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05105 Biological Household Waste Treatment in Europe: Second Aalborg International Conference
07
07 ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY
SOURCES Bioconversion 96105103
Energy
Advances
In burning
Power
energy
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
96105109 Effect of cupric nitrate on acceleration of blogas productlon Singh, S. and Singh, S. K. Energy Convers. Mgmt., Apr. 1996, 37, (4), 417-419. The objective of this paper is to find the effect of cupric nitrate [Cu(NO,) ] on progressive biogas production from cow dung. Efforts have been ma d e to produce biogas within the retention period of 48 days. It has shown encouraging results in th,’ increase of biogas production. By the addition of cupric nitrate, 0.044 m/kg biogas has been produced instead of 0.036 m /kg, which is the standard value of biogas production from cow dung.
biomass
Scandinavia, May 1996, 16, (5). 38-40. Increased use of biofuels - ranging from wood waste and straw to peat and sewage - is planned by most Scandinavian power producers under pressure from their national governments. Tne article reviews some of the most recent advances for burning biofuels. MPS, Modern
Alternative
Sysremr, Supplement,
Bloenergy nonconventlonal 96105104 Narasimhamurty, G. S. and Subrahmanyan, B. S. Indian Chem. Eng. Sect. A, 1995, 37, (4). 188-192. Non-conventibnal energy from farm wastes, food wastes, office paper wastes and other wastes of naturallv occurrinn oreanic materials can be utilized to serve as alternative souries of ene?gy In place of traditional materials like coal and petroleum. Describes a unique process for biogas production from various kinds of organic wastes. A pilot plant was set up to produce 30 m3 of biogas/day from paper wastes, food wastes and waste leaves, and the gas was then supplied to a nearby canteen as a replacement of LPG.
Biological Household Waste Treatment In Europe: 96105105 Second Aalborg lnternatlonal Conference Mata-Alverez, J. Resources, Conservation &Recycling, Jul. 1996, 17, (I), 67-73. This reoort summa&es some of the discussions at the recentlv held Internationai Conference on Biological Waste Treatment (Biowastk ‘95, 21-24 May). Referring to the biogas technology situation in Denmark, where the conference took place, a special situat& was found as a consequence of two programmes: (a) the action programme for centralised biogas plants, imulemented between 1988 and 1991: and (b1 the follow-un nroeramme. to beconcluded in 1995. At the end of the fi&t’programme, it &a~concl&Ied that centralised biogas plants are feasible from the financial point of view provided some coiditdns are satisfied, es ecially those concerned with subsidies for heat and power production Prom renewable energies. With this programme! 13 centralised plants have been erected since 1988, and production of btogas has been increasing since then.
96tO5106 Blomass energy for the twenty first century. Combiomass power system merclel demonstratlon of a modern based on gaslficatlon - combined cycle technology Elliott, I’. and Booth, R. Energy & Environment, 1996, 7, (2), 191-208. Renewable energies have one feature in common; they divert a small proportion of natural energy flows in the environment to serve a ‘useful’ purpose. The environment receives energy from three independent primary sources - solar, geothermal and gravitational energy - of which the dominant flow is solar radiation.
96/05107 Construction and operation of a demonstration blogas plant, problems and prospects Aburas, R. et al., Energy Convers. Mgmf., May 1996, 37, (S), 611-614. This work discusses the design, construction and operation of a low cost farm scale digester in which animal wastes were used. The biogas produced contains abut 65% Cl+ by volume. Production quantities and qualities were measured for a penod of more than six months, both in summer and in winter. Biogas was used in two different systems: an instant gas water heater was used to generate hot water for farm use, and a modified piston engine driving an electrical generator of one phase, one kW output was fueled directly by the gas. Operation of both systems was satisfactory. The unit is being used to demonstrate the technology for potential users such as farm owners.
96105106 Early growth, leaf development, and dry-weight productlon of sycamore rooted cuttings Tang, Z. and Land, S. B. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1996, 10, (4), 221-229. American sycamore (Platanus occidenralis L.) is a desirable species for short-rotation energy plantations in the southern United States. Genetic improvement and intensive cultural practices may increase dry matter production in these plantations. The objectives of this study were: (1) to characterize early giowth, crown architecture, leaf area- development, and threeyvear dry-weight production of sycamore rooted cuttings under field con&Ions; and (2) to determine if clonal differences and month-by-clone interactions exist for these traits.
96105110 influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of blomass Horne, P. A. and Williams, P. T. Fuel, Jul. 1996, 75, (9), 1051-1059. Biomass in the form of mixed wood waste was ovrolvsed in a fluidized bed reactor at 400, 450, 500 and 550°C. The char, l&id >nd gas products were analysed to determine their elemental composition and calotific value. In particular, the liquid products were analysed in detail to determine the concentration of environmentally hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially high-value oxygenated aromatic compounds in relation to the nrocess conchtions. The eases evolved were CO,. CO and C.-C. hydrocarbdns. The liquids were ho&ogeneous, of low visc&ity and hiihli oxygenated. The molecular weight range of the liquids was 50-1300 u.
96105111 lnvestlgatlons In combined combustion of biomass and coal In power plant technology Ruediger, H. er al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (3), 789-796. The paper discusses the possibility of a combined application of coal and biomass using two different co-combustion technologies. A blending of pulverized biomass with coal showed a high burnout up to 20% thermal input of biomass for all particle sizes of the biofuels tested. CO emissions were generally lower than 150 mgi,’ and remain below 100 mg/m’ in most cases. Reburn investigations with three pulverized biomasses resulted in NO, emissions of approximately 300 mg/m’.
96105112 Morphologlcal characterlsatlon of MSW landfills Chiampo, F. et al., Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Jul. 1996, 17. (l), 37-45. Landfill characterisation has been carried out by analyses of waste samples collected from different denths in the municinal landfill of Torino. The main result has been that landfill drilling to collect samples can provide useful information about landfill morphology; e.g. inside a landfill water lenses can form and their origin can strongly influence organic matter degradation rates and, therefore, biogas generation and composition. In addition, the investigation suggests that landfill behaviour and biogas production can be predicted in a more reliable way if very simple chemicophysical analyses of collected samples are performed.
96105113 On the properties of washed straw Jenkins, B. M. ef al., Biomass & Rioenergy, 1996, 10, (4), 177-200. The removal of troublesome elements in biomass to reduce slagging and fouling in furnaces and other thermal conversion systems was tested by washing (leaching) the fuel with water. Rice straw and wheat straw were washed by various techniques and analyzed for composition and ash fusibility. Potassium, sodium, and chlorine were easily removed in both tap and distilled water. Total ash was reduced by about 10% in rice straw and up to 68% in wheat straw, although washing was more effective in increasing ash fusion temperatures for rick straw than for wheat straw due to the higher initial silica concentrations in rice straw. Untreated straw ash which fused below 1000°C was observed to become more refractory at higher temperatures when washed.
96105114 MPS, Modern
Parallel Power
powering
for Avedore
Systems, Supplement,
2 power
Scandinavia,
plant May 1996, 16.
(5), 31, 33, 35-36. An innovative new Dower olant of hieh efficiencv. maximum fuel flexihil. ity and minimum e;vironniental impict is now &der construction by SK Power in Denmark. A parallel powered arrangement with a coalinatural gas fired conventional supercritical boiler, and a biomass combustion unit burning wood chips in a fluidized bed burner and straw in a specially designed comhustor, a 100 MW ICAD (intercooled aeroderivative) gas turbine with an unfired waste heat recovery boiler are planned to run in an adaptive integrated cycle.
Performance of a hollow flbre membrane unit In 96105115 oxygen-enriched air production Fahiani, C. et al., Gas Sep. Purif, 1996, 10, (1). 75-79. The performance of a pilot test for hiogas upgrading has been tested under different process conditions to produce oxygen-enriched air for aqueous media application. The selectivity of the olysulphone hollow fibres for N3/02 permeation allows the production o P an oxygen-enriched air stream in the 30-50% range and an inert gas (nitrogen between 82-M%) by operating the pilot unit at different stage-cut values in a single pass mode. Membrane area requirements for a medium size plant at 100 Nm’ h-’ are discussed according to a simple perfect mixing model for gas permeation.
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
359
07 ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY
SOURCES Bioconversion 96105103
Energy
Advances
In burning
Power
energy
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
96105109 Effect of cupric nitrate on acceleration of blogas productlon Singh, S. and Singh, S. K. Energy Convers. Mgmt., Apr. 1996, 37, (4), 417-419. The objective of this paper is to find the effect of cupric nitrate [Cu(NO,) ] on progressive biogas production from cow dung. Efforts have been ma d e to produce biogas within the retention period of 48 days. It has shown encouraging results in th,’ increase of biogas production. By the addition of cupric nitrate, 0.044 m/kg biogas has been produced instead of 0.036 m /kg, which is the standard value of biogas production from cow dung.
biomass
Scandinavia, May 1996, 16, (5). 38-40. Increased use of biofuels - ranging from wood waste and straw to peat and sewage - is planned by most Scandinavian power producers under pressure from their national governments. Tne article reviews some of the most recent advances for burning biofuels. MPS, Modern
Alternative
Sysremr, Supplement,
Bloenergy nonconventlonal 96105104 Narasimhamurty, G. S. and Subrahmanyan, B. S. Indian Chem. Eng. Sect. A, 1995, 37, (4). 188-192. Non-conventibnal energy from farm wastes, food wastes, office paper wastes and other wastes of naturallv occurrinn oreanic materials can be utilized to serve as alternative souries of ene?gy In place of traditional materials like coal and petroleum. Describes a unique process for biogas production from various kinds of organic wastes. A pilot plant was set up to produce 30 m3 of biogas/day from paper wastes, food wastes and waste leaves, and the gas was then supplied to a nearby canteen as a replacement of LPG.
Biological Household Waste Treatment In Europe: 96105105 Second Aalborg lnternatlonal Conference Mata-Alverez, J. Resources, Conservation &Recycling, Jul. 1996, 17, (I), 67-73. This reoort summa&es some of the discussions at the recentlv held Internationai Conference on Biological Waste Treatment (Biowastk ‘95, 21-24 May). Referring to the biogas technology situation in Denmark, where the conference took place, a special situat& was found as a consequence of two programmes: (a) the action programme for centralised biogas plants, imulemented between 1988 and 1991: and (b1 the follow-un nroeramme. to beconcluded in 1995. At the end of the fi&t’programme, it &a~concl&Ied that centralised biogas plants are feasible from the financial point of view provided some coiditdns are satisfied, es ecially those concerned with subsidies for heat and power production Prom renewable energies. With this programme! 13 centralised plants have been erected since 1988, and production of btogas has been increasing since then.
96tO5106 Blomass energy for the twenty first century. Combiomass power system merclel demonstratlon of a modern based on gaslficatlon - combined cycle technology Elliott, I’. and Booth, R. Energy & Environment, 1996, 7, (2), 191-208. Renewable energies have one feature in common; they divert a small proportion of natural energy flows in the environment to serve a ‘useful’ purpose. The environment receives energy from three independent primary sources - solar, geothermal and gravitational energy - of which the dominant flow is solar radiation.
96/05107 Construction and operation of a demonstration blogas plant, problems and prospects Aburas, R. et al., Energy Convers. Mgmf., May 1996, 37, (S), 611-614. This work discusses the design, construction and operation of a low cost farm scale digester in which animal wastes were used. The biogas produced contains abut 65% Cl+ by volume. Production quantities and qualities were measured for a penod of more than six months, both in summer and in winter. Biogas was used in two different systems: an instant gas water heater was used to generate hot water for farm use, and a modified piston engine driving an electrical generator of one phase, one kW output was fueled directly by the gas. Operation of both systems was satisfactory. The unit is being used to demonstrate the technology for potential users such as farm owners.
96105106 Early growth, leaf development, and dry-weight productlon of sycamore rooted cuttings Tang, Z. and Land, S. B. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1996, 10, (4), 221-229. American sycamore (Platanus occidenralis L.) is a desirable species for short-rotation energy plantations in the southern United States. Genetic improvement and intensive cultural practices may increase dry matter production in these plantations. The objectives of this study were: (1) to characterize early giowth, crown architecture, leaf area- development, and threeyvear dry-weight production of sycamore rooted cuttings under field con&Ions; and (2) to determine if clonal differences and month-by-clone interactions exist for these traits.
96105110 influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of blomass Horne, P. A. and Williams, P. T. Fuel, Jul. 1996, 75, (9), 1051-1059. Biomass in the form of mixed wood waste was ovrolvsed in a fluidized bed reactor at 400, 450, 500 and 550°C. The char, l&id >nd gas products were analysed to determine their elemental composition and calotific value. In particular, the liquid products were analysed in detail to determine the concentration of environmentally hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially high-value oxygenated aromatic compounds in relation to the nrocess conchtions. The eases evolved were CO,. CO and C.-C. hydrocarbdns. The liquids were ho&ogeneous, of low visc&ity and hiihli oxygenated. The molecular weight range of the liquids was 50-1300 u.
96105111 lnvestlgatlons In combined combustion of biomass and coal In power plant technology Ruediger, H. er al., Energy Fuels, 1996, 10, (3), 789-796. The paper discusses the possibility of a combined application of coal and biomass using two different co-combustion technologies. A blending of pulverized biomass with coal showed a high burnout up to 20% thermal input of biomass for all particle sizes of the biofuels tested. CO emissions were generally lower than 150 mgi,’ and remain below 100 mg/m’ in most cases. Reburn investigations with three pulverized biomasses resulted in NO, emissions of approximately 300 mg/m’.
96105112 Morphologlcal characterlsatlon of MSW landfills Chiampo, F. et al., Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Jul. 1996, 17. (l), 37-45. Landfill characterisation has been carried out by analyses of waste samples collected from different denths in the municinal landfill of Torino. The main result has been that landfill drilling to collect samples can provide useful information about landfill morphology; e.g. inside a landfill water lenses can form and their origin can strongly influence organic matter degradation rates and, therefore, biogas generation and composition. In addition, the investigation suggests that landfill behaviour and biogas production can be predicted in a more reliable way if very simple chemicophysical analyses of collected samples are performed.
96105113 On the properties of washed straw Jenkins, B. M. ef al., Biomass & Rioenergy, 1996, 10, (4), 177-200. The removal of troublesome elements in biomass to reduce slagging and fouling in furnaces and other thermal conversion systems was tested by washing (leaching) the fuel with water. Rice straw and wheat straw were washed by various techniques and analyzed for composition and ash fusibility. Potassium, sodium, and chlorine were easily removed in both tap and distilled water. Total ash was reduced by about 10% in rice straw and up to 68% in wheat straw, although washing was more effective in increasing ash fusion temperatures for rick straw than for wheat straw due to the higher initial silica concentrations in rice straw. Untreated straw ash which fused below 1000°C was observed to become more refractory at higher temperatures when washed.
96105114 MPS, Modern
Parallel Power
powering
for Avedore
Systems, Supplement,
2 power
Scandinavia,
plant May 1996, 16.
(5), 31, 33, 35-36. An innovative new Dower olant of hieh efficiencv. maximum fuel flexihil. ity and minimum e;vironniental impict is now &der construction by SK Power in Denmark. A parallel powered arrangement with a coalinatural gas fired conventional supercritical boiler, and a biomass combustion unit burning wood chips in a fluidized bed burner and straw in a specially designed comhustor, a 100 MW ICAD (intercooled aeroderivative) gas turbine with an unfired waste heat recovery boiler are planned to run in an adaptive integrated cycle.
Performance of a hollow flbre membrane unit In 96105115 oxygen-enriched air production Fahiani, C. et al., Gas Sep. Purif, 1996, 10, (1). 75-79. The performance of a pilot test for hiogas upgrading has been tested under different process conditions to produce oxygen-enriched air for aqueous media application. The selectivity of the olysulphone hollow fibres for N3/02 permeation allows the production o P an oxygen-enriched air stream in the 30-50% range and an inert gas (nitrogen between 82-M%) by operating the pilot unit at different stage-cut values in a single pass mode. Membrane area requirements for a medium size plant at 100 Nm’ h-’ are discussed according to a simple perfect mixing model for gas permeation.
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
September
1996
359