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02954 Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: reactive chlorine emissions inventory
15 Eflvifonment
Over the period 1970-1994, 99% of the sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere was generated from the combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector. The annual mass emission of sulfur dioxide has fallen by 58% over this period, owing to the coal- and petroleum- fired power plants reducing their outputs. The influence of natural gas power generation has played a significant role in this reduction. Four major pieces of environmental legislation have been enacted to control the emissions of sulfur dioxide. The Control of Pollution Act 1974, and three EEC Directives are discussed. The UK emissions in 1994 were 49% below the 1980 baseline and 9% ahead of the 1998 EU target level. The protocol on the reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions, adopted in 1985, required a cut in the total sulfur dioxide emissions of 30% by 1993, based on 1980 levels. By the end of 1993, the UK achieved a reduction of 37%. Sulfur dioxide emissions are predicted to fall and the predicted decline correlates with the UNECE targets set for 2010. 00102947 Emission from the fluidized bed combustion Smolik, .I. er al. Acrcr. Morn.. Ser. AB, 1998, 6, 33-41. The Grant Agency of the Czech Republic supported a research project into heavy metal emissions from the fluidized bed combustion of fossil fuels in a fluidized bed combustor equipped with standard effluent gas cleaning facilities, such as cyclones, barrier filters, and wet scrubbers. 00102948 Energy management and environmental awareness in China’s enterprises Chen, 2. and Porter, R. Energ,r Policy, 2000, 28, (I), 49-63. By virtue of the country’s size, population and heavy dependence on coal, China’s situation should be of particular interest to all with a concern both for energy conservation and the environment. Efforts to conserve energy in China’s enterprises must be carried on alongside rapid development and the transition from a command economy to a more hybrid ‘market socialist’ economy. This transition may in the longer term offer opportunities for energy conservation, but in the meanwhile can be seen as imposing constraints. This paper is the result of field work undertaken in China over the period 1994-1997. The paper begins by outlining the contradictory context for energy conservation in China-the international concern about climate change and acid rain and the domestic imperatives of modernization and transformation of the economy. Then, setting out briefly the position with regard to energy supply and consumption and measures for conservation and enforcement, it reports the views of managers at three important industrial plants on energy and related environmental matters and more generally of some of the most senior officials and experts in China concerned with forming policy on energy conservation in China’s enterprises. Because little is known of the views of such practitioners outside China, these views are presented in some detail and analysed against the background of the broader changes taking place in China today. The paper concludes with a number of specific recommendations to aid progress on conservation, as they have been put forward by Chinese experts. 00/02949 Environmental impact and leaching characteristics of fly ash obtained from thermal power station Gupta, A. and Birendra, K. Res. J. Chem. Environ., 1998, 2, (4), 23-28. One of the main consideration in pursuing thermal power projects is the efficient disposal of fly ash and its utilization to avoid environmental pollution. Since the inherent ash content in Indian coals is high and calorific value is low, the production of fly ash in Indian thermal power stations is two to three times more compared to thermal power plants elsewhere. This paper deals with the analysis of fly ashes from Durgapur (West Bengal), Bokaro, Patraiu (Bihar), Talcher (Orissa), Chandrapur (Maharastra) and Ennore (Tamilnadu) thermal power stations for their major components, trace metal contents and their leaching studies. Presence of phosphorous, alkaline mineral and metal in micro-quantities are indicative that the composition of ash is akin to soil. Hence, it will be helpful in the growth of agricultural plants. The analysis did not reveal the presence of toxic or highly reactive substances in likely large quantity. Effluent water (leachant), after 24 h of contact time with fly ash, only shows traces of metals which are much below the threshold limit of industrial effluents. pH studies indicated that the major cation and anion in the leachate are calcium and sulfate. Concentration of magnesium, copper, iron, zinc and other metals in the leachate are strongly pH dependent, these are high in acidic pH range and low in alkaline pH conditions. The presence of phosphate is a positive indication for its use as ameliorant for mine spoil reclamation. Fly ash will not be suitable as an ameliorant only under certain conditions where a larger quantity of sulfate is released which results in an increase of acidity of soil. 00102950 Environmental information system assists in tailings management McClarty, D. V. B. Min. Eng. (Lirtlelon, Cob.), 1999, 51, (3), 47. In all, a total of eight abandoned uranium mines, three tailings management areas and five mining waste management areas contaiping 150 Mt of 13.2 km- and receiving potentially acid-generating tailings, covering drainage from an additional 13 km are the subject of a joint initiative to implement a personal computer-based regional environmental information management system to manage historical data and on-going environmental programmes in the Elliot Lake region, Ontario, Canada. The consortium, having studied environmental information management systems currently used by the mining industry, decided to base the regional environmental information management system on Envista, a commercially available,
(pol/ution, health protection,
safety)
environmental information management system. For regulatory compliance, environmental monitoring programmes, and operational purposes, Envista incorporates scheduling and planning capabilities, data entry and import abilities, control-limit excursion management, detailed reporting and presentation capabilities, data validation, data integrity and security features, and database replication between servers at different sites. Efficient information management, reduced reporting costs, consistency in environmental protocols and procedures, optimized resourcing for environmental programmes, reduced data redundancy and less potential for environmental liabilities comprise the benefits of this system. 00/02951 Environmental management in thermal power plants Alfonso, N. M. and Redondo, M. C. F. Energiu {Mudrid), 1999. 25. (I), 633 67. (In Spanish) Presented in this report is a practical application of environmental management of power plants fired by fossil fuels. A description of the many forms of pollutants and wasters is also included. In addition the classical methods for controlling air pollution and combustion efficiency enhancement are provided. 00/02952 Environmental performance of the liberalized UK power industry Adrain, S. and Housley, I. I.ssues Environ. SKI. Technol., 1999, I I. 43-60. This paper gives a review concerning the environmental performance of the power industry in UK. It includes a discussion on topics such as the environmental policy statement, policy implementation: IS0 14001 and EMAS, meeting legislative requirements, the impact of new European Union legislation and international standards, environmental performance, post-privatization and.towards sustainability. 00/02953 Environmental problems in a coal mining area affected by coal fires-a case study in Ruqigou coalfield, Ningxia, China Li-ding, C. J. Environ. Sci. (China), 1999, I I, (I), 23-32. Due to coal fire problems, Ruqigou Coalfield, one of the most important coal mining areas in China, has lost about 4.513 million tons of coal resources each year. Apart from a large volume of COz delivered into air. environmental problems such as land degradation, land pollution and air pollution are also produced. Air pollution, as one related to coal fires, is the most dangerous problem for local people and has already led to vegetation pollution in this area. Land degradation is mainly induced by the occurrence of land subsidence, fissures due to coal mining/coal fires, and debris slide/flow. With development of open-cut coal mining, a large volume of waste was produced, which is the major source of land pollution. All these environmental problems are associated with coal mining or coal fires and their cumulative effects have brought about a significant deterioration of the local environment. 00102954 Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: reactive chlorine emissions inventory McCulloch, A. et cl. J. Geoph~s. Res.. [Afmos.j. 1999, 104, (D7), 839l8403. The great majority of Cl2 present in fossil fuels is released into the atmosphere as HCI and chloromethane. The Clz content of oil-based fuels is so low that these sources can be neglected, but coal combustion provides significant releases. Based on national statistics for the quantity and quality of coal burned for heat generation, industrial conversion, and residential and commercial heating in 1990, coupled with information on the Cl1 content of coals, a global inventory of national HCI emissions from this source was constructed. This was combined with an estimate of national HCI emissions from waste combustion (large-scale incineration and trash burning), which was based on an estimate of the global quantity released from this source expressed/head of population. Reduced emissions were estimated where flue gases were processed, e.g. to remove SOz. HCI emitted in 1990, 4.6 i 4.3 Tg Cl from fossil fuel and 2 i 1.9 Tg Cl from waste burning, was spatially distributed using available information on point sources such as power generation utilities and population density by default. Also associated with these combustion sources were chloromethane emissions, calculated to be 0.075 i- 0.07 Tg Cl from fossil fuels and 0.032 rt 0.023 Tg Cl from waste combustion. These were distributed spatially exactly as HCI emissions. 00102955 Impacts of soil management on root characteristics of switchgrass Ma, 2. Biomass and Bioenrrgy, 2000, IX, (2), 105-l 12. One approach to reducing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a dominant greenhouse gas, is to develop renewable energy sources from biofuel crops. Switchgrass (Panicurn virgu/rrm L.), as an energy crop, can partly mitigate potential global warming by supplementing fossil fuels and sequestering carbon. Although switchgrass grown for energy may impact carbon sequestration via the input of root biomass, information on the impact of soil management on switchgrass root growth is extremely limited. The influence of row spacmg, nitrogen rate, switchgrass cultivar and soil type on switchgrass root characteristics were determined. Roots were mainly distributed in the surface soil (615 cm) and were 90.4 and 68.2% of the total in the intrarow and interrow profile, respectively. Nitrogen application altered root nitrogen but not carbon concentration, implying that any increase in carbon sequestration by swltchgrass roots wtll
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
325
Over the period 1970-1994, 99% of the sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere was generated from the combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector. The annual mass emission of sulfur dioxide has fallen by 58% over this period, owing to the coal- and petroleum- fired power plants reducing their outputs. The influence of natural gas power generation has played a significant role in this reduction. Four major pieces of environmental legislation have been enacted to control the emissions of sulfur dioxide. The Control of Pollution Act 1974, and three EEC Directives are discussed. The UK emissions in 1994 were 49% below the 1980 baseline and 9% ahead of the 1998 EU target level. The protocol on the reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions, adopted in 1985, required a cut in the total sulfur dioxide emissions of 30% by 1993, based on 1980 levels. By the end of 1993, the UK achieved a reduction of 37%. Sulfur dioxide emissions are predicted to fall and the predicted decline correlates with the UNECE targets set for 2010. 00102947 Emission from the fluidized bed combustion Smolik, .I. er al. Acrcr. Morn.. Ser. AB, 1998, 6, 33-41. The Grant Agency of the Czech Republic supported a research project into heavy metal emissions from the fluidized bed combustion of fossil fuels in a fluidized bed combustor equipped with standard effluent gas cleaning facilities, such as cyclones, barrier filters, and wet scrubbers. 00102948 Energy management and environmental awareness in China’s enterprises Chen, 2. and Porter, R. Energ,r Policy, 2000, 28, (I), 49-63. By virtue of the country’s size, population and heavy dependence on coal, China’s situation should be of particular interest to all with a concern both for energy conservation and the environment. Efforts to conserve energy in China’s enterprises must be carried on alongside rapid development and the transition from a command economy to a more hybrid ‘market socialist’ economy. This transition may in the longer term offer opportunities for energy conservation, but in the meanwhile can be seen as imposing constraints. This paper is the result of field work undertaken in China over the period 1994-1997. The paper begins by outlining the contradictory context for energy conservation in China-the international concern about climate change and acid rain and the domestic imperatives of modernization and transformation of the economy. Then, setting out briefly the position with regard to energy supply and consumption and measures for conservation and enforcement, it reports the views of managers at three important industrial plants on energy and related environmental matters and more generally of some of the most senior officials and experts in China concerned with forming policy on energy conservation in China’s enterprises. Because little is known of the views of such practitioners outside China, these views are presented in some detail and analysed against the background of the broader changes taking place in China today. The paper concludes with a number of specific recommendations to aid progress on conservation, as they have been put forward by Chinese experts. 00/02949 Environmental impact and leaching characteristics of fly ash obtained from thermal power station Gupta, A. and Birendra, K. Res. J. Chem. Environ., 1998, 2, (4), 23-28. One of the main consideration in pursuing thermal power projects is the efficient disposal of fly ash and its utilization to avoid environmental pollution. Since the inherent ash content in Indian coals is high and calorific value is low, the production of fly ash in Indian thermal power stations is two to three times more compared to thermal power plants elsewhere. This paper deals with the analysis of fly ashes from Durgapur (West Bengal), Bokaro, Patraiu (Bihar), Talcher (Orissa), Chandrapur (Maharastra) and Ennore (Tamilnadu) thermal power stations for their major components, trace metal contents and their leaching studies. Presence of phosphorous, alkaline mineral and metal in micro-quantities are indicative that the composition of ash is akin to soil. Hence, it will be helpful in the growth of agricultural plants. The analysis did not reveal the presence of toxic or highly reactive substances in likely large quantity. Effluent water (leachant), after 24 h of contact time with fly ash, only shows traces of metals which are much below the threshold limit of industrial effluents. pH studies indicated that the major cation and anion in the leachate are calcium and sulfate. Concentration of magnesium, copper, iron, zinc and other metals in the leachate are strongly pH dependent, these are high in acidic pH range and low in alkaline pH conditions. The presence of phosphate is a positive indication for its use as ameliorant for mine spoil reclamation. Fly ash will not be suitable as an ameliorant only under certain conditions where a larger quantity of sulfate is released which results in an increase of acidity of soil. 00102950 Environmental information system assists in tailings management McClarty, D. V. B. Min. Eng. (Lirtlelon, Cob.), 1999, 51, (3), 47. In all, a total of eight abandoned uranium mines, three tailings management areas and five mining waste management areas contaiping 150 Mt of 13.2 km- and receiving potentially acid-generating tailings, covering drainage from an additional 13 km are the subject of a joint initiative to implement a personal computer-based regional environmental information management system to manage historical data and on-going environmental programmes in the Elliot Lake region, Ontario, Canada. The consortium, having studied environmental information management systems currently used by the mining industry, decided to base the regional environmental information management system on Envista, a commercially available,
(pol/ution, health protection,
safety)
environmental information management system. For regulatory compliance, environmental monitoring programmes, and operational purposes, Envista incorporates scheduling and planning capabilities, data entry and import abilities, control-limit excursion management, detailed reporting and presentation capabilities, data validation, data integrity and security features, and database replication between servers at different sites. Efficient information management, reduced reporting costs, consistency in environmental protocols and procedures, optimized resourcing for environmental programmes, reduced data redundancy and less potential for environmental liabilities comprise the benefits of this system. 00/02951 Environmental management in thermal power plants Alfonso, N. M. and Redondo, M. C. F. Energiu {Mudrid), 1999. 25. (I), 633 67. (In Spanish) Presented in this report is a practical application of environmental management of power plants fired by fossil fuels. A description of the many forms of pollutants and wasters is also included. In addition the classical methods for controlling air pollution and combustion efficiency enhancement are provided. 00/02952 Environmental performance of the liberalized UK power industry Adrain, S. and Housley, I. I.ssues Environ. SKI. Technol., 1999, I I. 43-60. This paper gives a review concerning the environmental performance of the power industry in UK. It includes a discussion on topics such as the environmental policy statement, policy implementation: IS0 14001 and EMAS, meeting legislative requirements, the impact of new European Union legislation and international standards, environmental performance, post-privatization and.towards sustainability. 00/02953 Environmental problems in a coal mining area affected by coal fires-a case study in Ruqigou coalfield, Ningxia, China Li-ding, C. J. Environ. Sci. (China), 1999, I I, (I), 23-32. Due to coal fire problems, Ruqigou Coalfield, one of the most important coal mining areas in China, has lost about 4.513 million tons of coal resources each year. Apart from a large volume of COz delivered into air. environmental problems such as land degradation, land pollution and air pollution are also produced. Air pollution, as one related to coal fires, is the most dangerous problem for local people and has already led to vegetation pollution in this area. Land degradation is mainly induced by the occurrence of land subsidence, fissures due to coal mining/coal fires, and debris slide/flow. With development of open-cut coal mining, a large volume of waste was produced, which is the major source of land pollution. All these environmental problems are associated with coal mining or coal fires and their cumulative effects have brought about a significant deterioration of the local environment. 00102954 Global emissions of hydrogen chloride and chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial activities: reactive chlorine emissions inventory McCulloch, A. et cl. J. Geoph~s. Res.. [Afmos.j. 1999, 104, (D7), 839l8403. The great majority of Cl2 present in fossil fuels is released into the atmosphere as HCI and chloromethane. The Clz content of oil-based fuels is so low that these sources can be neglected, but coal combustion provides significant releases. Based on national statistics for the quantity and quality of coal burned for heat generation, industrial conversion, and residential and commercial heating in 1990, coupled with information on the Cl1 content of coals, a global inventory of national HCI emissions from this source was constructed. This was combined with an estimate of national HCI emissions from waste combustion (large-scale incineration and trash burning), which was based on an estimate of the global quantity released from this source expressed/head of population. Reduced emissions were estimated where flue gases were processed, e.g. to remove SOz. HCI emitted in 1990, 4.6 i 4.3 Tg Cl from fossil fuel and 2 i 1.9 Tg Cl from waste burning, was spatially distributed using available information on point sources such as power generation utilities and population density by default. Also associated with these combustion sources were chloromethane emissions, calculated to be 0.075 i- 0.07 Tg Cl from fossil fuels and 0.032 rt 0.023 Tg Cl from waste combustion. These were distributed spatially exactly as HCI emissions. 00102955 Impacts of soil management on root characteristics of switchgrass Ma, 2. Biomass and Bioenrrgy, 2000, IX, (2), 105-l 12. One approach to reducing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is a dominant greenhouse gas, is to develop renewable energy sources from biofuel crops. Switchgrass (Panicurn virgu/rrm L.), as an energy crop, can partly mitigate potential global warming by supplementing fossil fuels and sequestering carbon. Although switchgrass grown for energy may impact carbon sequestration via the input of root biomass, information on the impact of soil management on switchgrass root growth is extremely limited. The influence of row spacmg, nitrogen rate, switchgrass cultivar and soil type on switchgrass root characteristics were determined. Roots were mainly distributed in the surface soil (615 cm) and were 90.4 and 68.2% of the total in the intrarow and interrow profile, respectively. Nitrogen application altered root nitrogen but not carbon concentration, implying that any increase in carbon sequestration by swltchgrass roots wtll
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2000
325