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Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on Broiler Pigmentation When Used With Different Coccidiostats
Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on Broiler Pigmentation When Used With Different Coccidiostats 1. A M P R O L H I - E 1 JACK L.
F R Y 2 AND R.
H.
HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations, Gainesville, Florida 32611 AND
Hoechst-Roussel
M. W. MOELLER Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Somerville, New Jersey 08876 (Received for publication July 18. 1975)
POULTRY SCIENCK 55: 744-747,
INTRODUCTION
T
H E extensive literature dealing with the pigmentation of broilers is indicative of the continued interest in this attribute of c o n s u m e r acceptability. Various p r o d u c t s have the potential of improving the microbiological and physiological condition of the intestinal s y s t e m , thus improving xanthophyll absorption and utilization. Arsenicals have been reported to be effective in some pigmentation studies but not in others (Marusich et al., 1973). An anticoccidial, Robenidine, has been shown to produce significant increases in pigmentation of broiler s h a n k s and skin (Fry and H a r m s , 1974). This is not surprising as Ruff et al. (1974) reported that
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Stas. Journal Series No. 5593. 2. Present position: Asst. Dean for Resident Instruction, College of Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
1976
the infection of young chickens with any one of six species of coccidia resulted in decreases in blood carotenoids ranging from 49.8 to 74.0%. Antibiotics, such as Flavomycin, 3 in the diets of broilers increase feed efficiency and body weight (Waldroup et al., 1970; D i l w o r t h a n d D a y , 1970); this beneficial effect may be the result of improving the status of the birds' intestinal system and could, therefore, also be expected to improve xanthophyll absorption and utilization. T h e study reported herein is the first of a series in which graded levels of an arsenical, 3-Nitro-10, and an antibiotic, Flavomycin, were evaluated for their effects on broiler shank pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. Amprol Hi-E was the coccidiostat used in this study.
3. Registered TM of Hoechst AG; also referred to as Moenomycin and Bambermycins.
744
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
ABSTRACT In the first of a series of evaluations of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on broiler pigmentation with different coccidiostats, Amprol Hi-E premix was used at 0.05% in all diets. Flavomycin was included in the feed at 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg., and 3-Nitro-10 was added at 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. The birds were grown at the Florida and Mississippi Experiment Stations. Shank pigmentation evaluations were made with a reflectance colorimeter to obtain values for dominant wavelength (DWL), excitation purity (EP) and luminosity. These measurements characterize the shank color in terms of hue, intensity and brightness, respectively. The 3-Nitro-10 significantly (P < .05) increased EP values of shanks of broilers in Exp. 1 (Mississippi). The addition of 3-Nitro-10 to the diet also produced numerical but non-significant increases in shank DWL. Numerical but nonsignificant increases in DWL and EP were also produced by Flavomycin. Neither 3-Nitro-10 nor Flavomycin had a significant effect on luminosity. In the second experiment (Florida), both 3-Nitro-10 and Flavomycin significantly (P < .01) increased both DWL and EP of the shanks. Luminosity was not significantly affected by either additive.
FLAVOMYCIN, 3-NITRO-IO, AMPROL H I - E AND PIGMENTATION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
sures are usually negatively correlated with luminosity. Analysis of variance and multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955) were accomplished using the computer programs of the Statistical Analysis System (Service, 1972). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data for DWL and EP are reported by Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 levels for Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Luminosity values were not significantly affected in either experiment and are not reported. In Exp. 1 (Mississippi), 3-Nitro-10 produced significant responses (P < .05) in broiler shank EP when used in the presence of graded levels of Flavomycin and 0.05% Amprol Hi-E premix (Table 1). The three higher levels of 3-Nitro-10 did not differ significantly from each other in their response but all produced EP levels significantly better than the zero level of 3-Nitro-10. The addition of 3-Nitro-10 to the diet also produced numerical but non-significant increases in shank DWL. Numerical but non-significant increases in DWL and EP were also produced by Flavomycin. Among the various Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 combinations, the birds receiving the highest levels of both additives had the highest DWL and the highest EP (578.35 nm. and 60.71%, respectively). The Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-10 interactions were not significant for either DWL or EP. In Exp. 2 (Florida), both 3-Nitro-10 and Flavomycin significantly (P < .01) increased both DWL and EP of the broiler shanks (Table 2). Shanks from birds fed the 3-Nitro-10 levels of 0.0, 25.0 and 37.5 mg./kg. did not differ significantly in EP but the 50.0 mg./kg. level was significantly different than the 0.0 mg./kg. level. The 50.0 mg./kg. level of 3-Nitro-10 produced DWL responses significantly better than those produced by the 0.0, 25.0 and 37.5 mg./kg. levels. Flavomycin at
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
Broilers were grown in two separate locations in the facilities of the Poultry Science Departments of the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station (Exp. 1) and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations (Exp. 2). The commercial broilers used in Exp. 1 were Cobb x Vantress; those used in Exp. 2 were Cobb x Cobb. The commercial-type corn-soy diets currently in use at each location were fed in these experiments. A 4 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized; the diets contained 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin and 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-10. All diets contained 0.05% Amprol Hi-E premix. The shanks were removed from 24 randomly selected males from each treatment at the end of the eight-week feeding period. The shanks were chilled in ice water and frozen. The shanks from birds grown at the Mississippi Experiment Station were packed with dry ice and shipped to the Florida Station. Pigmentation evaluation was made with the IDL Color-Eye® according to the procedure of Fry et al. (1969); the raw data were converted to values for dominant wavelength (DWL), excitation purity (EP) and luminosity by use of the computer program of Fry and Damron (1971). The use of the Color-Eye for pigmentation evaluation permitted an objective characterization of the color in the broiler shanks. DWL is an indication of the hue of the sample; higher readings indicate the presence of more orange although broiler shank samples are normally in the "yellow" range. Luminosity is a measure of luminous reflectance or brightness of the sample. EP is a measure of the intensity of the color at that particular DWL. EP is considered to be the most significant determination in reflectance colorimetric evaluation of broiler pigmentation. DWL is usually positively correlated with EP, and both of these mea-
745
0 55.60 58.48 57.83 58.83 57.69 53 56 59 59 57
Flav
0 578.88 578.96 579.19 579.21 579.06e
1 579.02 579.15 579.15 579.40 579.18e
2 579.04 579.29 578.96 579.58 579.22e
4 579.23 579.48 579.48 579.52 579.43f
Av. 579.04a 579.22a 579.19a 579.43b 579.22
2
'3-Nitro-lO means without common letters are significantly different (P < .05). Flavomycin means without common letters are significantly different (P < .05).
00.0 25.0 37.5 50.0 Av.
3-Nitro-10 (mg./kg.)
DWL'- 2 (nm.) Flavomycin (mg./kg.) 0 65.17 66.60 66.19 67.56 66.38g
67 67 67 68 67
Flav
TABLE 2.—Shank dominant wavelength (DWL) and excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels o Amprol Hi-E (Exp. 2—Florida)
DWL (nm.) Flavomycin (mg./kg.) 3-Nitro-10 4 0 1 2 Av. (mg./kg.) 577.94 577.60 577.92 577.73 577.80 00.0 577.75 577.54 577.88 577.92 577.77 25.0 577.96 578.04 578.01 578.19 577.83 37.5 577.90 578.06 578.07 577.98 578.35 50.0 577.88 577.84 577.91 Av. 577.99 577.93 '3-Nitro-lO means without common letters are significantly different (P < .05)
TABLE 1.—Shank dominant wavelength (DWL) and excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels o Amprol Hi-E (Exp. 1—Mississippi)
nloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
FLAVOMYCIN, 3 - N I T R O - 1 0 , AMPROL H I - E AND PIGMENTATION
4 m g . / k g . produced D W L r e s p o n s e s significantly better than those at the 0, 1 and 2 m g . / k g . levels. T h e three higher levels of Flavomycin did not differ in their effect on E P but all were significantly better than the zero level. T h e Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-10 interactions were not significant for either D W L or E P .
REFERENCES Dilworth, B. C , and E. J. Day, 1970. New antibiotic in broiler rations. Mississippi Farm Research, 33(2): 7-8. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F
tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Fry, J. L., E. M. Ahmed, G. M. Herrick and R. H. Harms, 1969. A reflectance method of determining skin and shank pigmentation. Poultry Sci. 48: 1127-1129. Fry, J. L., and B. L. Damron, 1971. Computer calculation of poultry and egg pigmentation data. Food Technol. 25: 44-45. Fry,J.L.,andR. H. Harms, 1974. Effect of robenidine and/or roxarsone on broiler pigmentation. Poultry Sci. 53: 1404-1407. Marusich, W. L., E. F. Ogrinz, P. R. Brown and M. Mitrovic, 1973. Effect of roxarsone and canthazanthin on broiler pigmentation. Brit. Poultry Sci. 14: 23-30. Moeller, M. W., C. L. Quarles, H. F. Kling, B. C. Dilworth, E. J. Day, B. L. Damron and R. H. Harms, 1975. Response of broilers to Flavomycin and 3-Nitro in feeds containing Amprol Hi-E. Poultry Sci. 54: In Press. Ruff, M. D., W. M. Reid and J. K. Johnson, 1974. Lowered blood carotenoid levels in chickens infected with coccidia. Poultry Sci. 53: 1801-1809. Service, J., 1972. A User's Guide to the Statistical Analysis System. Student Supply Stores, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillaift, R. J. Mitchell and D. R. Sloan, 1970. Response of broilers to moenomycin. Poultry Sci. 49: 1264-1267.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 724)
of the U.S.D.A.'s voluntary poultry and egg grading programs and the mandatory egg product inspection program. He became involved in poultry and egg grading while serving as a food inspector in the U.S. Army Veterinary Corps in Seattle, Korea and Japan. Following his military service he joined the Poultry Division in 1952 as a Poultry Grader. Since then he has held several posts in the Poultry Division, including Officer-in-Charge of the Washington, D.C. office. Poultry Grading Officer-in-Charge of the New York office, and Assistant Regional Director of the Des Moines, Iowa, 12-state region. Most recently he was Assistant Chief of the Poultry Grading Branch. He has received three U.S.D.A. Superior Service Awards for his work.
STEIN AWARDS The first two Maurice M. Stein Memorial Fellowships will go to graduate students at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida, as a result of action taken by the Board of Directors of United Egg Producers. Don Horn, Chairman of the Stein Scholarship Committee announced that the two $700 awards will go to Paul R. Hoffman, Beltsville, Maryland, a student at the University of Maryland, and to James E. Davis, Jr., Gainesville, Florida, a student at the University of Florida. Hoffman and Davis were selected from applications submitted to the committee by eligible graduate students from land-grant colleges and universities throughout the United States.
(Continued on page 764)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
T h e beneficial effects of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 o n broiler s h a n k pigmentation might have been e x p e c t e d , since these additives, in the presence of Amprol H i - E , have been shown to improve b o d y weight and feed efficiency of broilers (Moeller et al., 1975). As pigmentation, body weight and feed efficiency are all affected by t h e condition of the intestinal system, it is not surprising that they all tend to respond in a similar manner.
747
F R Y 2 AND R.
H.
HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations, Gainesville, Florida 32611 AND
Hoechst-Roussel
M. W. MOELLER Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Somerville, New Jersey 08876 (Received for publication July 18. 1975)
POULTRY SCIENCK 55: 744-747,
INTRODUCTION
T
H E extensive literature dealing with the pigmentation of broilers is indicative of the continued interest in this attribute of c o n s u m e r acceptability. Various p r o d u c t s have the potential of improving the microbiological and physiological condition of the intestinal s y s t e m , thus improving xanthophyll absorption and utilization. Arsenicals have been reported to be effective in some pigmentation studies but not in others (Marusich et al., 1973). An anticoccidial, Robenidine, has been shown to produce significant increases in pigmentation of broiler s h a n k s and skin (Fry and H a r m s , 1974). This is not surprising as Ruff et al. (1974) reported that
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Stas. Journal Series No. 5593. 2. Present position: Asst. Dean for Resident Instruction, College of Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
1976
the infection of young chickens with any one of six species of coccidia resulted in decreases in blood carotenoids ranging from 49.8 to 74.0%. Antibiotics, such as Flavomycin, 3 in the diets of broilers increase feed efficiency and body weight (Waldroup et al., 1970; D i l w o r t h a n d D a y , 1970); this beneficial effect may be the result of improving the status of the birds' intestinal system and could, therefore, also be expected to improve xanthophyll absorption and utilization. T h e study reported herein is the first of a series in which graded levels of an arsenical, 3-Nitro-10, and an antibiotic, Flavomycin, were evaluated for their effects on broiler shank pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. Amprol Hi-E was the coccidiostat used in this study.
3. Registered TM of Hoechst AG; also referred to as Moenomycin and Bambermycins.
744
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
ABSTRACT In the first of a series of evaluations of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on broiler pigmentation with different coccidiostats, Amprol Hi-E premix was used at 0.05% in all diets. Flavomycin was included in the feed at 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg., and 3-Nitro-10 was added at 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. The birds were grown at the Florida and Mississippi Experiment Stations. Shank pigmentation evaluations were made with a reflectance colorimeter to obtain values for dominant wavelength (DWL), excitation purity (EP) and luminosity. These measurements characterize the shank color in terms of hue, intensity and brightness, respectively. The 3-Nitro-10 significantly (P < .05) increased EP values of shanks of broilers in Exp. 1 (Mississippi). The addition of 3-Nitro-10 to the diet also produced numerical but non-significant increases in shank DWL. Numerical but nonsignificant increases in DWL and EP were also produced by Flavomycin. Neither 3-Nitro-10 nor Flavomycin had a significant effect on luminosity. In the second experiment (Florida), both 3-Nitro-10 and Flavomycin significantly (P < .01) increased both DWL and EP of the shanks. Luminosity was not significantly affected by either additive.
FLAVOMYCIN, 3-NITRO-IO, AMPROL H I - E AND PIGMENTATION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
sures are usually negatively correlated with luminosity. Analysis of variance and multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955) were accomplished using the computer programs of the Statistical Analysis System (Service, 1972). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data for DWL and EP are reported by Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 levels for Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Luminosity values were not significantly affected in either experiment and are not reported. In Exp. 1 (Mississippi), 3-Nitro-10 produced significant responses (P < .05) in broiler shank EP when used in the presence of graded levels of Flavomycin and 0.05% Amprol Hi-E premix (Table 1). The three higher levels of 3-Nitro-10 did not differ significantly from each other in their response but all produced EP levels significantly better than the zero level of 3-Nitro-10. The addition of 3-Nitro-10 to the diet also produced numerical but non-significant increases in shank DWL. Numerical but non-significant increases in DWL and EP were also produced by Flavomycin. Among the various Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 combinations, the birds receiving the highest levels of both additives had the highest DWL and the highest EP (578.35 nm. and 60.71%, respectively). The Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-10 interactions were not significant for either DWL or EP. In Exp. 2 (Florida), both 3-Nitro-10 and Flavomycin significantly (P < .01) increased both DWL and EP of the broiler shanks (Table 2). Shanks from birds fed the 3-Nitro-10 levels of 0.0, 25.0 and 37.5 mg./kg. did not differ significantly in EP but the 50.0 mg./kg. level was significantly different than the 0.0 mg./kg. level. The 50.0 mg./kg. level of 3-Nitro-10 produced DWL responses significantly better than those produced by the 0.0, 25.0 and 37.5 mg./kg. levels. Flavomycin at
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
Broilers were grown in two separate locations in the facilities of the Poultry Science Departments of the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station (Exp. 1) and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations (Exp. 2). The commercial broilers used in Exp. 1 were Cobb x Vantress; those used in Exp. 2 were Cobb x Cobb. The commercial-type corn-soy diets currently in use at each location were fed in these experiments. A 4 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized; the diets contained 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin and 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-10. All diets contained 0.05% Amprol Hi-E premix. The shanks were removed from 24 randomly selected males from each treatment at the end of the eight-week feeding period. The shanks were chilled in ice water and frozen. The shanks from birds grown at the Mississippi Experiment Station were packed with dry ice and shipped to the Florida Station. Pigmentation evaluation was made with the IDL Color-Eye® according to the procedure of Fry et al. (1969); the raw data were converted to values for dominant wavelength (DWL), excitation purity (EP) and luminosity by use of the computer program of Fry and Damron (1971). The use of the Color-Eye for pigmentation evaluation permitted an objective characterization of the color in the broiler shanks. DWL is an indication of the hue of the sample; higher readings indicate the presence of more orange although broiler shank samples are normally in the "yellow" range. Luminosity is a measure of luminous reflectance or brightness of the sample. EP is a measure of the intensity of the color at that particular DWL. EP is considered to be the most significant determination in reflectance colorimetric evaluation of broiler pigmentation. DWL is usually positively correlated with EP, and both of these mea-
745
0 55.60 58.48 57.83 58.83 57.69 53 56 59 59 57
Flav
0 578.88 578.96 579.19 579.21 579.06e
1 579.02 579.15 579.15 579.40 579.18e
2 579.04 579.29 578.96 579.58 579.22e
4 579.23 579.48 579.48 579.52 579.43f
Av. 579.04a 579.22a 579.19a 579.43b 579.22
2
'3-Nitro-lO means without common letters are significantly different (P < .05). Flavomycin means without common letters are significantly different (P < .05).
00.0 25.0 37.5 50.0 Av.
3-Nitro-10 (mg./kg.)
DWL'- 2 (nm.) Flavomycin (mg./kg.) 0 65.17 66.60 66.19 67.56 66.38g
67 67 67 68 67
Flav
TABLE 2.—Shank dominant wavelength (DWL) and excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels o Amprol Hi-E (Exp. 2—Florida)
DWL (nm.) Flavomycin (mg./kg.) 3-Nitro-10 4 0 1 2 Av. (mg./kg.) 577.94 577.60 577.92 577.73 577.80 00.0 577.75 577.54 577.88 577.92 577.77 25.0 577.96 578.04 578.01 578.19 577.83 37.5 577.90 578.06 578.07 577.98 578.35 50.0 577.88 577.84 577.91 Av. 577.99 577.93 '3-Nitro-lO means without common letters are significantly different (P < .05)
TABLE 1.—Shank dominant wavelength (DWL) and excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels o Amprol Hi-E (Exp. 1—Mississippi)
nloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
FLAVOMYCIN, 3 - N I T R O - 1 0 , AMPROL H I - E AND PIGMENTATION
4 m g . / k g . produced D W L r e s p o n s e s significantly better than those at the 0, 1 and 2 m g . / k g . levels. T h e three higher levels of Flavomycin did not differ in their effect on E P but all were significantly better than the zero level. T h e Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-10 interactions were not significant for either D W L or E P .
REFERENCES Dilworth, B. C , and E. J. Day, 1970. New antibiotic in broiler rations. Mississippi Farm Research, 33(2): 7-8. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F
tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Fry, J. L., E. M. Ahmed, G. M. Herrick and R. H. Harms, 1969. A reflectance method of determining skin and shank pigmentation. Poultry Sci. 48: 1127-1129. Fry, J. L., and B. L. Damron, 1971. Computer calculation of poultry and egg pigmentation data. Food Technol. 25: 44-45. Fry,J.L.,andR. H. Harms, 1974. Effect of robenidine and/or roxarsone on broiler pigmentation. Poultry Sci. 53: 1404-1407. Marusich, W. L., E. F. Ogrinz, P. R. Brown and M. Mitrovic, 1973. Effect of roxarsone and canthazanthin on broiler pigmentation. Brit. Poultry Sci. 14: 23-30. Moeller, M. W., C. L. Quarles, H. F. Kling, B. C. Dilworth, E. J. Day, B. L. Damron and R. H. Harms, 1975. Response of broilers to Flavomycin and 3-Nitro in feeds containing Amprol Hi-E. Poultry Sci. 54: In Press. Ruff, M. D., W. M. Reid and J. K. Johnson, 1974. Lowered blood carotenoid levels in chickens infected with coccidia. Poultry Sci. 53: 1801-1809. Service, J., 1972. A User's Guide to the Statistical Analysis System. Student Supply Stores, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillaift, R. J. Mitchell and D. R. Sloan, 1970. Response of broilers to moenomycin. Poultry Sci. 49: 1264-1267.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 724)
of the U.S.D.A.'s voluntary poultry and egg grading programs and the mandatory egg product inspection program. He became involved in poultry and egg grading while serving as a food inspector in the U.S. Army Veterinary Corps in Seattle, Korea and Japan. Following his military service he joined the Poultry Division in 1952 as a Poultry Grader. Since then he has held several posts in the Poultry Division, including Officer-in-Charge of the Washington, D.C. office. Poultry Grading Officer-in-Charge of the New York office, and Assistant Regional Director of the Des Moines, Iowa, 12-state region. Most recently he was Assistant Chief of the Poultry Grading Branch. He has received three U.S.D.A. Superior Service Awards for his work.
STEIN AWARDS The first two Maurice M. Stein Memorial Fellowships will go to graduate students at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida, as a result of action taken by the Board of Directors of United Egg Producers. Don Horn, Chairman of the Stein Scholarship Committee announced that the two $700 awards will go to Paul R. Hoffman, Beltsville, Maryland, a student at the University of Maryland, and to James E. Davis, Jr., Gainesville, Florida, a student at the University of Florida. Hoffman and Davis were selected from applications submitted to the committee by eligible graduate students from land-grant colleges and universities throughout the United States.
(Continued on page 764)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 20, 2015
T h e beneficial effects of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 o n broiler s h a n k pigmentation might have been e x p e c t e d , since these additives, in the presence of Amprol H i - E , have been shown to improve b o d y weight and feed efficiency of broilers (Moeller et al., 1975). As pigmentation, body weight and feed efficiency are all affected by t h e condition of the intestinal system, it is not surprising that they all tend to respond in a similar manner.
747