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02504 Reformed gas engine for hybrid automobile
11 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry) external reservoirs, while the internal irreversiblities are due to other processes, namely non-isentropic compression and expansion processes in the compressor and turbine, respectively, and the regenerative heat loss. The power output is maximized with respect to the working fluid temperatures, and the effects of different parameters on the maximum power output and the corresponding thermal efficiency have been studied. There is a significant improvement in the thermal efficiency (above 15%) of a Brayton cycle with isothermal heat addition over the conventional one. It is seen that the effect of the isobaric side effectiveness is rather pronounced for the power output and the corresponding thermal efficiency. The effect of the turbine efficiency is found to be more than that of the compressor on both power output and thermal efficiency. Also, it is seen that there are optimal values of the various heat capacitance rates between the different reservoirs and the heat engine.
03102503 controlled
Reactive power compensation synchronous motor
using a fuzzy logic
Colak, I. er al. Energy Convrrsion and Management, 2003. 44, (13), 2189-2204. This paper introduces the use of a fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor for reactive power compensation. The fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor can give a very fast response to the reactive power required by the load. Therefore, the over or under compensation and time delay are eliminated in this system. It is concluded that the reactive power compensation system with a fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor is reliable, sensitive, economical, faster and more efficient than an other one with capacitor groups.
03102504
Reformed
gas engine for hybrid
automobile
Ishiwatari, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 97,356 (Cl. F02M21/02), 3 Apr 2003, Appl. 2001/287,547. (In Japanese) The invention relates to a reformed gas engine comprising a reformer for converting a liquid fuel into a reformed gas utilizing the engine exhaust heat, suited for use in a gasoline engine-electrical motor hybrid automobile.
03/02505 fuel
The pressure
effect on the wax formation
in diesel
Pauly, J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (5), 595-601. The prevention of wax formation under high pressure on new diesel engine requires a good understanding of the behaviour of the paraffin molecules crystallization. In this work a diesel from a Petrogal refinery was investigated under pressure. In particular the melting curve was measured from atmospheric pressure to 100 MPa by an optical technique. The behaviour of the solid phase with the pressure was also investigated up to 50 MPa by filtration. The results obtained show an increase in the diesel cloud point of about 25°C at the operating pressure of a common rail engine. It is clear from the results that the increase of the diesel cloud point must be taken into account in the development of new diesel engines where the diesel is injected under high pressure. All the results obtained were successfully predicted with a thermodynamic model able to describe multiphase equilibrium.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy applications in industry 03/02506 Activation of deadman using deadman blowing method
state in blast furnace
Kunitomo, K. ef al. ZSIJ International, 2002, 42, (1 l), 1212-1218. TO cope with superannuated coke ovens and to decrease pig iron costs, high-rate pulverized coal injection and operation using inexpensive raw materials and fuels have been examined. The influence on the blast furnace operation to which such technology is applied is that gas permeability in the lower part of the blast furnace, especially inside the deadman zone, deteriorates and the temperature of the part decreases. To lessen these drawbacks, new deadman methods for controlling temperature and improving gas permeability were these methods, called the insert and blowing method, a pipe is inserted into the deadman through a tuyere, and then hot gas is blown through the pipe. In another method, called the boring and blowing method, a
developed. Inoneof
coke bed in the lower part of the furnace is bored by using a pipe before hot gas is blown through an ordinary tuyere. To confirm and to evaluate the effects of these methods, many experiments using models have been conducted. The gas permeability was increased, and the temperature in the lower part of the models was increased. The effectiveness of these methods was increased by adding water vapour to the blowing air when the surface of the deadman was covered with fine coke or char.
03102607 Advanced fluidized reactivation technology
bed combustion
sorbent
Anthonv. E. J. et al. Industrial & Enrtineerine Re.warch. 2003. ._ ._ Chemistrv 42, (6),*i162-1173. A new technique for simultaneous grinding and hydrating of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) bottom ash was developed. This method was effective in hydrating’the CaO component of’ the ash, so that the sorbent is reactivated. Careful control of water levels is required to prevent energy demand increases for grinding. No problems associated with the potentially exothermic reaction of water with FBC bottom ash were observed during grinding. When excess water (over that required by hydration) is used, the resulting material is a slurry and, while quantity conversion of CaO in the solids is achieved, using the slurry for the sorbent would require a redesign of the limestone feed system. Therefore, coal or unreacted ash is added to the mixture after grinding. The resulting dry product contains the spent bed material in a completely hydrated form. The reactivated ash produced was evaluated for sulfur capture using thermogravimetric analysis, and a CFBC pilot plant. Conversion rates of almost 100% are achieved for ash after grinding hydration. An industrial demonstration of the technology has supported its viability with no decrease in sulfur capture, while limestone requirements decreased by 18%. The economic implications of the industrial applicability of the technology are outlined in a case study using the Point Aconi CFBC unit. Decreased limestone usage is calculated to net savings in the order of $500000/year. The project is calculated to have an equity payback of < 1 year.
03/02506 Analysis of No. 3 blast furnace operation Gang works in China based on the Rist diagram
of Tang
Chang, J. 2. et al. Tetsu to Haganr, 2003, 89. (2), 309-314. (In Japanese) By applying the Rist model to the blast furnace No. 3 of the Tang Gang works, the operating lines were calculated through which the coke rate and fuel rate were evaluated. The obtained data were compared to the operating lines in the blast furnace of the Muroran works of Hokkai steel. The estimated comparative data clarified the effects of the various operating parameters on the operating line of the Tang Gang blast furnace. From these parameter dependencies, the cause of the high coke rate of the latter blast furnace is discussed. A strong measure for the decrease in coke rate was suggested. The Rist model was an effective method to solve the real problems of blast furnaces despite its simplicity.
03102509 Behaviour of Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by fluidised bed furnace Marani, D. el al. Waste Management, 2003. 23, (2), 117-124. Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn behaviour during sewage sludge incineration was investigated in seven pilot tests using a circulating fluidized bed furnace. Dewatered sludge at a solids concentration of 15-18% was fed to the furnace either alone (two tests) or spiked with chlorinated organic compounds (five tests). The behaviour of metals in the fluidized bed furnace was studied by comparing metal concentrations in the two main ash streams: ash separated from the cyclone immediately following the fluidized bed furnace, and fly ash recovered in the final bag filter. A metal enrichment factor was defined as the ratio of metal concentration between filter ash and cyclone ash. Only Cd and Pb showed any significant enrichment. Their enrichment factors were mainly affected by chlorine concentration in the feed sludge. To check whether simple equilibrium models may explain and predict metal behaviour, experimental data were compared with percentage of the metal vaporization in the combustion chamber predicted using a thermodynamic model. Discrepancies between model predictions and experimental results are accounted for by considering that kinetics may be a limiting factor in the formation of metal chloride gaseous species. Due to the very short sludge residence time in the fluidized bed furnace, the gaseous compounds have little chance to evolve completely.
03/02510 powdered
Blast furnace operation method by blowing coal as auxiliary fuel at controlled blowing
Murai, R. et al. 00), 3 Apr 2003, Finely powdered a tuyere into a found from the average particle
finely ratio
Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 96.511 (Cl. C2lB5; Appl. 2001/286,244. (In Japanese) coal is blown at 180 kg/ton as an auxiliary fuel through blast furnace. The maximum possible blowing ratio is cold strength of coke charged into the furnace and the size during charging, and blowing is conducted by
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
November
2003
403
03102503 controlled
Reactive power compensation synchronous motor
using a fuzzy logic
Colak, I. er al. Energy Convrrsion and Management, 2003. 44, (13), 2189-2204. This paper introduces the use of a fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor for reactive power compensation. The fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor can give a very fast response to the reactive power required by the load. Therefore, the over or under compensation and time delay are eliminated in this system. It is concluded that the reactive power compensation system with a fuzzy logic controlled synchronous motor is reliable, sensitive, economical, faster and more efficient than an other one with capacitor groups.
03102504
Reformed
gas engine for hybrid
automobile
Ishiwatari, K. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 97,356 (Cl. F02M21/02), 3 Apr 2003, Appl. 2001/287,547. (In Japanese) The invention relates to a reformed gas engine comprising a reformer for converting a liquid fuel into a reformed gas utilizing the engine exhaust heat, suited for use in a gasoline engine-electrical motor hybrid automobile.
03/02505 fuel
The pressure
effect on the wax formation
in diesel
Pauly, J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (5), 595-601. The prevention of wax formation under high pressure on new diesel engine requires a good understanding of the behaviour of the paraffin molecules crystallization. In this work a diesel from a Petrogal refinery was investigated under pressure. In particular the melting curve was measured from atmospheric pressure to 100 MPa by an optical technique. The behaviour of the solid phase with the pressure was also investigated up to 50 MPa by filtration. The results obtained show an increase in the diesel cloud point of about 25°C at the operating pressure of a common rail engine. It is clear from the results that the increase of the diesel cloud point must be taken into account in the development of new diesel engines where the diesel is injected under high pressure. All the results obtained were successfully predicted with a thermodynamic model able to describe multiphase equilibrium.
11 PROCESS HEATING, POWER AND INCINERATION Energy applications in industry 03/02506 Activation of deadman using deadman blowing method
state in blast furnace
Kunitomo, K. ef al. ZSIJ International, 2002, 42, (1 l), 1212-1218. TO cope with superannuated coke ovens and to decrease pig iron costs, high-rate pulverized coal injection and operation using inexpensive raw materials and fuels have been examined. The influence on the blast furnace operation to which such technology is applied is that gas permeability in the lower part of the blast furnace, especially inside the deadman zone, deteriorates and the temperature of the part decreases. To lessen these drawbacks, new deadman methods for controlling temperature and improving gas permeability were these methods, called the insert and blowing method, a pipe is inserted into the deadman through a tuyere, and then hot gas is blown through the pipe. In another method, called the boring and blowing method, a
developed. Inoneof
coke bed in the lower part of the furnace is bored by using a pipe before hot gas is blown through an ordinary tuyere. To confirm and to evaluate the effects of these methods, many experiments using models have been conducted. The gas permeability was increased, and the temperature in the lower part of the models was increased. The effectiveness of these methods was increased by adding water vapour to the blowing air when the surface of the deadman was covered with fine coke or char.
03102607 Advanced fluidized reactivation technology
bed combustion
sorbent
Anthonv. E. J. et al. Industrial & Enrtineerine Re.warch. 2003. ._ ._ Chemistrv 42, (6),*i162-1173. A new technique for simultaneous grinding and hydrating of fluidized bed combustion (FBC) bottom ash was developed. This method was effective in hydrating’the CaO component of’ the ash, so that the sorbent is reactivated. Careful control of water levels is required to prevent energy demand increases for grinding. No problems associated with the potentially exothermic reaction of water with FBC bottom ash were observed during grinding. When excess water (over that required by hydration) is used, the resulting material is a slurry and, while quantity conversion of CaO in the solids is achieved, using the slurry for the sorbent would require a redesign of the limestone feed system. Therefore, coal or unreacted ash is added to the mixture after grinding. The resulting dry product contains the spent bed material in a completely hydrated form. The reactivated ash produced was evaluated for sulfur capture using thermogravimetric analysis, and a CFBC pilot plant. Conversion rates of almost 100% are achieved for ash after grinding hydration. An industrial demonstration of the technology has supported its viability with no decrease in sulfur capture, while limestone requirements decreased by 18%. The economic implications of the industrial applicability of the technology are outlined in a case study using the Point Aconi CFBC unit. Decreased limestone usage is calculated to net savings in the order of $500000/year. The project is calculated to have an equity payback of < 1 year.
03/02506 Analysis of No. 3 blast furnace operation Gang works in China based on the Rist diagram
of Tang
Chang, J. 2. et al. Tetsu to Haganr, 2003, 89. (2), 309-314. (In Japanese) By applying the Rist model to the blast furnace No. 3 of the Tang Gang works, the operating lines were calculated through which the coke rate and fuel rate were evaluated. The obtained data were compared to the operating lines in the blast furnace of the Muroran works of Hokkai steel. The estimated comparative data clarified the effects of the various operating parameters on the operating line of the Tang Gang blast furnace. From these parameter dependencies, the cause of the high coke rate of the latter blast furnace is discussed. A strong measure for the decrease in coke rate was suggested. The Rist model was an effective method to solve the real problems of blast furnaces despite its simplicity.
03102509 Behaviour of Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by fluidised bed furnace Marani, D. el al. Waste Management, 2003. 23, (2), 117-124. Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn behaviour during sewage sludge incineration was investigated in seven pilot tests using a circulating fluidized bed furnace. Dewatered sludge at a solids concentration of 15-18% was fed to the furnace either alone (two tests) or spiked with chlorinated organic compounds (five tests). The behaviour of metals in the fluidized bed furnace was studied by comparing metal concentrations in the two main ash streams: ash separated from the cyclone immediately following the fluidized bed furnace, and fly ash recovered in the final bag filter. A metal enrichment factor was defined as the ratio of metal concentration between filter ash and cyclone ash. Only Cd and Pb showed any significant enrichment. Their enrichment factors were mainly affected by chlorine concentration in the feed sludge. To check whether simple equilibrium models may explain and predict metal behaviour, experimental data were compared with percentage of the metal vaporization in the combustion chamber predicted using a thermodynamic model. Discrepancies between model predictions and experimental results are accounted for by considering that kinetics may be a limiting factor in the formation of metal chloride gaseous species. Due to the very short sludge residence time in the fluidized bed furnace, the gaseous compounds have little chance to evolve completely.
03/02510 powdered
Blast furnace operation method by blowing coal as auxiliary fuel at controlled blowing
Murai, R. et al. 00), 3 Apr 2003, Finely powdered a tuyere into a found from the average particle
finely ratio
Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 96.511 (Cl. C2lB5; Appl. 2001/286,244. (In Japanese) coal is blown at 180 kg/ton as an auxiliary fuel through blast furnace. The maximum possible blowing ratio is cold strength of coke charged into the furnace and the size during charging, and blowing is conducted by
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
November
2003
403