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Evaluation of vapor-phase reactivity of primary tar produced by flash pyrolysis of coal
04
By-products
related to tiels
Evaluation of ignition mechanisms for alumlnlum 95i02594 tra 8 and packing In the low-pressure column of air separatlon un Yts Lassmann, E. and Kirzinger, A. Gas Separation & Purification, 1995, 9, (l), 59-67. Experimental work has shown that trays and packing fabricated from aluminium are flammable under certain conditions normally encountered in oxygen distillation columns. Therefore, the safety of trays and packing depends entirely on the exclusion of ignition mechanism. The pap& presents an evaluation of ignition mechanisms with respect to their releVance to the adiabatic section of the column. The combustion of hydrocarbons has been identified as the only realisic ignition mechanism. Therefore, most of the experiments described in the paper refer to this mechanism.
95102595 Evaluatlon of vapor-phase reactlvlty of primary tar produced by flash pyrolysis of coal Hayashi, J. I. et al., Energy & Fuels, Mar.-Apr. 1995, 9, (2), 290-294. Flash pyrolysis of Monvell brown coal and Wandoan subbituminous coal was performed with three types of pyrolyzers: a Curie-point pyrolyzer in which the secondary pyrolysis of volatiles was suppressed, an entrainedflow reactor in which the primary and the secondary pyrolysis proceeded at the same tempeature, and a fluidized-bed reactor that was divided into dense bed and freeboard regions of the primary and the secondary pyrolysis, respectively.
95102596 Ex erlmental studies on reduction of Au3+ to Au’ by bitumen an 8 kerogen Liu, J. Z. et a!., Chin. Sci. BUN, 1994, 39, (B), 658-663. The paper discusses the reduction of Au’* to Au’ in aqueous solution by bitumen, heated to 300 and 350°, and by kerogen, using bitumen and kerogen separated from organic matter in gold ores from Chinese deposits.
95102597 The fllp Ing of corannulene C&H,, through surface transformations an 8 the stablllty of C Isomers Terrones, H. Fullerene Science & Techno&y, 1995, 3, (2), 107-114. The inversion of corannulene C+ H 1” has been studied using two geometric transformations and the Monte ar o method. The transformations exolain the possible energetic states followed by the molecule during its flatteiing. It is found that the inversion of corannulene is robabilistic when the fla! state has been reached. The stability of C, (cage P, corannulene-like, ring of 20 atoms and a negativeiy curved segment with 20 atoms is discussed. The author found that the corannulene-like arrangement is the most stable. This has important implications in the formation of C, and other fullerenes.
95/02596 Fluldlzed bed pyrolysis of a Uinta Basin all sand Fletcher, J. V. et aZ., Fuel, Mar. 1995, 74, (3), 311-316. The pyroiysis of the mined and crushed ore from the Whiterocks oil sand deposit was studied in a fluidized bed reactor. The reactor was designed to operate by pulling the fluidizing gas through the reactor rather than b! pushing the gas through the bed. This was accomplished by reducing the pressure above the bed with a gas pump operating in the suction mode. This mode of operation resulted in smooth, stable fluidization without slugging at H/D ratios up to 8. Pyrolysis energy was supplied by a propane burner, and the hot combustion gases were used to fluidized the bed. The bitumen-derived liquid yields ranged from 80 to 90 wt% based on bitumen fed to the reactor in the temperature range 720-773 K. Less than 1 wt% of the bitumen fed to the reactor was converted into a carbonaceous residue on the spent sand.
95102599 Fly ash and slag reactlvlty In cements - Transmlsslon electron microscopy (TEM) evidence and appllcatlon of thermodynamic modellng Pietersen, H. S. and Bijen, J. M. Stud. Environ. Sci., 1994, 60, 949-960. Discusses the microstructural development of Portland cements, blended with fly ash or granulated blast-furnace slag. The results are linked to recent advances on the thermodynamic modelling of such cements and are used to explain experimentally obtained information on reaction products of these blended cements with TEM.
95/02600 Fly ash utilization In clvll englneerlng Cabrera, J. G. and Woolley, G. R. Stud. Environ. Sci., 1994, 60, 345-356. Reports that the fly ash production of the UK amounts to approximately 10 X iOb tons per year. Thd major part of this material is dep&ited in lagoons or is placed on disposal sites. Under the new EEC directives regardine disposal of industrial wastes it requires that materials like fly ash sh&ld d disposed of either encased or on sites where there are provisions for controlling the release of trace harmful chemical elements which could contaminate phreatic and run-off waters and could eventually contaminate agricultural products. The authors discuss the potential large volume utilization of fly ash and gives data on the properties of high volume fly ash concrete for dams and pavements; hot rolled asphalt using fly ash as a filler and high volume fly ash concrete for coastal protection; fly ash bentonite and fly ash-colliery spoil liners for waste disposal sites.
190
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1995
95102601 FI ash wool agglomerate and Its manufacture for llghtwelght bu Yldlng materials Kojima, A. (Assigned to) Sanso KK; Kojima Akira, JAP. Pat. JP.O6,192,950, Jul. 1994. Describes a process where fly ash wool is agglomerated, impregnated with a binder, and dried to obtain a fly ash agglomerate useful as lightweight building materials and also reinforcement for cement products. 95102602 Fractional composltion of fly ash from the flrst unit of the Berezovskaya ORES-1 State re lonal power plant Gavrilov, E. I. et al., Elektr. Sm., 1994, (6B , 44-48. (In Russian) 95102603 Fullero-polycoronands Balaban, A. T. et al., Fullerene Science & Technolom, 1995, 3, (Z), 133-150. A novel class of polycoronands is described with each coronand structure replacing a smaller sized ring on the surface of a fullerenic polyhedron. The coronand structures evidently relieve some curvature strain. Further through the complexation of metal ions in the coronand structures. there arises the possibility of closing and opening these holes, thereby allowing not only the storage of another species in the endohedral cavity, but also the controlling of the circumstances for it to enter or leave. Results and rules for the stabilities of the icosahedral-symmetry species are reported. 95102604 Glyclne C, adduct and Its rare earth complexes Zhou, D. J. et al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995,3, (2). 127-131. Glycine sodium salt reacts with C, to give a water soluble derivative 1. acidification of which produces a less soluble product 2. When compound 2 is treated with Ln(ClO,), (Ln=La,Y) in several different molar ratios. (OH), f&O (x=7.8, y=4.6. insoluble rare earth complexes: C,(Gly),L z=2.6) were obtained. These new compoun ?? s have been ck aracterized by IR, TG-DTA and XPS spectra. 95102605 Green composltlons for ceramic wares for recycling wastes Kato, K. (Assigned tool Maruka Seito KK: Ozawa Concrete Kogyo a JAP. Pat. JP.O6,227,853, Aug. 1994. The compositions are obtained by mixing water with molten slags and/or incinceration ashes of wastewater treatment sludge 10-80, fly ashes 10-80. and binders lo-50% and pelletizing and drying the mixture. The composition can be used for tiles and bricks having lngh strength, and the slags and ashes are utilized. 95102606 Dlels-Alder reactlon of BuckmlnHI h-pressure sterfullerene wlth several dlsubstltuted tropone BC&J derivatives Liu, J. F. ef ai., Fullerene Smence & Technology, 1995, 3, (l), 45-56 The high-pressure Diels-Alder reaction of C, with disubstituted tropone derivatives gave the stable [4+2] cvcloadducts in good yields. The site selectivity was controlled by the steiic environment. 95102607 Hydration In hlgh-volume fly ash concrete binders Berry, E. E. et al., ACI Mater. J., 1994, 91. (4). 382-389. Presents a summary of work in progress on an‘examination of the hydration chemical and microstructure of a paste prepared incorporating 58% of a typical ASTM Class F fly ash and a portland cement from US sources and a paste with the portland cement only. Hydrocarbon 95102606 sapropellte composltlon of hydrogenates Semenova, Z. V. et ai.. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1994, (4), 103-110. (In Russian) 95102609 Hydropyrolysls yields In relatlon to coal propetiles Snugnell. B. and Patrick, J. W. Fuel, Apr. 1995, 74, (4), 481-486 Rapid hydropyrolysis product yields were determined using a heated-grid apparatus for coals ranging from lignite to lower bituminous in rank. Leastsquares regression analysis showed that there are significant correlations of total yield with, in order of decreasing correlation coefficien:, BS volatile matter, O/C atomic ratio, vitrinite reflectance, and carbon content. in addition, the yield of total liquids is significantiy correlated with H/C atomic ratio. The significance of these results is that they establish how standard analytical procedures may be used in the selection of coals for conversion processes based on hydropyrolysis. On the other hand, the relation of product yields to structural parameters such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrogen is seemingly more complex. as poor correlations are found with these parameters. 95102610 Integrated treatment of MSWI (munlclplal solid waste Inclneratlon)-residues. Treatment of fly ash In view of metal recovery Laethem, B. et al., Stud. Environ. Sci., 1994, 60, 52.5-537. The paper discusses the recovery of metals especially Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd from fly ashes of municipal solid waste incineration by leaching with HCl. The effects of pH liquid to solid ratio and time on the leaching efficiency were determined. Examines leaching process and the total concept of fly ash treatment in order to optimize leaching efficiency and final concentration of useful components.
By-products
related to tiels
Evaluation of ignition mechanisms for alumlnlum 95i02594 tra 8 and packing In the low-pressure column of air separatlon un Yts Lassmann, E. and Kirzinger, A. Gas Separation & Purification, 1995, 9, (l), 59-67. Experimental work has shown that trays and packing fabricated from aluminium are flammable under certain conditions normally encountered in oxygen distillation columns. Therefore, the safety of trays and packing depends entirely on the exclusion of ignition mechanism. The pap& presents an evaluation of ignition mechanisms with respect to their releVance to the adiabatic section of the column. The combustion of hydrocarbons has been identified as the only realisic ignition mechanism. Therefore, most of the experiments described in the paper refer to this mechanism.
95102595 Evaluatlon of vapor-phase reactlvlty of primary tar produced by flash pyrolysis of coal Hayashi, J. I. et al., Energy & Fuels, Mar.-Apr. 1995, 9, (2), 290-294. Flash pyrolysis of Monvell brown coal and Wandoan subbituminous coal was performed with three types of pyrolyzers: a Curie-point pyrolyzer in which the secondary pyrolysis of volatiles was suppressed, an entrainedflow reactor in which the primary and the secondary pyrolysis proceeded at the same tempeature, and a fluidized-bed reactor that was divided into dense bed and freeboard regions of the primary and the secondary pyrolysis, respectively.
95102596 Ex erlmental studies on reduction of Au3+ to Au’ by bitumen an 8 kerogen Liu, J. Z. et a!., Chin. Sci. BUN, 1994, 39, (B), 658-663. The paper discusses the reduction of Au’* to Au’ in aqueous solution by bitumen, heated to 300 and 350°, and by kerogen, using bitumen and kerogen separated from organic matter in gold ores from Chinese deposits.
95102597 The fllp Ing of corannulene C&H,, through surface transformations an 8 the stablllty of C Isomers Terrones, H. Fullerene Science & Techno&y, 1995, 3, (2), 107-114. The inversion of corannulene C+ H 1” has been studied using two geometric transformations and the Monte ar o method. The transformations exolain the possible energetic states followed by the molecule during its flatteiing. It is found that the inversion of corannulene is robabilistic when the fla! state has been reached. The stability of C, (cage P, corannulene-like, ring of 20 atoms and a negativeiy curved segment with 20 atoms is discussed. The author found that the corannulene-like arrangement is the most stable. This has important implications in the formation of C, and other fullerenes.
95/02596 Fluldlzed bed pyrolysis of a Uinta Basin all sand Fletcher, J. V. et aZ., Fuel, Mar. 1995, 74, (3), 311-316. The pyroiysis of the mined and crushed ore from the Whiterocks oil sand deposit was studied in a fluidized bed reactor. The reactor was designed to operate by pulling the fluidizing gas through the reactor rather than b! pushing the gas through the bed. This was accomplished by reducing the pressure above the bed with a gas pump operating in the suction mode. This mode of operation resulted in smooth, stable fluidization without slugging at H/D ratios up to 8. Pyrolysis energy was supplied by a propane burner, and the hot combustion gases were used to fluidized the bed. The bitumen-derived liquid yields ranged from 80 to 90 wt% based on bitumen fed to the reactor in the temperature range 720-773 K. Less than 1 wt% of the bitumen fed to the reactor was converted into a carbonaceous residue on the spent sand.
95102599 Fly ash and slag reactlvlty In cements - Transmlsslon electron microscopy (TEM) evidence and appllcatlon of thermodynamic modellng Pietersen, H. S. and Bijen, J. M. Stud. Environ. Sci., 1994, 60, 949-960. Discusses the microstructural development of Portland cements, blended with fly ash or granulated blast-furnace slag. The results are linked to recent advances on the thermodynamic modelling of such cements and are used to explain experimentally obtained information on reaction products of these blended cements with TEM.
95/02600 Fly ash utilization In clvll englneerlng Cabrera, J. G. and Woolley, G. R. Stud. Environ. Sci., 1994, 60, 345-356. Reports that the fly ash production of the UK amounts to approximately 10 X iOb tons per year. Thd major part of this material is dep&ited in lagoons or is placed on disposal sites. Under the new EEC directives regardine disposal of industrial wastes it requires that materials like fly ash sh&ld d disposed of either encased or on sites where there are provisions for controlling the release of trace harmful chemical elements which could contaminate phreatic and run-off waters and could eventually contaminate agricultural products. The authors discuss the potential large volume utilization of fly ash and gives data on the properties of high volume fly ash concrete for dams and pavements; hot rolled asphalt using fly ash as a filler and high volume fly ash concrete for coastal protection; fly ash bentonite and fly ash-colliery spoil liners for waste disposal sites.
190
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1995
95102601 FI ash wool agglomerate and Its manufacture for llghtwelght bu Yldlng materials Kojima, A. (Assigned to) Sanso KK; Kojima Akira, JAP. Pat. JP.O6,192,950, Jul. 1994. Describes a process where fly ash wool is agglomerated, impregnated with a binder, and dried to obtain a fly ash agglomerate useful as lightweight building materials and also reinforcement for cement products. 95102602 Fractional composltion of fly ash from the flrst unit of the Berezovskaya ORES-1 State re lonal power plant Gavrilov, E. I. et al., Elektr. Sm., 1994, (6B , 44-48. (In Russian) 95102603 Fullero-polycoronands Balaban, A. T. et al., Fullerene Science & Technolom, 1995, 3, (Z), 133-150. A novel class of polycoronands is described with each coronand structure replacing a smaller sized ring on the surface of a fullerenic polyhedron. The coronand structures evidently relieve some curvature strain. Further through the complexation of metal ions in the coronand structures. there arises the possibility of closing and opening these holes, thereby allowing not only the storage of another species in the endohedral cavity, but also the controlling of the circumstances for it to enter or leave. Results and rules for the stabilities of the icosahedral-symmetry species are reported. 95102604 Glyclne C, adduct and Its rare earth complexes Zhou, D. J. et al., Fullerene Science & Technology, 1995,3, (2). 127-131. Glycine sodium salt reacts with C, to give a water soluble derivative 1. acidification of which produces a less soluble product 2. When compound 2 is treated with Ln(ClO,), (Ln=La,Y) in several different molar ratios. (OH), f&O (x=7.8, y=4.6. insoluble rare earth complexes: C,(Gly),L z=2.6) were obtained. These new compoun ?? s have been ck aracterized by IR, TG-DTA and XPS spectra. 95102605 Green composltlons for ceramic wares for recycling wastes Kato, K. (Assigned tool Maruka Seito KK: Ozawa Concrete Kogyo a JAP. Pat. JP.O6,227,853, Aug. 1994. The compositions are obtained by mixing water with molten slags and/or incinceration ashes of wastewater treatment sludge 10-80, fly ashes 10-80. and binders lo-50% and pelletizing and drying the mixture. The composition can be used for tiles and bricks having lngh strength, and the slags and ashes are utilized. 95102606 Dlels-Alder reactlon of BuckmlnHI h-pressure sterfullerene wlth several dlsubstltuted tropone BC&J derivatives Liu, J. F. ef ai., Fullerene Smence & Technology, 1995, 3, (l), 45-56 The high-pressure Diels-Alder reaction of C, with disubstituted tropone derivatives gave the stable [4+2] cvcloadducts in good yields. The site selectivity was controlled by the steiic environment. 95102607 Hydration In hlgh-volume fly ash concrete binders Berry, E. E. et al., ACI Mater. J., 1994, 91. (4). 382-389. Presents a summary of work in progress on an‘examination of the hydration chemical and microstructure of a paste prepared incorporating 58% of a typical ASTM Class F fly ash and a portland cement from US sources and a paste with the portland cement only. Hydrocarbon 95102606 sapropellte composltlon of hydrogenates Semenova, Z. V. et ai.. Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 1994, (4), 103-110. (In Russian) 95102609 Hydropyrolysls yields In relatlon to coal propetiles Snugnell. B. and Patrick, J. W. Fuel, Apr. 1995, 74, (4), 481-486 Rapid hydropyrolysis product yields were determined using a heated-grid apparatus for coals ranging from lignite to lower bituminous in rank. Leastsquares regression analysis showed that there are significant correlations of total yield with, in order of decreasing correlation coefficien:, BS volatile matter, O/C atomic ratio, vitrinite reflectance, and carbon content. in addition, the yield of total liquids is significantiy correlated with H/C atomic ratio. The significance of these results is that they establish how standard analytical procedures may be used in the selection of coals for conversion processes based on hydropyrolysis. On the other hand, the relation of product yields to structural parameters such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrogen is seemingly more complex. as poor correlations are found with these parameters. 95102610 Integrated treatment of MSWI (munlclplal solid waste Inclneratlon)-residues. Treatment of fly ash In view of metal recovery Laethem, B. et al., Stud. Environ. Sci., 1994, 60, 52.5-537. The paper discusses the recovery of metals especially Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd from fly ashes of municipal solid waste incineration by leaching with HCl. The effects of pH liquid to solid ratio and time on the leaching efficiency were determined. Examines leaching process and the total concept of fly ash treatment in order to optimize leaching efficiency and final concentration of useful components.