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03480 Method for the gasification of biomass-comprising material and installation therefore
07 Alfernative
Energy plants can he utilized either directly via combustion or indirectly via technologies such as gasification, liquefaction and pyrolysis for energy production. In this study, sweet sorghum grown at the TUBITAK-MRC, Turkey, was analysed in terms of its important fuel characteristics with respect to direct combustion as sweet sorghum briquettes. Within this frame, first heating value, proximate analysis, elemental analysis and sulfur content determinations of sweet sorghum were completed. Then, sweet sorghum was briquetted via a unique technique developed at the TUBITAK-MRC. Briquettes were also prepared from mixtures of 40% sweet sorghum and 60% selected domestic Iignites. Fuel characteristics as well as mechanical characteristics were determined for sweet sorghum and sweet sorghum/lignite briquettes. Also presented are the emission characteristics of briquette combustion. 00/03477 Fuel oil quality of pyrolysis liquids Oasmaa, A. and Sipila, K. VTT. Symp., 1999, 192, 413416. Presented is a biomass pyrolysis research programme. The topics focused on this paper include; quality of the liquids, upgrading, the testing of fuel oil and sampling, storage and specifications. 00/03478 Life cycle assessment of biomass power generation with sustainable forestry system Tahara, K. er al. Greenhouse Gas Control Technol.. Proc. Int. Cot$. 4th, 1999, 1182-l 189. Edited by Eliasson B. et al. Carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for biomass power generation with a sustainable forestry system by LCA (life cycle assessment). Three types of forestry system were discussed in three countries: the east part of the USA, Indonesia and Brazil, each with different forest areas. The amount of energy needed for land establishment, production of fertilizers and pesticides, harvesting and hauling was evaluated and the LCI (life cycle inventory) was calculated by ‘NIRE-LCA’, LCA software developed at the National Institute for Resources and Environment using a bottom-up approach. The calculated total carbon dioxide emissions per kWh from forestry systems and biomass power plant construction were compared with the emissions from other kinds of power plants with fossil fuel burning and direct conversion of renewable energy under the assumption of a 30 year lifetime. It was clearly observed that carbon dioxide emission per kWh of biomass power generation system was less than that of PV power generation system, which is mainly caused by construction of the PV system. In addition, the subject of transportation distances for the emissions was discussed. 88103479 Low heating value gas on spark ignition engines Mutioz, M. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 431-439. The performance of a spark ignition engine using low heating value (LHV) gas generated in a fixed bed downdraft (co-current) gasifier, using agricultural and forestry residues was measured on a dynamometer test bench. The parameters measured include torque, power output, emissions measurement, exhaust gas temperature for both operation on gasoline and LHV gas. Improvements in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were obtained and the engine suffered less thermal stress under LHV gas operation. The power loss was relatively low, though the experimental arrangement restricted the power output at high throughputs of gas. 00/03480 Method for the gasification of biomass-comprising material and installation therefore Stassen, H. E. M. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 42,540 (Cl. ClOJ3/04), 26 Aug 1999, NL Appl. 1910/8.361, 19 Feh 1998. 14. The present invention relates to a method for the gasification of biomass. According to the present invention, gasification takes place in a reverseflow reactor in which the line of direction in which gas is passed through the biomass cuts the line of direction in which the biomass is supplied. Thus, making it possible to efficiently gasify biomass. The invention also relates to an installation composed from fireproof concrete for the gasification of biomass. 00/03481 Olive residues (cuttings and kernels) rapid pyrolysis product yields and kinetics Zabaniotou, A. A. e/ ~1. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 41 I-420. A study of pyrolysis of olive residues (cuttings and kernels) at a temperature range of 300-600°C has been carried out. The experiments were performed in a captive sample reactor at atmospheric pressure under helium. The yields of the derived gases, pyrolytic liquids and char were determined in relation to pyrolysis temperature, at heating rates of about 2Oo”C/s. As the pyrolysis temperature was increased the percentage mass of char decreased whilst gas and oil products increased. The oil products increased to a maximum value of ~30 wt% of dry biomass at about 450550°C. The major gaseous products are CO and COa. A simple first order kinetic model has been applied to the evolution of total losses and gases. Kinetic parameters have been estimated and compared with other reported similar data. 00103482 Potential conservation of synthetic organics Bender, M.H. Res. Cons. and Recycl., Hydrocarbon intermediates typical inefficient route for the production This is demonstrated by stoichiometric from biomass for various chemical
of biomass
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
required to meet the current US demand for synthetic organics would he more than three times the mass of current fossil fuel feedstocks. The mass losses can be avoided by converting biomass into oxygenated chemicals, not including fermentation of sugars into oxygenated alcohols, This alternative route would conserve about 50% of the biomass that would otherwise be required for the current mix of hydrocarbon processes across the synthetic organics industry. Oxygenated chemicals are surveyed briefly, including some considerations in finding oxygenated substitutes for hydrocarbon products. 00103483 Pyrolysis oil as a heating fuel Gust, S. VTT. Symp., 1999, 192, 3OlL308. Pyrolysis liquid is considered as a commercialized hiofuel. It has the potential to he able to lower greenhouse gas emissions, to reduce small scale biomass combustion emissions, to be used in existing combustion systems when suitably modified, to lower biomass shipping costs, while at the same time providing local employment and energy. In order to establish a pyrolysis fuel industry, remaining questions concerning properties, quality and product price must be answered. The work performed at Neste concentrates on developing proprietary technologies (both fuel and combustion systems) which allow pyrolysis liquid to be used in intermediate size (0.1-l MW,h) light fuel oil boilers. This boiler range was chosen as it allows complete combustion of pyrolysis liquid and because higher priced light fuel oil is replaced as opposed to replacing heavy fuel oil in larger boilers. With a number of modifications to commercial systems, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO,) were reduced to acceptable levels: CO < 50 ppm and NO, < 140 ppm. On the other hand, particulate emissions were more than twice as high in comparison with the light fuel oil hut stall significantly less than from small-scale wood combustion. Both fuel quality and combustion system improvements are required to reduce this to light fuel oil levels. The work under discussion has advanced to the system automation stage and we are preparing for a combustion demonstration. The main remaining problems that we must overcome relate to variability of sample quality and to product instability. For pyrolysis, instability includes the tendency to polymerize during storage, to phase separation, to form coke at high temperatures and to oxidize and form surface films when exposed to air. Quality variability issues can only be answered with the construction and operation of large plants. 00/03484 Reduction in fossil fuels by using renewable biomass fuel (rice husk) Khullar, R. K. Green/rouse Gas Confrol Technol.. Proc. Inr. Conf, 4rh, 1999, 739-743. Edited by Eliasson B. et al. The characteristics of rice husk, chemicals of combustion, burning of husk, fluidized bed combustion, system advantages, and the fuel combustion are reviewed in this paper. Rice straw as a lignocellulosic resource: collection, 00/03485 processing, transportation, and environmental aspects Kadam, K. L. er al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 369-389. As open-field burning of rice straw is being phased out in California, rice growers and government agencies are looking for new rice straw uses. The amount of rice str;w that may be available as a feedstock ranges from 1.0 to 1.4 million t year Irrespective of its actual use as a source of raw material for liquid fuel, fihre, or power generation, a study of issues dealing with its harvest is needed. This paper reviews possible harvesting systems and provides an analysis of operating parameters such as straw moisture, density, storage, and optimal number of transport units. A case study of rice straw production in the Sacramento Valley was conducted, which illustrates that 550 t d 1of straw can be accessed at an estimated net delivered cost of about US$20/t (dry), which is generally considered attractive for an ethanol feedstock. Gainfully utilizing this residue can ease the disposal problem facing agricultural operations in the State. Furthermore, the potential environmental benefits of diverting rice straw from open-field burning will he to significantly reduce criteria air pollutants such as VOC, SO,, NO, and PMlO, and also silica emissions, which are not specifically monitored but can be a health hazard. 00103488 Tertiary fatty amides as diesel fuel substitutes Euripides Lois, A. S. and Stournas, S. In!. J. Energy Res., 2000, 24, (5), 455466. This paper presents experimental results regarding the impact of adding different tertiary amides of fatty acids to mineral diesel fuel; an assessment of the hehaviour of these compounds as possible diesel fuel extenders is also included. Measurements of cetane number, cold flow properties (cloud point, pour point and CFPP), density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and distillation temperatures are reported, while initial experiments concerning the effects on particulate emissions are also described. Most of the examined tertiary fatty amides esters have very good performance and they can be easily prepared from fatty acids (biomass). Such compounds or their blends could he used as mineral diesel fuel or even fatty acid methylesters (FAME, biodiesel) substitutes or extenders.
in the production
2000, 30, (l), 49-58. of the chemical industry are an of synthetic organics from biomass. calculations of mass losses of oxygen reactions. As a result, the biomass
00103487 The storage of logging residue for fuel Nurmi, J. Biomass Bioenergy, 1999, 17. (I), 4147. The effect of storage on the fuel-wood properties of Norway spruce logging residue were studied. The characteristics under study included moisture and needle content, and elemental composition. Storages included uncomminuted residue piles on the clear-cut left by single grip harvester,
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
391
Energy plants can he utilized either directly via combustion or indirectly via technologies such as gasification, liquefaction and pyrolysis for energy production. In this study, sweet sorghum grown at the TUBITAK-MRC, Turkey, was analysed in terms of its important fuel characteristics with respect to direct combustion as sweet sorghum briquettes. Within this frame, first heating value, proximate analysis, elemental analysis and sulfur content determinations of sweet sorghum were completed. Then, sweet sorghum was briquetted via a unique technique developed at the TUBITAK-MRC. Briquettes were also prepared from mixtures of 40% sweet sorghum and 60% selected domestic Iignites. Fuel characteristics as well as mechanical characteristics were determined for sweet sorghum and sweet sorghum/lignite briquettes. Also presented are the emission characteristics of briquette combustion. 00/03477 Fuel oil quality of pyrolysis liquids Oasmaa, A. and Sipila, K. VTT. Symp., 1999, 192, 413416. Presented is a biomass pyrolysis research programme. The topics focused on this paper include; quality of the liquids, upgrading, the testing of fuel oil and sampling, storage and specifications. 00/03478 Life cycle assessment of biomass power generation with sustainable forestry system Tahara, K. er al. Greenhouse Gas Control Technol.. Proc. Int. Cot$. 4th, 1999, 1182-l 189. Edited by Eliasson B. et al. Carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for biomass power generation with a sustainable forestry system by LCA (life cycle assessment). Three types of forestry system were discussed in three countries: the east part of the USA, Indonesia and Brazil, each with different forest areas. The amount of energy needed for land establishment, production of fertilizers and pesticides, harvesting and hauling was evaluated and the LCI (life cycle inventory) was calculated by ‘NIRE-LCA’, LCA software developed at the National Institute for Resources and Environment using a bottom-up approach. The calculated total carbon dioxide emissions per kWh from forestry systems and biomass power plant construction were compared with the emissions from other kinds of power plants with fossil fuel burning and direct conversion of renewable energy under the assumption of a 30 year lifetime. It was clearly observed that carbon dioxide emission per kWh of biomass power generation system was less than that of PV power generation system, which is mainly caused by construction of the PV system. In addition, the subject of transportation distances for the emissions was discussed. 88103479 Low heating value gas on spark ignition engines Mutioz, M. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 431-439. The performance of a spark ignition engine using low heating value (LHV) gas generated in a fixed bed downdraft (co-current) gasifier, using agricultural and forestry residues was measured on a dynamometer test bench. The parameters measured include torque, power output, emissions measurement, exhaust gas temperature for both operation on gasoline and LHV gas. Improvements in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were obtained and the engine suffered less thermal stress under LHV gas operation. The power loss was relatively low, though the experimental arrangement restricted the power output at high throughputs of gas. 00/03480 Method for the gasification of biomass-comprising material and installation therefore Stassen, H. E. M. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 42,540 (Cl. ClOJ3/04), 26 Aug 1999, NL Appl. 1910/8.361, 19 Feh 1998. 14. The present invention relates to a method for the gasification of biomass. According to the present invention, gasification takes place in a reverseflow reactor in which the line of direction in which gas is passed through the biomass cuts the line of direction in which the biomass is supplied. Thus, making it possible to efficiently gasify biomass. The invention also relates to an installation composed from fireproof concrete for the gasification of biomass. 00/03481 Olive residues (cuttings and kernels) rapid pyrolysis product yields and kinetics Zabaniotou, A. A. e/ ~1. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 41 I-420. A study of pyrolysis of olive residues (cuttings and kernels) at a temperature range of 300-600°C has been carried out. The experiments were performed in a captive sample reactor at atmospheric pressure under helium. The yields of the derived gases, pyrolytic liquids and char were determined in relation to pyrolysis temperature, at heating rates of about 2Oo”C/s. As the pyrolysis temperature was increased the percentage mass of char decreased whilst gas and oil products increased. The oil products increased to a maximum value of ~30 wt% of dry biomass at about 450550°C. The major gaseous products are CO and COa. A simple first order kinetic model has been applied to the evolution of total losses and gases. Kinetic parameters have been estimated and compared with other reported similar data. 00103482 Potential conservation of synthetic organics Bender, M.H. Res. Cons. and Recycl., Hydrocarbon intermediates typical inefficient route for the production This is demonstrated by stoichiometric from biomass for various chemical
of biomass
energy sources (bioconversion
energy)
required to meet the current US demand for synthetic organics would he more than three times the mass of current fossil fuel feedstocks. The mass losses can be avoided by converting biomass into oxygenated chemicals, not including fermentation of sugars into oxygenated alcohols, This alternative route would conserve about 50% of the biomass that would otherwise be required for the current mix of hydrocarbon processes across the synthetic organics industry. Oxygenated chemicals are surveyed briefly, including some considerations in finding oxygenated substitutes for hydrocarbon products. 00103483 Pyrolysis oil as a heating fuel Gust, S. VTT. Symp., 1999, 192, 3OlL308. Pyrolysis liquid is considered as a commercialized hiofuel. It has the potential to he able to lower greenhouse gas emissions, to reduce small scale biomass combustion emissions, to be used in existing combustion systems when suitably modified, to lower biomass shipping costs, while at the same time providing local employment and energy. In order to establish a pyrolysis fuel industry, remaining questions concerning properties, quality and product price must be answered. The work performed at Neste concentrates on developing proprietary technologies (both fuel and combustion systems) which allow pyrolysis liquid to be used in intermediate size (0.1-l MW,h) light fuel oil boilers. This boiler range was chosen as it allows complete combustion of pyrolysis liquid and because higher priced light fuel oil is replaced as opposed to replacing heavy fuel oil in larger boilers. With a number of modifications to commercial systems, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO,) were reduced to acceptable levels: CO < 50 ppm and NO, < 140 ppm. On the other hand, particulate emissions were more than twice as high in comparison with the light fuel oil hut stall significantly less than from small-scale wood combustion. Both fuel quality and combustion system improvements are required to reduce this to light fuel oil levels. The work under discussion has advanced to the system automation stage and we are preparing for a combustion demonstration. The main remaining problems that we must overcome relate to variability of sample quality and to product instability. For pyrolysis, instability includes the tendency to polymerize during storage, to phase separation, to form coke at high temperatures and to oxidize and form surface films when exposed to air. Quality variability issues can only be answered with the construction and operation of large plants. 00/03484 Reduction in fossil fuels by using renewable biomass fuel (rice husk) Khullar, R. K. Green/rouse Gas Confrol Technol.. Proc. Inr. Conf, 4rh, 1999, 739-743. Edited by Eliasson B. et al. The characteristics of rice husk, chemicals of combustion, burning of husk, fluidized bed combustion, system advantages, and the fuel combustion are reviewed in this paper. Rice straw as a lignocellulosic resource: collection, 00/03485 processing, transportation, and environmental aspects Kadam, K. L. er al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, 18, (5), 369-389. As open-field burning of rice straw is being phased out in California, rice growers and government agencies are looking for new rice straw uses. The amount of rice str;w that may be available as a feedstock ranges from 1.0 to 1.4 million t year Irrespective of its actual use as a source of raw material for liquid fuel, fihre, or power generation, a study of issues dealing with its harvest is needed. This paper reviews possible harvesting systems and provides an analysis of operating parameters such as straw moisture, density, storage, and optimal number of transport units. A case study of rice straw production in the Sacramento Valley was conducted, which illustrates that 550 t d 1of straw can be accessed at an estimated net delivered cost of about US$20/t (dry), which is generally considered attractive for an ethanol feedstock. Gainfully utilizing this residue can ease the disposal problem facing agricultural operations in the State. Furthermore, the potential environmental benefits of diverting rice straw from open-field burning will he to significantly reduce criteria air pollutants such as VOC, SO,, NO, and PMlO, and also silica emissions, which are not specifically monitored but can be a health hazard. 00103488 Tertiary fatty amides as diesel fuel substitutes Euripides Lois, A. S. and Stournas, S. In!. J. Energy Res., 2000, 24, (5), 455466. This paper presents experimental results regarding the impact of adding different tertiary amides of fatty acids to mineral diesel fuel; an assessment of the hehaviour of these compounds as possible diesel fuel extenders is also included. Measurements of cetane number, cold flow properties (cloud point, pour point and CFPP), density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and distillation temperatures are reported, while initial experiments concerning the effects on particulate emissions are also described. Most of the examined tertiary fatty amides esters have very good performance and they can be easily prepared from fatty acids (biomass). Such compounds or their blends could he used as mineral diesel fuel or even fatty acid methylesters (FAME, biodiesel) substitutes or extenders.
in the production
2000, 30, (l), 49-58. of the chemical industry are an of synthetic organics from biomass. calculations of mass losses of oxygen reactions. As a result, the biomass
00103487 The storage of logging residue for fuel Nurmi, J. Biomass Bioenergy, 1999, 17. (I), 4147. The effect of storage on the fuel-wood properties of Norway spruce logging residue were studied. The characteristics under study included moisture and needle content, and elemental composition. Storages included uncomminuted residue piles on the clear-cut left by single grip harvester,
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2000
391