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The Effect of Autoclaving and Enzyme Supplementation of Guar Meal on the Performance of Chicks and Laying Hens1
The Effect of Autoclaving and Enzyme Supplementation of Guar Meal on the Performance of Chicks and Laying Hens1 M. B. PATEL and J. McGINNIS Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (Received for publication December 1, 1983)
1985 Poultry Science 64:1148-1156
INTRODUCTION Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is a widely cultivated legume in India and Pakistan. The most important use of guar, other than as a vegetable and cattle feed, is as a source of guar gum, which in turn is used as a thickening agent in paper, mining, oil well drilling, and the food industries. Guar gum is a galactomannan polysaccharide and is obtained from the endosperm of the guar seed (Whistler and Hymowitz, 1979) by mechanical separation. The byproduct of the gum production, consisting of
'Scientific Paper No. 6657, College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164.
the outer seed coat and the germ material plus varying amounts of guar gum, is called guar meal. Guar meal contains different amounts of protein, depending on the process used in separating the gum. A high-protein guar meal may contain from 35 to 45% protein with a relatively low amount of gum, whereas a low-protein guar meal contains from 8 to 13% protein and a larger amount of gum. The highprotein guar meal is a good source of essential amino acids (Ramakrishnan, 1957), and as a result, it has a potential use as a protein supplement in poultry rations. However, results reported to date indicate that guar meal is not a satisfactory ingredient in poultry feed (Borchers and Ackerson, 1950; Sathe and Bose, 1962; Vogt and Penner, 1963; Vohra and
1148
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ABSTRACT Four experiments with broilers and one with laying hens were conducted to study the effects of processing and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal (37.0% protein) on growth, feed efficiency, and egg production. Guar meal at 0, 10, and 15%, either in raw form or autoclaved at 100, 102, or 132 C for 3, 15, or 30 min, was fed alone or in the presence of 0 to 250 ppm hemicellulase. In an experiment utilizing full-term broilers, 10 and 15% autoclaved guar meal was fed in the presence of lincomycin (3.3 ppm) or in combination with lincomycin and hemicellulase (25 ppm). The laying hen experiment was conducted with 36-week-old hens for 8 weeks. They were fed the raw or autoclaved meal (102 C, 15 min) alone and in combination with 30 ppm hemicellulase. The raw guar meal depressed growth and the depression was dose-related. Autoclaving at 102 C for 15 min increased growth and feed efficiency. A higher temperature or a longer time of autoclaving failed to give any further increase in growth or feed efficiency. The lowest (16.5 ppm) hemicellulase was as effective as the highest (250 ppm) in increasing growth and feed efficiency of chicks when added to guar meal diets. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal in the presence of hemicellulase. Dry heating at 150 C for 6 hr or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Guar meal also increased stickiness of droppings; autoclaving enhanced the effect, whereas hemicellulase prevented the sticky droppings. In the full-term broiler experiment, 10% guar meal did not depress growth at 7 weeks, but a 15% did. Hemicellulase did not give a growth response when added in combination with lincomycin (3.3 ppm). Feed efficiency at 7 weeks was significantly depressed by incorporation of guar meal at levels of 10 or 15% in the diet. Egg production was significantly decreased when raw guar meal was fed; however, a significant improvement was obtained with autoclaving. Hemicellulase did not cause a significant increase in egg production with either the raw or autoclaved meal. Egg shell quality was better with the guar meal treatment than with the control diet. (Key words: guar meal, chicks, hens, autoclaving, enzyme support)
GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
The experiments reported in this paper were conducted to study the effects of autoclaving time, temperature, and graded levels of hemicellulase supplementation on performance of chicks and laying hens fed diets containing high-protein guar meal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four experiments with broiler-type chicks and one with laying hens were conducted to study the mentioned objectives. High-protein
guar meal containing 37% protein was used in all experiments. Birds were fed and watered ad libitum. Guar meal was incorporated into diets at the expense of corn and soybean meal to maintain the desired level of protein. Energy level was not adjusted in the diets containing guar meal. Hemicellulase in this study refers to CE-100,000 provided by Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, IN. Guar meal was provided by Celanese Polymer Specialities Co., Louisville, KY. All data were analyzed using the analysis of variance procedure and Duncan's multiple range test (Steel and Torrie, 1960). Battery Experiments. Experiments were conducted with broiler-type chicks from 1 day of age to 2 weeks. Each experimental diet was fed to three groups of 5 males and 5 females. The chicks were reared in electrically-heated battery brooders equipped with raised wire floors. The temperature under the brooder was maintained at 35 C during the 1st week and 25 C the 2nd week of the experiment. At termination of the experiment, the fecal condition was evaluated by visual scoring for the amount of droppings sticking to the wire screen floors, using values between 0 and 5, with the higher score indicating high adherence of droppings. Composition of the diets containing 0, 10, and 15% guar meal is given in Table 1. Experiment 1. In this experiment, chicks were fed diets containing 0, 10, or 15% raw or autoclaved guar meal. The guar meal was autoclaved at 121 C for 30 min. The raw and autoclaved meals were fed with or without a supplement of 125 ppm hemicellulase. Experiment 2. In this experiment, the effect of autoclaving guar meal at different times and temperatures on chick growth was studied. Chicks were fed diets containing guar meal autoclaved at 100 and 121 C for 15 or 30 min and at 132 C for 3 min. Chicks were also fed diets containing guar meal heated in an electric oven at 150 C for 6 hr. A sample of guar meal was water-treated by wetting with an equal weight of water and drying at 70 C overnight. Each of the treated guar meals was also fed alone or in combination with 125 ppm of hemicellulase. Differently treated guar meals were added at a level of 15% in the diets. Experiment 3. Because the lowest autoclaving temperature in Experiment 2 gave slower growth than the higher autoclaving temperature, the temperature was increased from 100 to 102 C in Experiment 3. In this experiment, attempts were made to find the lowest
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Kratzer, 1964a,b; Couch et al, 1967; Bakshi et al, 1964; Saxena and Pradhan, 1974). Nagpal et al. (1971) reported that guar meal, when fed to chicks at 40% as the sole source of protein in the diet caused loss in body weight, depressed feed consumption, and caused excessive mortality as compared with results on a diet containing 40% groundnut cake. Efforts have been made by several researchers to improve the nutritional value of guar meal. An autoclaving treatment improved growth of chicks (Borchers and Ackerson, 1950; Couch et al, 1966; Vohra and Kratzer, 1964a). The use of enzymes for overcoming growth-inhibitory properties of guar meal has also been recommended (Anderson and Warnick, 1964). Vohra and Kratzer (1964b) reported that the growth-depressing properties of guar gum and citrus pectin were overcome by treatment with the guar enzyme and pectinase, respectively. The guar enzyme and pectinase, added to the diets containing guar gum or pectin, improved chick growth but failed to prevent completely the growth-depressing effects of guar gum and pectin. Recently, Ray et al. (1982) reported that the hemicellulase, which counteracted the growth depression caused by feeding 10 or 15% raw or autoclaved guar meal (Patel and McGinnis, 1981), was about 50% mannanase. Germinating guar seeds and toasting and treatment of all grades of guar meal with disodium phosphate failed to detoxify guar meal (Thakur and Saxena, 1976). Supplementation of guar meal with extra DL-methionine and lysine had no effect on the nutritional value of guar meal (Nagpal, 1968). In contrast, Saxena and Pradhan (1974) reported that increasing dietary protein from 15 to 20 and 25% in diets containing 10% guar meal prevented the adverse effects on egg production, feed efficiency, and egg quality when compared with the control diet containing 15% protein.
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2.00 10.00 100.00
.9 .77 .25 .05 .23 .15
.68 .40 .26 .97
.70 .54 .31
1.19
18.53 3147.0 1.01
100.00
100.00
21.46 3069.0 1.04
2.00 0
2.00 0
1.09
.70 .50 .27
21.34 3025.00 1.05
.90 .77 .25 .05 .23 .15
.85 .77 .25 .05 .23 .05
2.15
3.0 3.0
60.10 17.40 3.00 3.00 2.15
70.0 17.65 3.00 3.00 2.15
62.5 25.0
Starter
Developer
Starter
(%)
10%
Guar meal
3 MineraI premix at .05% of the diet supplies the following in milligrams per kilogram of the diet: manganese, 5 60; and cobalt, .5.
2 Vitamin premix at .25% of the diet supplies the following per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A, 5500 IU; vitamin calcium pantothenate, 4.4 mg (or pantothenic acid, 4.05 mg); niacin, 22 mg; choline chloride, 577 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .0
1 Starter diets were used in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 with the following modifications. The 10% meal diets conta 15% guar meal diet contained 59.5% corn and 13% soy.
Calculated nutrient content Protein,% Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Methionine, % Cysteine, % Lysine, %
Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal (47.6% protein) Meat and bone meal (50% protein) Fish meal (69% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Vitamin premix 2 Trace mineral mix 3 Iodized salt DL-Methionine Animal fat Guar meal (37% protein) Total
Ingredient
0%
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets*
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GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
from 4 to 7 weeks. Lasalocid was used at 100 ppm as a coccidiostat from day of age to 7 weeks, after which broilers were fed the control diet without lasalocid. Composition of the starter and the developer diets are given in Table 1. Chicks were weighed at 2, 4, and 7 weeks. Wetness of litter was determined by visual scoring, using values between 0 and 5, with a higher score indicating wetter litter. Broilers were fasted for a day before they were slaughtered. On Day 54, 4 broilers from each pen were weighed, slaughtered, and abdominal fat and dressing percentages determined and expressed on a fasted live weight basis. Dressed weight did not include giblets and abdominal fat. Experiment 5. Three hundred seventy-five 36-week-old, individually-caged White Leghorn hens of H&N strain were used in this experiment. Five groups of 15 hens were randomly assigned to each treatment. In addition to a control diet without guar meal, hens were fed diets containing 10% raw or autoclaved (102 C,
TABLE 2. Composition of the layer diets (Experiment 5) Diets Ingredients
Control
Guar meal *•
(">> Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal (47% protein) Meat and bone meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa (17% protein) Raw or autoclaved guar meal (37% protein) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Iodized salt Vitamin premix 1 Trace mineral mix 2 DL-Methionine Total Calculated nutrient content Protein, % Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, total, % Methionine, % Cystine, % Lysine, %
6.90 .30 .30 .25 .05 .05 100.00
70.50 4.60 5.00 2.00 10.00 6.90 .30 .30 .25 .05 .10 100.00
14.97 2927 3.27 .59 .32 .21 .70
15.06 2879 3.28 .59 .34 .17 .61
73.15 12.00 5.00 2.00
1 Vitamin premix supplied the following per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A, 2000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 500 ICU; vitamin E, 2 IU; riboflavin, 2 mg; niacin, 5 mg; pantothenic acid, 2.77 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .0025 mg; ethoxyquin, 28.3 mg. 2
Trace mineral mix supplied the following in milligrams per kilogram of the diet: manganese, 50; iron, 50; copper, 5; zinc, 50; iodine, 1.5; calcium, 60; and cobalt, .5.
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enzyme level needed to obtain the maximum growth response. Enzyme levels ranging from 0 to 66 ppm were added to diets containing guar meal autoclaved at 102 and 121 C for 15 or 30 min. In two treatments, 50 ppm procaine penicillin was added in the presence of 66 ppm hemicellulase to the diets containing guar meal autoclaved at 102 and 121 C for 30 min. Experiment 4. In this trial, broiler-type unsexed chicks were reared in floor pens (1.5 x 1.5 m). Each diet was fed to four groups of 20 chicks. Supplemental heat was provided with 125 W heat bulbs suspended about .5 m above the floor. Starter diets containing 0, 10, and 15% autoclaved (102 C, 15 min) guar meal supplemented with lincomycin (3.3 ppm), alone or in combination with 25 ppm hemicellulase, were fed from 0 to 4 weeks. The diets containing 0 and 15% autoclaved guar meal were also fed without any supplements. To provide the same proportion of guar protein to total protein as in the starter diets, developer diets containing 7.2 and 10.73% guar meal were fed
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PATEL AND McGINNIS
15 min) guar meal with and without 30 ppm hemicellulase supplementation for two 28-day periods. Composition of the layer diets is given in Table 2. Egg weight and eggshell quality were determined on 2 consecutive days every 2 weeks. Eggshell quality was determined as shell weight per unit surface area (mg/cm 2 ) using the formula of Mueller and Scott (1940) for egg surface area.
The screen score was greatly increased when guar meal was incorporated into the diet; auto-
TABLE 3. Effect of autoclaving and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal on growth, feed efficiency, and screen score of chicks (Experiment 1) Without hemicelluliise1 Treatment Guar meal
Guar meal treatment
(%)
Body weight at 2 wk
Gain/ feed
Screen score
Control Raw Autoclaved 2 Raw Autoclaved
280ab 245 c 26 8 b 194 e 248 c
Gain feed
Screen score
.664 a .620 d .642 b e .570 c .608 d
0d .3 C .7bc .7bc 1.4b
(g)
(g)
0 10 10 15 15
With hemicellulase Body weight at 2 wk
.654ab .589 c .625cd .504^ .578 c
0d 1.7b 3.3 a 1.3 b 4.0*
290 a 267 b 284 a 229 d 261c
2 DCQ £
' ' ' ' Means within the same parameter type with different letters differ significantly (P<.05). 1
Hemicellulase was added at 125 ppm.
2
Autoclaving was at 121 C for 30 min.
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RESULTS
Experiment 1. Addition of 10% raw guar meal to the control diet depressed body weight and feed efficiency and increased the fecal screen score (Table 3). Increasing guar meal to 15% caused a further decrease in body weight and feed efficiency but did not change the screen score. Autoclaving or enzyme supplementation of guar meal increased body weight and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diet containing either 10 or 15% guar meal. The growth and feed efficiency responses due to autoclaving or enzyme supplementation of a diet containing 10% guar meal were statistically the same. In contrast, growth response due to autoclaving was significantly better than enzyme supplementation to the diet containing 15% guar meal. Hemicellulase addition to diets containing autoclaved meal produced a further significant improvement in body weight only with the 10% meal diets. Feeding 10% autoclaved guar meal with 125 ppm hemicellulase resulted in a
growth rate comparable with that obtained by the control diet. Feed efficiency was increased by addition of enzyme to the autoclaved meal diets. Autoclaving of guar meal significantly increased screen score whether guar meal was 10 or 15% of the diet, and enzyme addition prevented the increased score caused by autoclaving. Experiment 2. As expected, addition of 15% raw guar meal to the control diet significantly decreased body weight and feed efficiency (Table 4). Supplementation of enzyme to this diet increased body weight (P<.05) and feed efficiency (P>.05). Autoclaving of guar meal at 100 C for 15 min increased body weight and feed efficiency (P>.05). An increase in autoclaving time from 15 to 30 min resulted in a significant increase in body weight but not in feed efficiency. Autoclaving of guar meal at 121 C for 15 min or 132 C for 3 min failed to give a further increase in growth or feed efficiency. Dry heating or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Hemicellulase supplementation of autoclaved guar meal diets resulted in similar increases (P<.05) in body weight and feed efficiency for all meals except that autoclaved at 100 C for 30 min. Hemicellulase was not effective in increasing growth or feed efficiency when added to diets containing dry-heated or water-treated guar meal.
GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
TABLE 4. Effect of different treatments of guar meal and hemicellulase (0 or 125 ppm) on performance of young chicks (Experiment 2) Body weight at 2 wk
Control (0% guar meal) Raw Autoclaved Autoclaved Autoclaved Autoclaved Autoclaved Heated Water treated
Temp
Time
(C)
(min)
100 100 121 121 132 150
15 30 15 30 3 6
0 ppm
supplementation
Gain/feed
Screen score
125 ppm
0 ppm
125 ppm
0 ppm
125 ppm
275 a 227efg 253 c 240de 255bc 253 e 251cd 220tg h 196J k
.670 a b .568 h i .591 f g h i .609def .577gh' .610 d ef .604 e f g .563 1 .572 h i
.677 a .596 f g h .630cde .634cde .639 c d .643bc .636 c d .588 f g h i .591 f g h i
0e 1.8 bc 1.8 bc 3.2 a 3.7 a 3.0 a 3.7 a 2.5ab 1.5 b c d
0e .5de 1 0 cde 7cde 8 cde 1 2cde 1 2 cde 1 5 bcd 2«
(g) 267ab 204 ! J k 216g h i 230 e f 229 e f g 23 3ef 227 e f g 207 h 'j 192k
'Means within the same parameter with different letters differ significantly (P<.05).
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times and temperatures or added penicillin had no significant effect on this parameter. All levels of hemicellulase were equally effective in reducing the screen score to the level of the control. Experiment 4. Body weight was significantly decreased by feeding 10% guar meal in place of corn and soybean meal at 2 and 4 weeks but not at 7 weeks of age (Table 6). In contrast, feeding guar meal at 15% caused a significant reduction in body weight throughout the experiment. Enzyme added to the 10 or 15% guar meal diets in the presence of lincomycin gave some improvement in growth, but it was only significant with the 15% guar meal diet at 2 weeks. Lincomycin did not have any effect on growth when added to the control diet. However, growth on the 15% guar meal diet was significantly improved by lincomycin at 4 weeks. At 7 weeks, body weights with the 10% guar meal diets and the 15% guar meal diet, supplemented with lincomycin and enzyme, were not significantly different from that of the control diet. Feed efficiency was significantly improved by addition of hemicellulase to the 10 and 15% guar meal diets at 4 and 7 weeks, respectively. None of the guar meal-containing diets supported feed efficiency equal to that obtained with the control diets at 4 or 7 weeks. Floor litter scores were significantly higher for the diets containing guar meal than for the
claving at 100 C for 15 min did not increase the screen score, but autoclaving at other temperatures for different times caused an increase. Like growth, screen score was not affected by dry heating or water treatment of guar meal. Enzyme addition to diets containing either raw or autoclaved guar meal reduced screen score. Experiment 3. Autoclaving guar meal at different temperatures and times did not give different body weights or feed efficiencies (Table 5). The hemicellulase supplement at 16.5 ppm in diets containing guar meal, autoclaved at different temperatures or times, gave a significant improvement in body weight and feed efficiency. Higher levels of enzyme did not give additional increases in either parameter; however, the higher levels were slightly better than the lower ones for growth and feed efficiency, especially with the diet containing guar meal autoclaved at 102 C for 15 min. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added in the presence of enzyme to the two guar meal containing diets. Growth on the diet containing guar meal, autoclaved at 121 C for 15 min and 33 ppm of enzyme, was not different from that of chicks fed the control diet. Stickiness of droppings, as measured by screen score, was significantly increased with substitution of autoclaved guar meal for corn and soybean meal, and the different autoclaving
Treatment of guar meal
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PATEL AND McGINNIS
different from the control. Addition of enzyme to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal did not give a response in egg production. Feed consumption on the raw meal diet was significantly lower than on the autoclaved meal diet supplemented with enzyme. Egg weight on the autoclaved meal diet was significantly lower than on the control; the enzyme increased egg weight to the point where it was not different from that on any other diet. Except for the diet with autoclaved guar meal, eggshell quality was better (P<.05) on the diet containing guar meal than on the control diet.
DISCUSSION The low feeding value of guar meal reported in the literature could be caused by factors such as trypsin inhibitors inactivated by autoclaving
TABLE 5. Effect of graded levels of hemicellulase on performance of young chicks fed diets containing differently treated guar meal (Experiment 3) Autocl aving Hemicellulase
(%)
(ppm)
Control
15 min
Body weight at 2 \ 0 0 15 15 15 15 15
0 0 15 15 15 15 15
0 0 15 15 15 15 15
121 C
102 C
Guar meal
0
66.0
ab
229 e 256 d 263cd 270cd
0
66.0
.714 a .723 a
0
16.5 33.0 66.0 66.0 + penicillin
0
66.0 0
16.5 33.0 66.0 66.0 + penicillin
15 min
30 min
233 e 271cd 280abc 260cd
226 e 265cd 268Cd 265cd 273bcd
vk, g
289 293a
16.5 33.0 66.0 66.0 + penicillin
0
30 min
.40 b .90 b
224e 258 d 269cd 267cd 265cd
Feed efficiency, gaiu/iccu .621 d e .660 b c .665bc .672 b
.594 c .66 7 b .662bc .663bc .670 b
.613de .673 b .66 8 b .662bc
.632«i .667 b .658 b c .669 b .680 b
Screen score 4.17 a .97 b 1.57 b .83b
4.83 a 1.00 b 1.83 b 1.50 b .83b
4.17 a .97 b .90 b 1.67 b
Means within the same parameter with different letters differ significantly (P<.05).
3.50 a 1.83 b 1.57 b 1.00 b 1.07 b
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control diets. Addition of hemicellulase significantly reduced the litter score for the 10% guar meal diet but failed to counteract the guar meal effect completely. Abdominal fat pad weight and carcass weight were about the same for all diets except for the unsupplemented 15% guar meal diet; fat pad weight for this treatment was significantly lower than for the unsupplemented control and the 10% guar meal diet supplemented with lincomycin and enzyme. Carcass weight for the same treatment was also significantly lower than for the control birds. Experiment 5. Egg production was significantly decreased when raw guar meal was incorporated into the diet (Table 7). Enzyme addition appeared to increase the egg production, but the increase was not significant (P>.05). Autoclaving of guar meal significantly increased egg production but not significantly
GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
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treatment (Anderson and Warnick, 1964) and by the variable amounts of guar gum (Vogt and Penner, 1963). The improvements obtained from enzyme treatment of guar meal (Vohra and Kratzer, 1964a), or the addition of enzymes to diets containing guar meal, were probably due to enzyme action on the guar gum. Even though the guar meal used in the experiments described contained 37% protein, the growth responses obtained with enzyme supplementation indicated that it still contained enough guar gum to have a depressing effect at the levels of meal used. The results also showed clearly that the meal contained factors inactivated by autoclaving, possibly enzyme inhibitors of lectins. The generally superior growth and feed efficiency results obtained with the control diet, compared with diets containing guar meal cooked in presence of moisture and supplemented with enzyme, indicated that guar meal probably contains other factors that are slightly growth depressing or that some essential nutrients have low availability to the chick. Low availability of some nutrients or the presence of some other slightly growth-depressing factors do not, however, present a serious problem in using guar meal in chick feeds; the differences among the treatments were not statistically significant in several cases. The problem of sticky droppings associated with guar meal was minimized or eliminated in some cases by addition of the enzyme supplement. The results obtained in the floor pen broiler trial and in the laying hen experiment indicate that the presence of factors inactivated by autoclaving was more important than the guar gum component because a growth response to enzyme was not seen in broilers at 7 weeks of age. The reduction in guar meal in the diets at 4 weeks of age probably reduced the antinutritional factors to a level that had little or no effect on the chicks. The failure of enzyme supplement to reduce the litter floor score in Experiment 4 could be caused by increased water consumption by broilers fed guar meal. In other trials with chicks guar gum caused almost a doubling of water intake (Patel and McGinnis, unpublished results). The same study showed guar gum or guar meal to effect a marked drop in egg production and that enzymes counteracted this effect. The results obtained in experiments with both young chicks and laying hens show that guar meal must be cooked in the presence of
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Xl X) X) X) rt rt rt rt X) rt rt O, in in m H 0\ 0\ t-- CS m t> 00 m (S
1155
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PATEL AND McGINNIS
TABLE 7. Effect of autoclaving and/or hemicellulase supplementation on performance of laying bens fed the high protein guar meal (Experiment 5) Treatment desc ription Guar meal
Egg production
Feed consumption
Egg weight
Shell weight
(ppm)
(%)
(g/hen/day)
(g)
(mg/cm 2 )
b
0 30 0 30
78.6 68.8 a 73.la 80. l b 81.9 b
ab
108.0 103.0 a 105.6 a b 106.9 a b 110.4 b
b
57.8 57.2 a b 57.5ab 56.5 a 58.4 b
75.5 a 79.3 b 79.3 b 78.1ab 79. l b
a,b Means in a column with different letters differ significantly (P<.05).
moisture to improve its feeding value and that an effective enzyme supplement should be used when guar meal at 10% or more is used. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was in part supported by a grant from Celanese Polymer Specialities Co., Louisville, KY. REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., and R. E. Warnick, 1964. Value of enzyme supplements in rations containing certain legume seed meals or gums. Poultry Sci. 4 3 : 1091-1097. Bakshi, Y., C. R. Creger, and J. R. Couch, 1964. Studies on guar meal. Poultry Sci. 43:1302. (Abstr.) Borchers, R., and C. W. Ackerson, 1950. The nutritive value of legume seeds X. Effect of autoclaving and trypsin inhibitor test for 17 species. J. Nutr. 41:339-345. Couch, J. R., Y. Y. Bakshi, T. M. Ferguson, E. B. Smith, and C. R. Creger, 1967. The effect of processing on the nutritional value of guar meal for broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 8:243-250. Couch, J. R., C. R. Creger, and Y. K. Bakshi, 1966. Trypsin inhibitor in guar meal. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123:263-265. Mueller, C. D., and H. M. Scott, 1940. The porosity of die egg-shell in relation to hatchability. Poultry Sci. 19:163-166. Nagpal, M. L., 1968. Studies on the chemical and biological evaluation of some poultry feed stuffs with special reference to guar-meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Ph.D. diss., Punjab Agric. Univ., Ludhiana.
Nagpal, M. L., O. P. Agrawal, and I. S. Bhatia, 1971. Chemical and biological examination of guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 41:283-293. Patel, M. B., and J. McGinnis, 1981. Effect of autoclaving time and temperature and supplementation with hemicellulase and penicillin on the nutritional value of guar meal. Poultry Sci. 60: 1710. (Abstr.) Ramakrishana, C. V., 1957. Amino acid composition of crude and germinated guarseed flour protein (Cyamopsispsoralioides). Experientia 13:78. Ray, S., M. H. Pubols, and J. McGinnis, 1982. The effect of a purified guar degrading enzyme on chick growth. Poultry Sci. 61:488-494. Sathe, B. S., and S. Bose, 1962. Studies on the utilization of industrial and farm by-products in growing poultry ration. Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 32:74-84. Saxena, U. C , and K. Pradhan, 1974. Effect of high protein levels on the replacement value of guarmeal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in layer's ration. Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 4 4 : 1 9 0 - 1 9 3 . Thakur, R. S., and U. C. Saxena, 1976. Guar meal in poultry ration, a review. Ind. Poult. Rev. 7:9—12. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. Vogt, H., and W. Penner, 1963. Die Verwendung von Guarmehl in geflugemastfutter. Arch. Gefluegelkd. 27:43-47. Vohra, P., and F. H. Kratzer, 1964a. The use of guar meal in chicken rations. Poultry Sci. 43:502— 503. Vohra, P., and F. H. Kratzer, 1964b. Growth inhibitory effect of certain polysaccharides for chickens. Poultry Sci. 43:1164-1170. Whistler, R. L., and T. Hymowitz, 1979. Guar: agronomy, production, industrial use and nutrition. Purdue Univ. Press, West Lafayette, IN.
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None Raw Raw Autoclaved Autoclaved
Hemicellulase
1985 Poultry Science 64:1148-1156
INTRODUCTION Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is a widely cultivated legume in India and Pakistan. The most important use of guar, other than as a vegetable and cattle feed, is as a source of guar gum, which in turn is used as a thickening agent in paper, mining, oil well drilling, and the food industries. Guar gum is a galactomannan polysaccharide and is obtained from the endosperm of the guar seed (Whistler and Hymowitz, 1979) by mechanical separation. The byproduct of the gum production, consisting of
'Scientific Paper No. 6657, College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164.
the outer seed coat and the germ material plus varying amounts of guar gum, is called guar meal. Guar meal contains different amounts of protein, depending on the process used in separating the gum. A high-protein guar meal may contain from 35 to 45% protein with a relatively low amount of gum, whereas a low-protein guar meal contains from 8 to 13% protein and a larger amount of gum. The highprotein guar meal is a good source of essential amino acids (Ramakrishnan, 1957), and as a result, it has a potential use as a protein supplement in poultry rations. However, results reported to date indicate that guar meal is not a satisfactory ingredient in poultry feed (Borchers and Ackerson, 1950; Sathe and Bose, 1962; Vogt and Penner, 1963; Vohra and
1148
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ABSTRACT Four experiments with broilers and one with laying hens were conducted to study the effects of processing and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal (37.0% protein) on growth, feed efficiency, and egg production. Guar meal at 0, 10, and 15%, either in raw form or autoclaved at 100, 102, or 132 C for 3, 15, or 30 min, was fed alone or in the presence of 0 to 250 ppm hemicellulase. In an experiment utilizing full-term broilers, 10 and 15% autoclaved guar meal was fed in the presence of lincomycin (3.3 ppm) or in combination with lincomycin and hemicellulase (25 ppm). The laying hen experiment was conducted with 36-week-old hens for 8 weeks. They were fed the raw or autoclaved meal (102 C, 15 min) alone and in combination with 30 ppm hemicellulase. The raw guar meal depressed growth and the depression was dose-related. Autoclaving at 102 C for 15 min increased growth and feed efficiency. A higher temperature or a longer time of autoclaving failed to give any further increase in growth or feed efficiency. The lowest (16.5 ppm) hemicellulase was as effective as the highest (250 ppm) in increasing growth and feed efficiency of chicks when added to guar meal diets. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal in the presence of hemicellulase. Dry heating at 150 C for 6 hr or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Guar meal also increased stickiness of droppings; autoclaving enhanced the effect, whereas hemicellulase prevented the sticky droppings. In the full-term broiler experiment, 10% guar meal did not depress growth at 7 weeks, but a 15% did. Hemicellulase did not give a growth response when added in combination with lincomycin (3.3 ppm). Feed efficiency at 7 weeks was significantly depressed by incorporation of guar meal at levels of 10 or 15% in the diet. Egg production was significantly decreased when raw guar meal was fed; however, a significant improvement was obtained with autoclaving. Hemicellulase did not cause a significant increase in egg production with either the raw or autoclaved meal. Egg shell quality was better with the guar meal treatment than with the control diet. (Key words: guar meal, chicks, hens, autoclaving, enzyme support)
GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
The experiments reported in this paper were conducted to study the effects of autoclaving time, temperature, and graded levels of hemicellulase supplementation on performance of chicks and laying hens fed diets containing high-protein guar meal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four experiments with broiler-type chicks and one with laying hens were conducted to study the mentioned objectives. High-protein
guar meal containing 37% protein was used in all experiments. Birds were fed and watered ad libitum. Guar meal was incorporated into diets at the expense of corn and soybean meal to maintain the desired level of protein. Energy level was not adjusted in the diets containing guar meal. Hemicellulase in this study refers to CE-100,000 provided by Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, IN. Guar meal was provided by Celanese Polymer Specialities Co., Louisville, KY. All data were analyzed using the analysis of variance procedure and Duncan's multiple range test (Steel and Torrie, 1960). Battery Experiments. Experiments were conducted with broiler-type chicks from 1 day of age to 2 weeks. Each experimental diet was fed to three groups of 5 males and 5 females. The chicks were reared in electrically-heated battery brooders equipped with raised wire floors. The temperature under the brooder was maintained at 35 C during the 1st week and 25 C the 2nd week of the experiment. At termination of the experiment, the fecal condition was evaluated by visual scoring for the amount of droppings sticking to the wire screen floors, using values between 0 and 5, with the higher score indicating high adherence of droppings. Composition of the diets containing 0, 10, and 15% guar meal is given in Table 1. Experiment 1. In this experiment, chicks were fed diets containing 0, 10, or 15% raw or autoclaved guar meal. The guar meal was autoclaved at 121 C for 30 min. The raw and autoclaved meals were fed with or without a supplement of 125 ppm hemicellulase. Experiment 2. In this experiment, the effect of autoclaving guar meal at different times and temperatures on chick growth was studied. Chicks were fed diets containing guar meal autoclaved at 100 and 121 C for 15 or 30 min and at 132 C for 3 min. Chicks were also fed diets containing guar meal heated in an electric oven at 150 C for 6 hr. A sample of guar meal was water-treated by wetting with an equal weight of water and drying at 70 C overnight. Each of the treated guar meals was also fed alone or in combination with 125 ppm of hemicellulase. Differently treated guar meals were added at a level of 15% in the diets. Experiment 3. Because the lowest autoclaving temperature in Experiment 2 gave slower growth than the higher autoclaving temperature, the temperature was increased from 100 to 102 C in Experiment 3. In this experiment, attempts were made to find the lowest
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Kratzer, 1964a,b; Couch et al, 1967; Bakshi et al, 1964; Saxena and Pradhan, 1974). Nagpal et al. (1971) reported that guar meal, when fed to chicks at 40% as the sole source of protein in the diet caused loss in body weight, depressed feed consumption, and caused excessive mortality as compared with results on a diet containing 40% groundnut cake. Efforts have been made by several researchers to improve the nutritional value of guar meal. An autoclaving treatment improved growth of chicks (Borchers and Ackerson, 1950; Couch et al, 1966; Vohra and Kratzer, 1964a). The use of enzymes for overcoming growth-inhibitory properties of guar meal has also been recommended (Anderson and Warnick, 1964). Vohra and Kratzer (1964b) reported that the growth-depressing properties of guar gum and citrus pectin were overcome by treatment with the guar enzyme and pectinase, respectively. The guar enzyme and pectinase, added to the diets containing guar gum or pectin, improved chick growth but failed to prevent completely the growth-depressing effects of guar gum and pectin. Recently, Ray et al. (1982) reported that the hemicellulase, which counteracted the growth depression caused by feeding 10 or 15% raw or autoclaved guar meal (Patel and McGinnis, 1981), was about 50% mannanase. Germinating guar seeds and toasting and treatment of all grades of guar meal with disodium phosphate failed to detoxify guar meal (Thakur and Saxena, 1976). Supplementation of guar meal with extra DL-methionine and lysine had no effect on the nutritional value of guar meal (Nagpal, 1968). In contrast, Saxena and Pradhan (1974) reported that increasing dietary protein from 15 to 20 and 25% in diets containing 10% guar meal prevented the adverse effects on egg production, feed efficiency, and egg quality when compared with the control diet containing 15% protein.
1149
2.00 10.00 100.00
.9 .77 .25 .05 .23 .15
.68 .40 .26 .97
.70 .54 .31
1.19
18.53 3147.0 1.01
100.00
100.00
21.46 3069.0 1.04
2.00 0
2.00 0
1.09
.70 .50 .27
21.34 3025.00 1.05
.90 .77 .25 .05 .23 .15
.85 .77 .25 .05 .23 .05
2.15
3.0 3.0
60.10 17.40 3.00 3.00 2.15
70.0 17.65 3.00 3.00 2.15
62.5 25.0
Starter
Developer
Starter
(%)
10%
Guar meal
3 MineraI premix at .05% of the diet supplies the following in milligrams per kilogram of the diet: manganese, 5 60; and cobalt, .5.
2 Vitamin premix at .25% of the diet supplies the following per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A, 5500 IU; vitamin calcium pantothenate, 4.4 mg (or pantothenic acid, 4.05 mg); niacin, 22 mg; choline chloride, 577 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .0
1 Starter diets were used in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 with the following modifications. The 10% meal diets conta 15% guar meal diet contained 59.5% corn and 13% soy.
Calculated nutrient content Protein,% Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Methionine, % Cysteine, % Lysine, %
Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal (47.6% protein) Meat and bone meal (50% protein) Fish meal (69% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Vitamin premix 2 Trace mineral mix 3 Iodized salt DL-Methionine Animal fat Guar meal (37% protein) Total
Ingredient
0%
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets*
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GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
from 4 to 7 weeks. Lasalocid was used at 100 ppm as a coccidiostat from day of age to 7 weeks, after which broilers were fed the control diet without lasalocid. Composition of the starter and the developer diets are given in Table 1. Chicks were weighed at 2, 4, and 7 weeks. Wetness of litter was determined by visual scoring, using values between 0 and 5, with a higher score indicating wetter litter. Broilers were fasted for a day before they were slaughtered. On Day 54, 4 broilers from each pen were weighed, slaughtered, and abdominal fat and dressing percentages determined and expressed on a fasted live weight basis. Dressed weight did not include giblets and abdominal fat. Experiment 5. Three hundred seventy-five 36-week-old, individually-caged White Leghorn hens of H&N strain were used in this experiment. Five groups of 15 hens were randomly assigned to each treatment. In addition to a control diet without guar meal, hens were fed diets containing 10% raw or autoclaved (102 C,
TABLE 2. Composition of the layer diets (Experiment 5) Diets Ingredients
Control
Guar meal *•
(">> Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal (47% protein) Meat and bone meal (50% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa (17% protein) Raw or autoclaved guar meal (37% protein) Ground limestone Dicalcium phosphate Iodized salt Vitamin premix 1 Trace mineral mix 2 DL-Methionine Total Calculated nutrient content Protein, % Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, total, % Methionine, % Cystine, % Lysine, %
6.90 .30 .30 .25 .05 .05 100.00
70.50 4.60 5.00 2.00 10.00 6.90 .30 .30 .25 .05 .10 100.00
14.97 2927 3.27 .59 .32 .21 .70
15.06 2879 3.28 .59 .34 .17 .61
73.15 12.00 5.00 2.00
1 Vitamin premix supplied the following per kilogram of the diet: vitamin A, 2000 IU; vitamin D 3 , 500 ICU; vitamin E, 2 IU; riboflavin, 2 mg; niacin, 5 mg; pantothenic acid, 2.77 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , .0025 mg; ethoxyquin, 28.3 mg. 2
Trace mineral mix supplied the following in milligrams per kilogram of the diet: manganese, 50; iron, 50; copper, 5; zinc, 50; iodine, 1.5; calcium, 60; and cobalt, .5.
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enzyme level needed to obtain the maximum growth response. Enzyme levels ranging from 0 to 66 ppm were added to diets containing guar meal autoclaved at 102 and 121 C for 15 or 30 min. In two treatments, 50 ppm procaine penicillin was added in the presence of 66 ppm hemicellulase to the diets containing guar meal autoclaved at 102 and 121 C for 30 min. Experiment 4. In this trial, broiler-type unsexed chicks were reared in floor pens (1.5 x 1.5 m). Each diet was fed to four groups of 20 chicks. Supplemental heat was provided with 125 W heat bulbs suspended about .5 m above the floor. Starter diets containing 0, 10, and 15% autoclaved (102 C, 15 min) guar meal supplemented with lincomycin (3.3 ppm), alone or in combination with 25 ppm hemicellulase, were fed from 0 to 4 weeks. The diets containing 0 and 15% autoclaved guar meal were also fed without any supplements. To provide the same proportion of guar protein to total protein as in the starter diets, developer diets containing 7.2 and 10.73% guar meal were fed
1151
1152
PATEL AND McGINNIS
15 min) guar meal with and without 30 ppm hemicellulase supplementation for two 28-day periods. Composition of the layer diets is given in Table 2. Egg weight and eggshell quality were determined on 2 consecutive days every 2 weeks. Eggshell quality was determined as shell weight per unit surface area (mg/cm 2 ) using the formula of Mueller and Scott (1940) for egg surface area.
The screen score was greatly increased when guar meal was incorporated into the diet; auto-
TABLE 3. Effect of autoclaving and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal on growth, feed efficiency, and screen score of chicks (Experiment 1) Without hemicelluliise1 Treatment Guar meal
Guar meal treatment
(%)
Body weight at 2 wk
Gain/ feed
Screen score
Control Raw Autoclaved 2 Raw Autoclaved
280ab 245 c 26 8 b 194 e 248 c
Gain feed
Screen score
.664 a .620 d .642 b e .570 c .608 d
0d .3 C .7bc .7bc 1.4b
(g)
(g)
0 10 10 15 15
With hemicellulase Body weight at 2 wk
.654ab .589 c .625cd .504^ .578 c
0d 1.7b 3.3 a 1.3 b 4.0*
290 a 267 b 284 a 229 d 261c
2 DCQ £
' ' ' ' Means within the same parameter type with different letters differ significantly (P<.05). 1
Hemicellulase was added at 125 ppm.
2
Autoclaving was at 121 C for 30 min.
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RESULTS
Experiment 1. Addition of 10% raw guar meal to the control diet depressed body weight and feed efficiency and increased the fecal screen score (Table 3). Increasing guar meal to 15% caused a further decrease in body weight and feed efficiency but did not change the screen score. Autoclaving or enzyme supplementation of guar meal increased body weight and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diet containing either 10 or 15% guar meal. The growth and feed efficiency responses due to autoclaving or enzyme supplementation of a diet containing 10% guar meal were statistically the same. In contrast, growth response due to autoclaving was significantly better than enzyme supplementation to the diet containing 15% guar meal. Hemicellulase addition to diets containing autoclaved meal produced a further significant improvement in body weight only with the 10% meal diets. Feeding 10% autoclaved guar meal with 125 ppm hemicellulase resulted in a
growth rate comparable with that obtained by the control diet. Feed efficiency was increased by addition of enzyme to the autoclaved meal diets. Autoclaving of guar meal significantly increased screen score whether guar meal was 10 or 15% of the diet, and enzyme addition prevented the increased score caused by autoclaving. Experiment 2. As expected, addition of 15% raw guar meal to the control diet significantly decreased body weight and feed efficiency (Table 4). Supplementation of enzyme to this diet increased body weight (P<.05) and feed efficiency (P>.05). Autoclaving of guar meal at 100 C for 15 min increased body weight and feed efficiency (P>.05). An increase in autoclaving time from 15 to 30 min resulted in a significant increase in body weight but not in feed efficiency. Autoclaving of guar meal at 121 C for 15 min or 132 C for 3 min failed to give a further increase in growth or feed efficiency. Dry heating or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Hemicellulase supplementation of autoclaved guar meal diets resulted in similar increases (P<.05) in body weight and feed efficiency for all meals except that autoclaved at 100 C for 30 min. Hemicellulase was not effective in increasing growth or feed efficiency when added to diets containing dry-heated or water-treated guar meal.
GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
TABLE 4. Effect of different treatments of guar meal and hemicellulase (0 or 125 ppm) on performance of young chicks (Experiment 2) Body weight at 2 wk
Control (0% guar meal) Raw Autoclaved Autoclaved Autoclaved Autoclaved Autoclaved Heated Water treated
Temp
Time
(C)
(min)
100 100 121 121 132 150
15 30 15 30 3 6
0 ppm
supplementation
Gain/feed
Screen score
125 ppm
0 ppm
125 ppm
0 ppm
125 ppm
275 a 227efg 253 c 240de 255bc 253 e 251cd 220tg h 196J k
.670 a b .568 h i .591 f g h i .609def .577gh' .610 d ef .604 e f g .563 1 .572 h i
.677 a .596 f g h .630cde .634cde .639 c d .643bc .636 c d .588 f g h i .591 f g h i
0e 1.8 bc 1.8 bc 3.2 a 3.7 a 3.0 a 3.7 a 2.5ab 1.5 b c d
0e .5de 1 0 cde 7cde 8 cde 1 2cde 1 2 cde 1 5 bcd 2«
(g) 267ab 204 ! J k 216g h i 230 e f 229 e f g 23 3ef 227 e f g 207 h 'j 192k
'Means within the same parameter with different letters differ significantly (P<.05).
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times and temperatures or added penicillin had no significant effect on this parameter. All levels of hemicellulase were equally effective in reducing the screen score to the level of the control. Experiment 4. Body weight was significantly decreased by feeding 10% guar meal in place of corn and soybean meal at 2 and 4 weeks but not at 7 weeks of age (Table 6). In contrast, feeding guar meal at 15% caused a significant reduction in body weight throughout the experiment. Enzyme added to the 10 or 15% guar meal diets in the presence of lincomycin gave some improvement in growth, but it was only significant with the 15% guar meal diet at 2 weeks. Lincomycin did not have any effect on growth when added to the control diet. However, growth on the 15% guar meal diet was significantly improved by lincomycin at 4 weeks. At 7 weeks, body weights with the 10% guar meal diets and the 15% guar meal diet, supplemented with lincomycin and enzyme, were not significantly different from that of the control diet. Feed efficiency was significantly improved by addition of hemicellulase to the 10 and 15% guar meal diets at 4 and 7 weeks, respectively. None of the guar meal-containing diets supported feed efficiency equal to that obtained with the control diets at 4 or 7 weeks. Floor litter scores were significantly higher for the diets containing guar meal than for the
claving at 100 C for 15 min did not increase the screen score, but autoclaving at other temperatures for different times caused an increase. Like growth, screen score was not affected by dry heating or water treatment of guar meal. Enzyme addition to diets containing either raw or autoclaved guar meal reduced screen score. Experiment 3. Autoclaving guar meal at different temperatures and times did not give different body weights or feed efficiencies (Table 5). The hemicellulase supplement at 16.5 ppm in diets containing guar meal, autoclaved at different temperatures or times, gave a significant improvement in body weight and feed efficiency. Higher levels of enzyme did not give additional increases in either parameter; however, the higher levels were slightly better than the lower ones for growth and feed efficiency, especially with the diet containing guar meal autoclaved at 102 C for 15 min. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added in the presence of enzyme to the two guar meal containing diets. Growth on the diet containing guar meal, autoclaved at 121 C for 15 min and 33 ppm of enzyme, was not different from that of chicks fed the control diet. Stickiness of droppings, as measured by screen score, was significantly increased with substitution of autoclaved guar meal for corn and soybean meal, and the different autoclaving
Treatment of guar meal
1153
1154
PATEL AND McGINNIS
different from the control. Addition of enzyme to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal did not give a response in egg production. Feed consumption on the raw meal diet was significantly lower than on the autoclaved meal diet supplemented with enzyme. Egg weight on the autoclaved meal diet was significantly lower than on the control; the enzyme increased egg weight to the point where it was not different from that on any other diet. Except for the diet with autoclaved guar meal, eggshell quality was better (P<.05) on the diet containing guar meal than on the control diet.
DISCUSSION The low feeding value of guar meal reported in the literature could be caused by factors such as trypsin inhibitors inactivated by autoclaving
TABLE 5. Effect of graded levels of hemicellulase on performance of young chicks fed diets containing differently treated guar meal (Experiment 3) Autocl aving Hemicellulase
(%)
(ppm)
Control
15 min
Body weight at 2 \ 0 0 15 15 15 15 15
0 0 15 15 15 15 15
0 0 15 15 15 15 15
121 C
102 C
Guar meal
0
66.0
ab
229 e 256 d 263cd 270cd
0
66.0
.714 a .723 a
0
16.5 33.0 66.0 66.0 + penicillin
0
66.0 0
16.5 33.0 66.0 66.0 + penicillin
15 min
30 min
233 e 271cd 280abc 260cd
226 e 265cd 268Cd 265cd 273bcd
vk, g
289 293a
16.5 33.0 66.0 66.0 + penicillin
0
30 min
.40 b .90 b
224e 258 d 269cd 267cd 265cd
Feed efficiency, gaiu/iccu .621 d e .660 b c .665bc .672 b
.594 c .66 7 b .662bc .663bc .670 b
.613de .673 b .66 8 b .662bc
.632«i .667 b .658 b c .669 b .680 b
Screen score 4.17 a .97 b 1.57 b .83b
4.83 a 1.00 b 1.83 b 1.50 b .83b
4.17 a .97 b .90 b 1.67 b
Means within the same parameter with different letters differ significantly (P<.05).
3.50 a 1.83 b 1.57 b 1.00 b 1.07 b
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control diets. Addition of hemicellulase significantly reduced the litter score for the 10% guar meal diet but failed to counteract the guar meal effect completely. Abdominal fat pad weight and carcass weight were about the same for all diets except for the unsupplemented 15% guar meal diet; fat pad weight for this treatment was significantly lower than for the unsupplemented control and the 10% guar meal diet supplemented with lincomycin and enzyme. Carcass weight for the same treatment was also significantly lower than for the control birds. Experiment 5. Egg production was significantly decreased when raw guar meal was incorporated into the diet (Table 7). Enzyme addition appeared to increase the egg production, but the increase was not significant (P>.05). Autoclaving of guar meal significantly increased egg production but not significantly
GUAR MEAL FOR CHICKS AND LAYING HENS
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treatment (Anderson and Warnick, 1964) and by the variable amounts of guar gum (Vogt and Penner, 1963). The improvements obtained from enzyme treatment of guar meal (Vohra and Kratzer, 1964a), or the addition of enzymes to diets containing guar meal, were probably due to enzyme action on the guar gum. Even though the guar meal used in the experiments described contained 37% protein, the growth responses obtained with enzyme supplementation indicated that it still contained enough guar gum to have a depressing effect at the levels of meal used. The results also showed clearly that the meal contained factors inactivated by autoclaving, possibly enzyme inhibitors of lectins. The generally superior growth and feed efficiency results obtained with the control diet, compared with diets containing guar meal cooked in presence of moisture and supplemented with enzyme, indicated that guar meal probably contains other factors that are slightly growth depressing or that some essential nutrients have low availability to the chick. Low availability of some nutrients or the presence of some other slightly growth-depressing factors do not, however, present a serious problem in using guar meal in chick feeds; the differences among the treatments were not statistically significant in several cases. The problem of sticky droppings associated with guar meal was minimized or eliminated in some cases by addition of the enzyme supplement. The results obtained in the floor pen broiler trial and in the laying hen experiment indicate that the presence of factors inactivated by autoclaving was more important than the guar gum component because a growth response to enzyme was not seen in broilers at 7 weeks of age. The reduction in guar meal in the diets at 4 weeks of age probably reduced the antinutritional factors to a level that had little or no effect on the chicks. The failure of enzyme supplement to reduce the litter floor score in Experiment 4 could be caused by increased water consumption by broilers fed guar meal. In other trials with chicks guar gum caused almost a doubling of water intake (Patel and McGinnis, unpublished results). The same study showed guar gum or guar meal to effect a marked drop in egg production and that enzymes counteracted this effect. The results obtained in experiments with both young chicks and laying hens show that guar meal must be cooked in the presence of
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PATEL AND McGINNIS
TABLE 7. Effect of autoclaving and/or hemicellulase supplementation on performance of laying bens fed the high protein guar meal (Experiment 5) Treatment desc ription Guar meal
Egg production
Feed consumption
Egg weight
Shell weight
(ppm)
(%)
(g/hen/day)
(g)
(mg/cm 2 )
b
0 30 0 30
78.6 68.8 a 73.la 80. l b 81.9 b
ab
108.0 103.0 a 105.6 a b 106.9 a b 110.4 b
b
57.8 57.2 a b 57.5ab 56.5 a 58.4 b
75.5 a 79.3 b 79.3 b 78.1ab 79. l b
a,b Means in a column with different letters differ significantly (P<.05).
moisture to improve its feeding value and that an effective enzyme supplement should be used when guar meal at 10% or more is used. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was in part supported by a grant from Celanese Polymer Specialities Co., Louisville, KY. REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., and R. E. Warnick, 1964. Value of enzyme supplements in rations containing certain legume seed meals or gums. Poultry Sci. 4 3 : 1091-1097. Bakshi, Y., C. R. Creger, and J. R. Couch, 1964. Studies on guar meal. Poultry Sci. 43:1302. (Abstr.) Borchers, R., and C. W. Ackerson, 1950. The nutritive value of legume seeds X. Effect of autoclaving and trypsin inhibitor test for 17 species. J. Nutr. 41:339-345. Couch, J. R., Y. Y. Bakshi, T. M. Ferguson, E. B. Smith, and C. R. Creger, 1967. The effect of processing on the nutritional value of guar meal for broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 8:243-250. Couch, J. R., C. R. Creger, and Y. K. Bakshi, 1966. Trypsin inhibitor in guar meal. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123:263-265. Mueller, C. D., and H. M. Scott, 1940. The porosity of die egg-shell in relation to hatchability. Poultry Sci. 19:163-166. Nagpal, M. L., 1968. Studies on the chemical and biological evaluation of some poultry feed stuffs with special reference to guar-meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Ph.D. diss., Punjab Agric. Univ., Ludhiana.
Nagpal, M. L., O. P. Agrawal, and I. S. Bhatia, 1971. Chemical and biological examination of guar meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 41:283-293. Patel, M. B., and J. McGinnis, 1981. Effect of autoclaving time and temperature and supplementation with hemicellulase and penicillin on the nutritional value of guar meal. Poultry Sci. 60: 1710. (Abstr.) Ramakrishana, C. V., 1957. Amino acid composition of crude and germinated guarseed flour protein (Cyamopsispsoralioides). Experientia 13:78. Ray, S., M. H. Pubols, and J. McGinnis, 1982. The effect of a purified guar degrading enzyme on chick growth. Poultry Sci. 61:488-494. Sathe, B. S., and S. Bose, 1962. Studies on the utilization of industrial and farm by-products in growing poultry ration. Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 32:74-84. Saxena, U. C , and K. Pradhan, 1974. Effect of high protein levels on the replacement value of guarmeal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in layer's ration. Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 4 4 : 1 9 0 - 1 9 3 . Thakur, R. S., and U. C. Saxena, 1976. Guar meal in poultry ration, a review. Ind. Poult. Rev. 7:9—12. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. Vogt, H., and W. Penner, 1963. Die Verwendung von Guarmehl in geflugemastfutter. Arch. Gefluegelkd. 27:43-47. Vohra, P., and F. H. Kratzer, 1964a. The use of guar meal in chicken rations. Poultry Sci. 43:502— 503. Vohra, P., and F. H. Kratzer, 1964b. Growth inhibitory effect of certain polysaccharides for chickens. Poultry Sci. 43:1164-1170. Whistler, R. L., and T. Hymowitz, 1979. Guar: agronomy, production, industrial use and nutrition. Purdue Univ. Press, West Lafayette, IN.
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None Raw Raw Autoclaved Autoclaved
Hemicellulase