical Chemistry ; University of Birmingham.—The teaching of Dentistryis (b) Practical Chemistry, including Metallurgy (three months) ; undertaken by the University acting in association with the (c) Physics (six months). The courses for these certificates Birmingham Dental Hospital and the Birmingham Climca: need not be completed within one year, nor need they run Board, so that the students may fully qualify themselves concurrently ; and they may be commenced or attended for theDental diploma (L.D.S.) of this and other universities before the candidate registers as a medical or dental and licensing bodies. There is a special and well-equipped student. (B) 1. Of having passed a recognised Preliminary Dental Museum and Laboratorv. An Entrance Exhibition, Examination in general education, and of having been value £37 10s., is awarded annually at the commencement cf registered as a medical or dental student by the General the winter session. The following are the regulations for Medical Council. 2. Of having, subsequently to registration Degrees in Dentistry :—1. The degrees conferred by the Unias a dental or medical student, attended courses of instrucversity are those of Bachelor and Master of Dental Surgery tion in the following subjects at a recognised school of (B.D.S. and M.D.S.). 2. All candidates for these degrees medicine: (a) Anatomy Lectures. (b) Dissections with must pass the same Matriculation Examination as that Demonstrations (the candidates must dissect the head and required from candidates for Medical Degrees. 3. The neck three times) (12 months). (0) Physiology, including iegree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery is not conferred Dental Physiology. Lectures (six months). (d) Practical upon any candidate who has not obtained a Licence in Physiology and Histology, including Dental Physiology and Dental Surgery. The candidate is not eligible for the iegree until a period of 12 months has elapsed from the Histology, Human and Comparative (three months). Final Dental Examination.—1. Of having been engaged passing of his examination for the Licence in Dental Surgery. Of this period at least six months must be spent in the denta during a period of two years in acquiring a a

exemption from the First Denta’ Examination on the ground of having passed the First and Second Triple Qualification Examinations or other recognised examinations will, before being admitted to the Second Dental Examination, be required to pay the total fee of £15 15s. payable for the dental diploma. Fees and schedules must be lodged not

practical

687

department of a general hospital approved by

the University. 3achelor of Dental Surgery shall be required to have passed 4. A. In addition to the Licence in Dental Surgery the the Matriculation examination, to have pursued thereafter candidate must produce evidence that he has attended thesapproved courses of study for not less than five academic courses required by medical students of the University in ]ears, two of such years at least having been passed in the the following subjects and passed the Examinations held in 1University subsequently to the date of passing Parts I. and the same for Medical and Surgical Degrees : (a) Chemistry II. of the first examination, and to have completed such and Practical Chemistry, (b) Physics and Practical Physics, (o)]period of pupilage or hospital attendance, or both, as may Elementary Biology, (d) Anatomy and Practical Anatomy,pe prescribed by the regulations of the University. No and (e) Physiology and Practical Physiology. B. That he hascandidate will be admitted to the degree who has not attended the following courses and passed the class examina-attained the age of 21 years on the day of graduation. All tionsin each of these subjects: (f) One Special Course of 4candidates are required to have passed the following exaLectures on Medicine, (g) One Special Course of Lecturesminations : the first examination, the second examination, on Surgery, and (h) Pathology and Bacteriology. C. That!Iond the final examination. Each examination will include he has attended courses and passed the class examina-practical work in the subjects offered. All candidates shall tions in : (k) Dental Histology and Patho-Histology, (l) be required, before presenting themselves for examination, to Comparative Dental Anatomy, and (m) Dental Surgery andfurnish to the registrar certificates testifying that they have Prosthetic Dentistry. D. That he has received instructionattended the prescribed courses of instruction in accordance in the Clinical Examination of living cases at the dental with the regulations of the University in each of the subjects department of a general hospital for a period of not less than which they offer, and that they have fulfilled the other six months. 5. The Final Examination will deal with the requirements of the ordinance and regulations in respect subjects in Classes C and D. 6. On the expiration of of such examination. Candidates for the diploma in Dental 12 months from the date of passing the Examination for Surgery (L.D.S.) are required to present certificates showing the Degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery, the candi- that they have attained the age of 21 years, that they have date will be eligible for that of Master of Dental Surgery. attended courses of instruction approved by the Uni7. For this degree candidates will be required to submit a versity, extending over not less than four years, and thesis containing original work and investigations in some that they have completed a pupilage of three years, two subject connected with Dentistry, which thesis shall be sub- of such years at least having been taken before the mitted to examiners to be nominated by the Dental First Professional examination. Candidates are required Advisory Board. The degree will be awarded or withheld to satisfy the examiners in the several subjects of the according to the report of these examiners. following examinations : A preliminary examination in University oj Durha7m. -A Diploma in Dental Surgery is Arts ; a preliminary examination in Science; the First granted. The conditions are as follows :-Every candidate Professional examination ; and the Final examination. for the Diploma must pass the necessary examination The classes in the Department of Dentistry will begin on required by the General Medical Council for registration as Oct. lst. The instruction in the Preliminary subjects of There are four Examinations-viz., First, Chemistry, Physics, and Biology will be given at the Unia dental student Second, Third, and Final. The subjects of the Examinations versity in College-road. The classes in the other subjects are:—First:(a) Chemistry; and (b) Physics. Second :(a) and the systematic courses in Dental subjects will be held Dental Mechanics, Theoretical and Practical ; (b) Dental in the School of Medicine of the University in ThoresbyMetallurgy; and (c) Dental Materia Medica. Third: (a) place. The systematic instruction in the School of Dentistry Anatomy; (b) Physiology and Histology ; and (c) Dental will be given by the following :-Anatomy : Professor J. K. Anatomy and Dental Histology. Final: (a) Surgery (b) Jamieson. Physiology : Professor de B. Birch. Pathology : Dental Surgery, including Prosthetics and Orthodontia ; (0) Professor A. S. Grunbaum. Medicine: Professor T. W. Operative Dental Surgery, Practical Examination ; and (d) Griffith. Surgery : Professor R. L. Knaggs. Dental Surgery : Dental Pathology and Bacteriology. A candidate before Mr. A. G. G. Plumley. Operative Dental Surgery: Mr. presenting himself for examination is required to furnish T. S. Carter. Dental Anatomy and Physiology: Mr. A. certificates of instruction in the following subjects, attended Alan Forty. Dental Mechanics: Mr. C. Rippon. Dental after registration as a dental student at recognised Metallurgy: Mr. W. Lowson. Dental Materia Medica : Mr. University Colleges, Medical or Dental Schools :—First J. H. Gough. The clinical instruction will be given in the Examination:Chemistry, lectures and practical work (nine Dental Department of the Leeds Public Dispensary, which is months) ; and Physics, lectures and practical work (nine recognised by the University and by the Royal College of months). S’econd ExaminationDental Mechanics (not less Surgeons. Applications for the prospectus should be made than 20 lectures) ; Dental Metallurgy (not less than 12 to the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine. lectures and 30 hours practical work) ; and Dental Materia University of Liverpool (Liverpool Dental Hospital and Medica (not less than 12 lectures). Third Examination: School of Dental Surgery).—The University grants a Anatomy (six months) ; Dissections (12 months) ; Physiology diploma in Dental Surgery (L.D.S.) and degrees in Dental (six months); Histology (three months) ; Dental Anatomy Surgery (B.D.S. and M.D.S.). The courses of systematic and Physiology (a course of not less than 20 lectures) ; and instruction are given in the University buildings, five Final minutes’ walk from the Dental Hospital. The two instiDental Histology (not less than 12 lectures). Examination: Dental Hospital Practice (two years) ; tutions are now closely associated and the manageGeneral Hospital Practice (nine months) ; Medicine Lectures ment of the curriculum is in the hands of the Board (six months); Surgery Lectures (six months) ; Dental of Dental Studies. This school offers advantages to Surgery and Pathology (a course of not less than 20 lectures) ; students which are not excelled anywhere for their practical Dental Bacteriology (not less than 12 lectures) ; Operative nature. On Jan. 16th, 1909, the Earl of Derby laid the Dental Surgery (not less than 12 lectures) ; and Anaesthetics foundation stone of a new Dental Hospital in Pembroke(a course of not less than one month). place, immediately opposite the University and Royal Before admission to the Final Examination each candidate Infirmary, and covering a site of 672 square yards. The new must furnish evidence (1) of having attained the age of 21 Dental Hospital was opened in March, 1910, equipped in each years, (2) of having undergone a three years’ pupilage in department with every modern accessory. The ground floor Mechanical Dentistry with a registered dentist, and (3) of contains a large waiting-hall, examination room, extraction having been engaged in professional study for at least four and anaesthetic rooms, with special waiting and recovery years subsequent to registration as a dental student. He rooms for each, staff room, and special room for nurses. A mast also sign such declaration as the University may large lecture hall with library and museum, prosthetic determine, binding himself not to advertise for professional room adjoining a lofty and well lighted laboratory purposes. The examinations will be held concurrently with divided into special rooms to accommodate over 30 the medical examinations, and the fees payable by can- pupils, and smaller laboratory for advanced students, didates are as follows: First Examination, E210s. ;Second plaster and smelting rooms, are situated on the first Examination, .6210s. ; Third Examination, .6310s. ;Final floor. The whole of the top floor (470 square yards) is Examination, £3 10s. fee for Diploma, £3 ; total, .615. devoted to conservation work, and lighted entirely from For re-examination: First Examination, £110s. ;Second the north, and contains 50 pump operating chairs, each Examination, £2 ;Third Examination, .62; Fourth Examina- provided with water-flushed spittoons, brackets, and electric tion, .62. The practical examinations in dentistry will be light. Provision is also made for the use of electric motors. conducted at the Newcastle Dental Hospital. Portions are reserved for porcelain inlay work, orthodontia, University of Leeds.-The degrees in Dental Surgery and the use of the demonstrator. The students’ room, with are Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B Cb.D.) and Master of cloak-room and lavatories, is placed in the mezzanine immeDental Surgery (M.Ch.D.). All candidates for the degree of diately below the conservation (filling) room, and provision

688 is made in the basement for cycles. The whole of thE Dentistry, Orthodontia, and Deutal Materia Medica.A building is heated by hot-water pipes and radiators, anc candidate for the degree of B.D.S. must produce evidence specially ventilated and lighted throughout by electricity of apprenticeship to a registered dentist for a period of two The laboratory is in charge of a skilled dental mechani( years. A portion of or the entire period may be served under the supervision of the Warden, and students arf before commencing study for the degree of B.D.S., but no able to undertake at the hospital the whole of their training portion so taken prior to commencement of study shall in Mechanical Dentistry. The times of the lecture at the count as part of the four years of Dental Study. The degree University are arranged to meet the convenience of students, of Master of Dental Surgery will not be granted until three thus allowing the maximum time for attendance upon Dental years after the B.D.S. has been obtained. Hospital practice. The staff of the hospital includes 12 honorary Dental Surgeons, a Demonstrator, six Anaesthetists, TEACHING INSTITUTIONS IN DENTISTRY. two House Surgeons, and a Curator. Fees for two years’ See also under Universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Liver. hospital practice, .621. Apprenticeship.-A limited number pool, and Manchester above. of apprentices are admitted annually. Fees for three years, LONDON. £105. Further information may be had from the Warden, Mr. W. H. Gilmour. The various medical and dental lectures Royal Dental Hospital of London and School of Dental The Anatomical Surgery, Leicester-syzeccre.-The school provides the special are given at the University of Liverpool. Department has been removed to a new building, comprising dental education required by the Royal College of Sur. a spacious dissecting room and a museum which contains an geons for the Licence in Dental Surgery. The general part excellent collection of skulls illustrative of human and com- of the curriculum may be taken at any general hospital. parative dental anatomy. Fees : The composition fees are The hospital is open from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., there as follows : Diploma course (L.D.S.): Composition fee being one stafffor the morning and another for the .E58 10s., for diploma course of other licensing bodies afternoon of each day. Pupils are received for the £61 10s., payable in two equal instalments the first on entry, mechanical training recognised by the curriculum. The Two years’ instruction in demonstrators at the commencement of each session the second 12 months later. Mechanical Dentistry (pupilage) and two years’ Dental give a course of lectures on Operative Dental Surgery. Hospital Practice (combined) £100. Degree course (B.D.S.) : The five house surgeoncies are held for six months L67 10s. for all lectures (including Chemistry, Physics, and each and are open to all qualified students. The lecturers, Zoology) in three instalments. Two years’ dental hospital, in addition to their lectures, give special demonstrations 921 ; general hospital practice, £10 10s. ;; three years’ on the Microscopy of Dental Anatomy and Dental mechanical instruction (pupilage), .El05. Surgery. The lecturer on Dental Mechanics also gives University of Manchester.-In the University of Man- practical demonstrations in the mechanical laboratory. chester the Dental Department forms an integral part of the There are two Entrance Scholarships in Chemistry and Faculty of Medicine. This contains a series of laboratories, Physics of the value of E50 and .E25 respectively. One lecture rooms, and museums which will bear comparison Entrance Scholarship in Dental Mechanics and Metallurgy with those of any other school in the kingdom, and the fullest value .625, open to pupils of the Hospital only. One opportunities for study are offered to students preparing for Entrance Scholarship of C25 in Dental Mechanics, any of the professional examinations. Instruction adapted open to pupils of private practitioners. The Saunders to the requirements of students preparing for the B.D.S. Scholarship awarded to second year students. The Storer Degree and the Dental Diplomas of the University, the Royal Bennett Research Scholarship for Scientific Research in any College of Surgeons of England, and of other licensing branch of Dental Surgery, value E50, is awarded triennially. bodies is given during the Winter and Summer sessions both The Alfred Woodhouse Scholarship of C35 and the Robert at the University and at the Dental Hospital of Manchester Woodhouse Prize of £10 for Practical Dental Surgery. Prizes in Oxford-street. The required general hospital practice is and certificates are awarded by the lecturers for the taken at the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Women students best examinations in the subjects of their respective are admitted to the classes in the Dental Department and for courses, at the end of the summer and winter sessions. them a separate laboratory for Practical Anatomy and Consulting Physician : Sir Richard Douglas Powell, Bart. The composition fee for Consulting Dental Surgeons : Mr. T. Arnold Rogers, Mr. common rooms are provided. candidates for the University degree of Bachelor of Morton Smale, and Mr. C. S. Tomes, F.R.S. Dental Dental Surgery is 60 guineas, payable in two equal Surgeons : Mr. J. F. Colyei, mr. vV. H. Dolamore, Mr. instalments at the beginning of the first and third G. Hern, Mr. J. G. Turner, Mr. N. G. Bennett, Mr. D. P. years of studentship. The composition fee for candidates Gabell, Mr. A. Hopewell Smith, and Mr. H. Austen. Assistant for the University Diploma in Dentistry is 55 guineas, Dental Surgeons: Mr. R. McKay, Mr. W. W. James. payable in two equal instalments at the beginning of and Mr. F. Coleman. Anaesthetists : Dr. Dudley Buxton, J. Probyn-Williams, and Mr. H. Hilliard. the first and third years of studentship. The composi- Dr. R. Mr. A. L. Whitehouse, Mr. L. C. tion fee for candidates for the L.D.S. of England is 60 Demonstrators : guineas, payable in two equal instalments at the beginning Ball, Mr. F. Butler, Mr. G. H. Curtis, Mr. H. C. of the first and third years of studentship. Students who Colyer, and Mr. L. F. Guanziroli. Lecturers :-Dental have already served their apprenticeship with a private Anatomy and Physiology (Human and Comparative): Mr. practitioner, and who propose to complete the final portion of A. Hopewell Smith. Dental Surgery and Pathology: Mr. their attendance at the University and at an approved dental r. G. Turner. Operative Dental Surgery : Mr. W. H. Dol. hospital, will be required to pay the composition fee in two Mechanical Dentistry : Mr. D. P. Gabell. Metallurgy in equal instalments at the commencement of the first and ts application to Dental Purposes : Mr. P. Ellis Richards. second years of studentship. The payment of any of the Dental Bacteriology : Mr. Howard Mummery. Dental Materia above composition fees will entitle the student to attend all tiedica: Mr. H. A. Austen. Anaesthetics: Dr. Dudley the classes in the following list which are required for their 3uxton. During the sessions the surgeons of the day respective examinations. The composition fee does not vill give demonstrations at stated hours. The house include the hospital fees, the examination fees, the fee for urgeons attend daily while the hospital is open. Fee the conferment of the degree or the diploma, the registration or two years’ hospital practice required by the curriculum, fee, nor the fees for chemicals and chemical apparatus i ncluding lectures, E53 3s. in one payment, or L55 13s, in 1 wo yearly instalments. The curriculum requires two years (£1Is.). National University of Ireland.-This University grants o be passed at a General Hospital ; the fee for this is the degrees of Bachelor of Dental Surgery and a degreea bout .E60. Both hospitals can be attended simultaneously. of Master of Dental Surgery. A student may not be ’; ’he fee for the instruction in Dental Mechanics and the admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Dental Surgery t wo years’ hospital practice required by the curriculum is unless a period of not less than four years shall have elap-ed j 150 if paid in one instalment, or 150 guineas if paid in from the date of his matriculation, during which period he t iree equal instalments. The fee for tuition in Mechanical must have pursued an approved course of study of not less I ’entistry is 50 guineas per annum ; for one year’s hosthan nine terms. For the degree of Bachelor of Dental r ital practice 621. The Dean attends at the hospital every Surgery candidates must pass four examinations, the first I hursday morning from 9.45 to 11 o’clock, or he can be seen two being the same as those for the first and second a ; other times by appointment. Letters to be addressed-The examination in Medicine. The subjects of the third examina- I ean, 32, Leicester-square. The Winter Session opens on tion are Dental and Practical Pathology, Dental Surgery, C ct. 3rd. National Dental Hospital and College.-Corner of and Dental Medicine, the subjects of the fourth being Dental Surgery and Pathology, Dental Mechanics, Operative G reat Portland and Devonshire-streets, W.-Consulting

689

Surgeon: Sir Victor Horsley. Consulting Dental Surgeon :of Dentistry during any period of their medical course Sidney Spokes. Visiting Physician : Dr. James Maughan.most convenient to themselves without further charge. Two Visiting Surgeon : Mr. E. W. Roughton. Dental Surgeons :Entrance Scholarships in Dental Mechanics of the value of Mr. K. W. Goadby, Mr. W. Weiss, Mr. Rushton, Mr. H. R. E20 each are offered for competition annually, one in Pring, Mr. A. E. Relph, and Mr. H. Creemer Cooper. September and one in April, and prizes of the aggregate Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. H. W. Turner and Dr. J. W. value of £47 are awarded for general proficiency and for Pare. Anesthetists: Mr. H. P. Noble, Mr. C. J. Ogle, Mr. skill in Practical Dentistry. Dental students are eligible Vivian B. Orr, Dr. J. Maughan, Dr. Cecil Hughes, and Mr. R. for admission to the Residential College and enjoy the ’E. Delbruck. Lecturers :-Dental Anatomy and Physiology : privileges of students in the Medical School. Dr. J. W. Pare, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 5 P.M., in October, Staff.—Consulting Dental Surgeon : Mr. F. NewlandNovember, and December. Dental Metallurgy: Mr. Hugh Pedley. Dental Surgeons : Mr. W. A. Maggs, Mr. Candy, Tuesdays, 5 P.M., in January, February, and March, Wynne Rouw, Mr. H. L. Pillin, and Mr. M. F. Hopson. and May, June, and July. Dental Mechanics: Mr. H. W. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. J. B. Parfitt and Mr. Turner, Wednesdays, 5.30 P.M., in May, June, and July, and J. L. Payne. Demonstrators of Practical Dentistry: Mr. October, November, and December. Dental Materia Medica : E. B. Dowsett, Mr. F. J. Pearce, Mr. H. P. Aubrey, Mr. ,Ilr. Charles W. Glassington, Tuesdays, 6 P.M., October, H. Chapman, and Mr. H. C. Malleson. Demonstrators of November, and December. Dental Surgery and Patho- Prosthetic Dentistry : Mr. S. W. Charles and Mr. E. A. logy : Mr. H. J. Relph, Thursdays, 5 P.M., during Tomes. Anaesthetists : Dr. H. F. Lancaster, Mr. C. J. Ogle, January, February, and March. Bacteriology of the Mouth : Mr. R. Davies-Colley, Dr. F. E Shipway, Mr. H. M. Page, Mr. K. W. Goadby, Tuesdays, 4 P.M., during May, and Mr. T. B. Layton. Lecturers :-Dental Anatomy June, and July. Practical courses to comply with and Physiology : Mr. Maggs. Dental Surgery and Pathothe R.C.S. curriculum are also held. The hospital logy : Mr. Wynne Rouw. Operative Dental Surgery: Mr. is lighted throughout by electricity and warmed and Parfitt. Dental Mechanics : Mr. Payne. Practical Dental ventilated by approved methods. Clinical Lectures and Mechanics : Mr. Pillin. Dental Materia Medica : Dr. A. P. Demonstrations are given from time to time, and each student Beddard. Dental Bacteriology : Dr. Eyre. Dental Microon entering passes through a preliminary course under a scopy : Mr. Dowsett and Mr. Kennaway. Metallurgy : Dr. demonstrator. The stopping rooms have accommodation J. Wade. Practical Dental Metallurgy : Mr. Hopson. Curator for 50 chairs. Dresserships in the extraction and stop- of Dental Museum : Mr. Dowsett. Dean : Dr. Eason. London Hospital.-Mr. F. M. Farmer and Mr. J. Scott ping rooms are re-arranged every three months. Two Entrance Exhibitions, of the value of k40 and .620, MacFarlane give practical instruction during the winter are open for competition. Prizes are open for competition and summer sessions daily at 9 A.M. Dental Dressers are at the end of each course of lectures. Certificates of honour appointed every three months. A course of lectures, specially The Rymer Medal for General arranged for Medical students, will be delivered during May are also open in each class. Proficiency, value £5, is awarded annually to the most and June. The lectures will be supplemented by demonstrameritorious student; and the Ash Prize, value k3 3s., for tions of practical work and will be specially directed to meet a Thesis on a subject in Dental Surgery. Total fee for the the requirements of the medical practitioner. They will comSpecial Lectures and Hospital Practice required, 40 guineas. prise a short description of the Anatomy and Physiology of A composition fee covering the two years’ mechanical the Teeth, special attention being given to Oral Hygiene ; pupilage and the two years’ hospital practice required Irregularities of the Teeth, with special reference to cases by the Royal College of Surgeons, £120. Single which may be treated by surgical means as distinguished Courses: Dental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery from those requiring -dental appliances ; Dental Caries and and Pathology, Dental Mechanics, Dental Metallurgy, its Treatment, which will be specially directed to palliative Bacteriology of the Mouth, Dental Materia Medica, dressings and simple fillings ; Diseases of the Dental Pulp Demonstration of Dental Mechanics, E55s. each. Hos- and Periosteum and their Treatment; and Neuralgia and other pital Practice to registered practitioners by special per- Affections arising from dental causes. The practical work Mr.

Committee, 12 months, .E15 15s. Information will include exercises in the extraction of teeth and the the Hospital Practice and the College may be preparation of cavities and simple fillings on models obtained from the Dean, Mr. Sidney Spokes, who attends specially prepared. 7354 dental cases were treated during at the Hospital, Great Portland-street, on Tuesday mornings. 1909. Guy’s Hospital.—The work of the Dental Department PROVINCIAL. begins daily at 9 A.M. both in the extraction rooms and in the conservation room. The Extraction Rooms A new for instruction in Bristol.-Laboratories of University Dental Out-patient Department has been provided. There and in Dental Metallurgy have been Mechanical Dentistry is ample accommodation for ordinary extractions and an2esestablished in the University and Dental students can enter thetic extractions, together with waiting- and retiring-rooms. for the full curriculum at Bristol. The Lectures are dePatients are admitted between 8.45 and 9.30 A.M., and are livered at the University. Practical instruction is given at the seen by the dental surgeon for the day, the dental house Infirmary by Mr. Ackland and at the General Hospital surgeon, the assistant dental house surgeon, and the dressers. Royal both institutions being recognised by the Such patients as are suitable for conservative treatment by Mr. Dowling, Dental Board of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. are transferred to the conservation room, taking with them be obtained of the Dean of the Medical a The Full information may chart to indicate the treatment required. Edward Fawcett, the University, Bristol. Professor Faculty, Conservation Room: This room is open from 9 A.M. Deion and Exeter Dental Hospital, 24, Sovthernhay, West, till 5 P.M. There are 55 Morrison chairs, each fitted with a saliva ejector, for the use of the Dressers, who, Exeter.-Established 1880.-The hospital is open daily and patients are admitted between the under the supervision of the Staff, perform the (Sundays excepted) various operations of Dental Surgery. The members hours of 9 and 11 A.M. Students attending the practice of of the staff attend every morning and afternoon to give the hospital must consider themselves strictly under the demonstrations and otherwise assist students in their work control of the medical officers and must not undertake any in the Conservation Room and Mechanical Laboratory. operation without the consent of the dental surgeon for the Hon. treasurer, Mr. J. M, Ackland; secretary, Mr. Pupils in Dental Mechanics are received, and a graded,: day. systematic, and full course of instruction, extending over W. Alfred Hooker. two years, is carried out. The control and supervision of th{ SCOTLAND. Pupils’ Laboratory is in the hands of the following staff: The Demonstrator of Dental Mechanics, Two Staff Demon. The Incorporated Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School.— strators of Prosthetic Dentistry, Two Skilled Mechanics anc1 The Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School is located in their Assistants. Dental students have the opportunity o:f a spacious and well-equipped building at 31, Chambersattending at this hospital the whole course of instructioii street and offers special advantages to dental students. required by the examining board for the L.D.S. Eng., viz. , The General Courses required for the Dental Diploma two years’ pupilage in dental mechanics, the special lecture s may be taken in the Medical School of the Royal and practice of the Dental Department and the general lecture s Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons or in the University and practice of the Medical School. The fees for these tmo schools. The hospital attendance and clinical instruction The University, Medical courses may be paid separately or together, or they may b e are taken at the Royal Infirmary. combined with the fees required to be paid for the cours e Schools, and Royal Infirmary are within three minutes’ for a medical diploma. Students who enter for a medical a,s walk of the Dental Hospital. The special courses are taken well as a dental diploma are allowed to pursue their study in the hospital. The Dental Hospital practice, extending

mission of

respecting

____

.

____

.

690 two years, affords a student ample opportunity for full acquaintance with every branch of dentistry. The hospital admits a limited number of indentured pupils. They receive their instruction in Mechanical Dentistry concurrently A premium of 60 with the general and special courses. guineas is payable with each such pupil. The practice and ,lectures of the hospital are recognised by, and qualify for, all the Licensing Boards. For the special classes, both theoretical and practical, required by dental students the directors have secured the services of an efficient staff of -dental officers and lecturers. There will also be a course of Students will demonstrations in Mechanical Dentistry. .receive instruction in Practical Dental Mechanics under the mechanician. The cost of the hospital outfit of instruments The is included in the Dental Hospital fee of .631 10s. minimum cost of classes and Diploma for the whole course of dental instruction amounts to .890 7s. Those students who desire to take a Medical and Surgical Diploma in addition to the L.D.S. have in this school admirable facilities for so doing. The triple qualification of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh .and the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow ,is recommended. The minimum cost of the Professional Education Triple Qualification and Licence in Dental Surgery amounts to <6169 7s. The mechanical department is large and airy and furnished with all modern ,tools and appliances. The winter session commences Oct. lst. The Museum is open to students for study. Further particulars can be obtained from the Dean. Mr. over

.a

W.

Guy.

Ineorworated ,15,

Glecsgow

-Dalhousie-street,

.Dental

Garnethill,

Hospital and Sehool, Glasgo7v.-The winter

session will begin in October and the lectures will be delivered as follows. In Dental Mechanics on Tuesday and Thursday at 7 P.M., by Dr. Hugh McKay, and in Dental Metallurgy on Monday and Wednesday at 7, by Mr. W. Bruce Hepburn, L.D.S. Fee for each of the above courses of lectures, .633s. Lectures will also ‘be delivered on the following subjects : Dental Surgery and ’Pathology, by Mr. J. M. Macmillan ; Dental Anatomy and Physiology, by Dr. W. Wallace ; Dental Materia JMedica and Therapeutics, by Mr. W. W. Dickie; Dental Bacteriology, by Mr. J. F. Webster: Anaesthetics, by Dr. R. Home Henderson; Operative Technique, by Mr. .Adam Cubie. The lectures and instruction at the ’Glasgow Dental Hospital and School are recognised by all the licensing bodies in the United Kingdom. The fees for two years’ hospital practice are C15 15s. Intending students before commencing to attend the lectures - or hospital practice must produce evidence of having

W. Watson, F.R.S., and Mr. A. Fowler, F.R.S. Geology: Professor W. W. Watts, F.R.S., and Dr. Cullis. Metallurgy: Professor W. A. Carlyle, M.E., M.I.M.M. Mining: Pro. fessor S. H. Cox, A,R.S.M., M.LM.M. Civil and Mechanical Engineering : Professor W. E. Dalby, M.A. Electrical Engineering: Professor T. Mather, F.E.S. The College reopens on Tuesday, Oct. 4th, 1910. Communica. tions should be addressed to the Secretary, Imperial College, South Kensington, S.W. ELECTRICAL STANDARDIZING, TESTING, AND TEAIXIX6

INSTITUTION, Faraday House, 62-70, Southampton-row, w.e. -Principal, Alexander Russell, M.A. Cantab, D.Sc. Glasg-., Instructor in Electrical Machine Design: W. M.I.E.E. Buchanan, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., and Whitworth Scholar, M.IE.E. Instructor in Chemistry: Mr. J. Thomas. B.Sc. Lond. Instructor in Mechanical Engineering: This institution, in Mr. Walter H. Bell, A.M.Inst.C.E. addition to its ordinary course of training in electrical engineering, which occupies four years, also arranges for special instruction in all branches of electricity either by private tuition or by a specially arranged course at the College or at the works of the companies with which itis There are Entrance Scholarships of the value associated. Particulars may be obtained on of 150 and 100 guineas. application to the Secretary, Faraday House, Southampton. row, W.C. Session begins Sept. 20th. SCHOOL OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN.—Chemistry and Physics : Professor Arthur W. Crossley, F.R.S. Botany: Mr. H. J. Jeffery, A.R.C.Sc. Pharmaceutics : Professor Greenish. The session commences on Wednesday, Oct. 5th, on which day the inaugural address will be delivered. Medical students, or pupils intending to enter the medical profession, are admittedto the lectures and laboratory work in any or all the courses. Certificates of instruction in this school are received by the Conjoint Board of the Royal Colleges. Application for admission to the school, or for further information, may be made to the Dean, Professor Crossley, F.R.S., 17, Blooms.

bury-square, London, W.C.

SANITARY INSTITUTE (WITH WHICH IS IT. THE PARKES MUSEUM), 90, Buckingham Palace-road, S.W.-The objects of the Royal Sanitary Institute are to promote the advancement of sanitary science in all or any of its branches and to diffuse knowledge relating thereto. It was founded in 1876 and incorporated in 1888. Sessional meetings are held in London and in various provincial centres from time to bime for the reading of papers and for discussions upon subjects connected with sanitary science, and lectures and lemonstrations are arranged for sanitary officers; in sani. science as applied to buildings and public works, passed the preliminary examination prescribed by the jary suitable for foremen of works, builders, and those engaged of the Medical Council for General registration n the allied - regulations trades; for army officers and professional The hospital is opened daily from of dental students. :5 to 7 P.M. (Saturdays excepted). Students may only enrol nen on food and meat inspection ; for meat inspectors; women health visitors and school nurses ; and for - during the months of April or October. Summer session ’or Ichool teachers. Examinations are held in London, begins in April. colonial centres and certificates of BlasflolV Royal Infirmary (Dental Department).-Mr. 1 )rovincial, and Wm. Taylor attends at the Royal Infirmary at 3.30 P.M.C competency in sanitary knowledge are granted. The Museum, which is maintained by the institute, con. on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and gives a1 ’arkes ains a great variety of the most approved forms of -course of instruction in Dental Surgery on these days. The following course in the curriculum can be taken atI ,pparatuS and appliances relating to health and domestic :St. Mungo’s College: Anatomy, six months ; Practical( omfort. Professors and teachers of hygiene are allowed he use of the museum for demonstrations to their students Anatomy, nine months ; Physiology, six months ; Chemistry,( ,n application to the committee. The museum is open daily with six months ; Practical Chemistry ’Metallurgy, f ree of from 9.30 A.M. to 5.30 P.M. and on Mondays months ; Surgery, six months ; Medicine, six months; Materiat o 8 P.M.charge There are also a large library of sanitary literature Medica. three months ; Clinical Surgery, six months ; Dental in addition to standard works on sanitary rhich .Surgery, six months, and attendance for two years on the ’‘ cience,contains, a collection of reports of medical officers of health dental department of the hospital. The attendance on the c ver the whole country, and a reading room supplied with Dental Clinic is free to students of the hospital. The t be principal sanitary periodicals, both home and foreign. session opens Monday, Oct. 17th. 7 ’he institute is under the patronage of the King, and the 0 fficers are : President, the Duke of Northumberland; chair. ANCILLARY SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. IJ ian of council, Mr Louis Parkes, M.D.. D.P.H. : treasurer, IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, C olonel J. Lane Notter, R.A.M.C., M.A., M D. ; registrar, Mr. London (including as integral parts the ROYAL COLLEGE OFA . Wynter Blyth, M. R C. S. ; and secretary and director, Mr. SCIENCES, the ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES, and the CITY AND r . White Wallis. The lecturers are Dr. C. Porter, Dr. G. F. ’GUILDS COLLEGE).-Mechanics and Mathematics: Professor ] ’cOeary, Dr. A. Wellesley Harris, Dr. E. J. Steegmann, .J. Perry, F.R.S., Professor 0. Henrici, F.R.S., and Dr. A. R. r r. E. Petronell Manby, Professor H. R. Kenwood, M.B.. Willis. Biology: (Zoology) Professor A. Sedgwick, F.R.S., E r. C. J. Thomas, Dr. H. Meredith Richards, Miss Alice .and Professor J. B. Farmer, M.A., F.R.S. (Botany). R a.venhill, Colonel J. Lane Notter, R.A.M.C., Mr. J. Chemistry : Professor Sir Edward Thorpe, F.R.S., Pro- 0 sborne Smith, F. R. 1. B.A., Mr. W. 0. Tyndale, M.Inst a.E., fessor H. E. Armstrong, F.R.S , Dr. M. 0. Forster, F.R.S., M r. J. E. Worth, M.Inst. C.E., Mr. J. VVright Clarke, Dr. J. C. Philip, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., and Dr. G. T. P ofessor I3. Addison Woodruff, F.R.C.V.S., Professor Henrr Morgan, D.Sc, A.R.C.S. Physics: Professors H. L. A lams, M.lnst.C.E., Mr. C. Chambers Smith, Mr. Percy’v Oallendar, F.R.S., the Honourable R. J. Strutt, F.R.S., Dr. G :iffiths, M.Inst.C.E., Mr. H. Percy Boulnois, M.Inst.C.E., ROYAL

CORPORATED

’

three

winter

691 Mr. Ainsworth Wilson, F.R.C.V.S., Mr. T. Dunlop Young, M.R.C.V.S., Mr. W. G. Barnes, M.R.C.V.S., Dr. Eric C. Pritchard, Dr. A. Beresford Kingsford, and Dr. Marian

For members the annual subscription is and for associates .61ls., but members and associates holding certain qualifications only pay half the ordinary rate

Hunter-Vaughan. S2&.

of subscription. THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.-The Royal Institute of Public Health, 37, Russell-square, W.C., was founded in the year 1886 with the object of obtaining the registration of public health diplomas and the further statutory requirement that all medical officers of health should possess such a qualification. In 1905 the Fellows and members of the Institute, now numbering nearly 2000, decided to create a central public health institution in London and have erected bacteriological, parasitological, and chemical laboratories in which researches of a publichealth character are undertaken for municipal and other authorities and for private medical practitioners and the necessary training for obtaining public health diplomas is pro-

vided, together with a library, lecture room, and common room. The Royal Institute of Public Health is recognised by the University of London as a public educational institution, and its course of instruction for the diploma by the universities and other examining bodies of the United Kingdom. The Institute is under the patronage of His Majesty the King, and the Right Hon. Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal is President. The teaching staff consists of-the Principal, Professor William R. Smith, M.D., F.R.S.Ed.; demonstrators of chemistry, Ernest Garratt, M.Sc., and Alan Stewart, D.So.; demonstrator of bacteriology, Dr. R. Trommsdorff and Dr. A. E. Porter. Occasional lectures are given by eminent sanitarians. The Harben lecturer for 1910 was Lieutenaut-Colonel Sir W. B. Leishman, R.A.M.C , and the Harben lecturer for 1911 is Professor Angelo Celli,

M.D.Rome.

THE BRITISH MEDICAL MAN

been very hard pushed to make both ends meet. The graduates of the colonial universities every year tend to more than meet the usual vacancies. It used to be generally believed that, even where there was a large supply of general’ practitioners in the big colonial towns, there would still begood openings for men who have specialised in such branchesof practice as the treatment of eye and ear diseases. This is partially true. There are openings of which good men But as a rule the openings in the can take advantage. colonies for new comers are in country districts where the medical man, besides being proficient in every branch of the profession, must be ready to lead a hard life. It is desirablethat every colonial practitioner, intending to start in a. country district, should be of good physique and not only able to ride but able to take care of his horses. There are, of course, certain colonial appointments made in this country, particulars of which will be found in our columns. These appointments are sometimes made with permission to practise privately, and sometimes this is not permitted. Candidates for the post should apply to the Colonial Office for information, and their chances of successwill be much increased by having passed through one of theschools of tropical medicine. The duties of colonial medical officers involve medical charge of a district, including as a rule the charge of a hospital and a lunatic asylum. The medical officers also supervise the sanitation of their districts, and as a rule give gratuitous attendance to all Government officials. The United States of America form a rich and wellpopulated country to which, as speaking our language, it is. natural for the British medical man to desire to go. Theregulations for practice in the various States differ much, but it will be found that wherever the social conditions arepleasant and the opportunities for emoluments good there will be plenty of competition. There is an enormous number of medical men in the United States, and the British, medical man contemplating starting in medical practice there will be prudent to make full inquiry before deciding on the locality, while his chance of success will be increased by his having some good introductions. --

ABROAD.

THE conditions of medical practice have much altered in this country of late, as we have been able to point out in FRANCE. THE LANCET during the past decade. Professional incomes the conditions of the practice of The law that regulates in many places have been lowered seriously by the unfair thetactics of so-called medical aid societies, and the position medicine in France is that of Nov. 30th, 1892, passed by and and the Chamber of Senate Carnot, signed Deputies by of servant to which some of these associations would reduce their medical officer is one that liberally educated gentle- President, and Poincaré, the Minister of Public Instruction, at that date:men do not welcome with enthusiasm. Improvement has Ko one may practise medicine in France Lnless he hold a diploma of taken place recently, but there is yet a time of severe the doctorate of medicine given by the French Government after have the of ahead. living gone examinations duly passed in the State institution of higher medicalstruggle Again, expenses up for medical men as they have for all the middle and education. upper middle classes of this country, while more money The fifth article of this law specifically refers tois required to secure the necessary medical degrees and foreigners :diplomas owing to the lengthy curriculum and the more Physicians who have taken their degree abroad, of whatever expensive equipment. These facts account, though only nationality, can only practise in France on condition of having. partially, for the increased number of medical men who obtained in France the degree of doctor of medicine. having obtained British medical qualifications desire to settle This article was modified by a special decree, signed in abroad. Other factors at work are the spirit of adventure, July, 1893, referring to certain concessions to be made tothe feeling that in a new country there is more elbow-room such foreigners :and more chances of getting out of the ruck, and the Physicians with a foreign degree who desire the French degree ofof medicine may obtain partial or complete dispensation of. increased facilities of transport. Newspapers and books doctor medical study and partial exemption from the examinations required. galore nowadays make us familiar with life in other lands, In no case will candidates be exempted from more than three examinawhile trains and steamers will take us all over the world in tions. Such exemption is accorded by the Minister of Public Instruca short time and at a comparatively small expense. For tion on the recommendation of the competent Faculty and the Com-this reason or that, the number of medical men who make mittee of Public Education. While this last quotation may be considered the actual inquiry from us as to their legal and professional position in state of the law in the formal sense of the word, further and’ a foreign country continues to increase, and in the following much less liberal projects have since been considered by the columns we attempt to give the information. Speaking generally, our colonies make it easy for medical legislative bodies and adopted in the form of ccrret ministeraehof eircitlaire issued by the Minister of Public Instruction, or men from home to practise there, but the same is not thei of decrct adopted by Parliament. case on the continent, where there is an obvious tendency Presumably too much. towards protection. But in the colonies there are not many advantage was taken of the generosity of the concessions of openings for practice except for those who are willing tcI July, 1893, although it must be remembered that the exclu-"rough"it and work hard. In Canada there are out. sive policy since adopted is by no means aimed at English, lying districts where a good start might, perhaps, bei physicians, but rather against graduates of little-known obtained ; but it must be remembered that Canada possesse.,s universities the value of whose qualifications it is difficult toadvanced medical schools and is a sparsely populatedt estimate. Be that as it may, in July, 1896, a certain number country as yet. In Australia and New Zealand the prospecit of exemptions were granted-among whom the writer wasfor the British practitioner is not greater than that whicli fortunate to find himself-and a circular was issued repealing faces him in Great Britain. The medical profession is, iii -in substance-the concessions of 1893. No foreign qualififact, crowded in all places at home and abroad whens cations were to be recognised as deserving of any dispensa-the circumstances of practice are favourable, and man; tions, and physicians holding foreign degrees and desirous of practitioners who have gone out from the mother countr;7 practising medicine in France were obliged not only to have had to leave the colonies unsuccessful, or havle matriculate as medical students, but also to produce evidence ’

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