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Biological Household Waste Treatment in Europe: second Aalborg International Conference
ELSEVIER
Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (1996) 67-73
resources, conservation and recycling
Meeting report
Biological Household Waste Treatment in Europe: second Aalborg International Conference J. Mata-Alvarez Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franqu~sI, Pta. 6, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Received 16 June 1995;accepted 8 September 1995
Abstract
This report summarises some of the discussions at the recently held international conference on biological waste. treatment (Biowaste ‘95, 21-24 May). The conference took place in Aalborg, in the north of the Jutland peninsula (Denmark). Denmark is one of the countries in which biotreatments for household waste are more developed. Keyworak Recycling technology; Municipal solid wastes; Aerobic technology; Anaerobic technology; Conference report
1. Background
Although biological treatment in Europe today accounts for less than 10% of all waste treatment, it is gaining increasing importance. Presently dominant methods for the final treatment of waste are landfill and incineration, but legislation, forcing separate household waste collection in most countries, is leading to an irreversible trend towards the increasing use of biotreatments. These methods allow recycling of materials (nutrients and humus) into the natural ecocycle and energy recovery. Twenty years ago, biotreatments in Europe were limited to a few cornposting plants dealing with unsorted domestic wastes. On the other hand, anaerobic technologies have only been developed during the last 15 years, giving rise to industrial plants only recently. 0921~3449/96!$15.00 0 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All ri~#ts reserved PII 0921-3449(96)01072-5
68
J. Mata- Alvarez / Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%)
67- 73
Today interest in the closed reactor technologies (both aerobic and anaerobic) is extremely large. These bioreactors allow better control of operating conditions and offer the possibility of an optimisation of the reactor performance. Cornposting has also been a topic of interest in Europe. Recently, attention to this technology has grown enormously and the number of plants has increased dramatically. For instance in Germany, around 90 plants are reported to be operating and most of them have been erected since 1992. Table 1 summarises some of the available data for aerobic cornposting, from two sources. Although they do not agree, both give an idea of the development of this technology. On the other hand, Fig. 1 shows a distribution of the use of anaerobic technology among European countries. It is interesting to refer to the biogas technology situation in Denmark, where the conference took place. In that country, a special situation is found as a consequence of two programs: (a) the action program for centralised biogas plants, implemented between 1988 and 1991; and (b) the follow-up program, to be concluded in 1995. At the end of the first program, it was concluded that centralised biogas plants are feasible from the financial point of view provided some conditions are satisfied, especially those concerned with subsidies for heat and power production from renewable energies. Within this program, 13 centralised plants have been erected since 1988, and production of biogas has been increasing since then. This increase is due to the co-digestion of industrial organic wastes with manures. 2. The conference The conference, held from 21 to 24 May, 1995 was devoted to biowastes in general, although practical emphasis was on municipal solid wastes. Around 40 oral communications were presented, structured in accordance with the following sessions: (a) existing and emerging legislation and regulation; (b) systems, cases, collection and behaviour; (c) occupational health; (d) process, engineering and technology; (e) product quality, marketing and end user demands; (f) perspectives and recommenda-
Table 1 Cornposting plants in Europe in accordance with Refs. [l] and [Z] Country
Number of plants (erected after 92, in brackets) [l]
Capacity (mt/year)
GermanY
90 w
Austria Switzerland France Italy The Netherlands Spain Portuaal
7 (4) 5 (5) g (4) 11 (1) 20 (17)
I436760 64ooo 47400 560000 600000
1 (1) 2 (2) 1 (1)
Number of plants [2]
Capacity (mUyear)
63 59 (26)
-
111
121 620 000 2300000
I 108500
-
-
350000 200000 6000
32
2543000
93
214600
J. Mata-Alvarez /Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%) 67-73
Fig. 1. Distribution of anaerobic digestion plants for household waste in Europe.
69
70
J. Mata-Alvarez
/ Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%)
67-73
tions. Additionally, two visits were scheduled, the first to an anaerobic digestion plant (manure and source-sorted household waste) and the second to an aerobic cornposting plant (source-sorted household waste). 3. Legislation This session showed national legislative trends towards the separate collection of household waste. Most of the countries have implemented or will shortly implement these types of regulations. However, some concept differences were observed: For instance, in Denmark, separate collection of yard and kitchen waste has to be carried out due to hygienization reasons, whereas in other countries this is not the case. In any case, the view of legislators towards the necessity of municipal bio-organic waste material recycling to the soil was clearly reflected. Composting, whether anaerobic or aerobic is the solution of choice, carried out even at domestic level (‘home cornposting’) in the latter case. 4. Case studies Within the case studies section, a collection system was presented that met Danish requirements for hygiene, working environment, and quality of service to householders. The system has been built up around the use of paper bags and sacks, which in turn improves the quality of the compost produced. In addition, the results of several projects of separate collection for the cities of Vienna, Salzburg (Austria), Copenhagen, Frederiksberg (Denmark) and Krsitiansand (Norway) were discussed. Finally, a computerised system to analyse different possible strategies for the treatment of municipal solid wastes (MSW) was presented. The computer model, named ORWARE, was applied to the city of Uppsala (Sweden) to test different future organic waste handling scenarios. The main conclusion was that biological treatment and recycling of organic waste is preferable per energy consumption and resource economy, compared to incineration and/or landfilling. Sanitary aspects were centred on the emissions of Aspergillus funigatus and personal exposures to air contaminants in collecting household wastes. Some correlations with parameters such as quality and age of the waste, temperatures, equipment at the households, type of truck used and organisation of work were presented and discussed. Also a detailed study related to the gastrointestinal, dermatological and ergonomic symptoms together with the heavy metal load on the workers of the recycling facilities in Denmark was presented. The main conclusion was that these aspects are to be taken into account when a new plant is planned, so as to reduce the load on lungs, skin and other organs. Finally, the reduction of bacteria and viruses in anaerobic digestion was examined and limits for time and temperature were established for a correct hygienization 5. Anaerobic technology With reference to the industrial anaerobic processes for the biodegradable fraction
J. Mara-Alvarez / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (19%) 67-73
71
of MSW treatment, results of full scale and pilot plants of the main existing technologies were presented. Special attention was paid to the co-processing of domestic and industrial wastes, such as that of Heming (Denmark) and to the importance of an efficient pre-treatment of the organic wastes, to obtain a high-quality product, assuming, of course, a separate collection practice. Also and related to the requirement of a high quality standard for the product of these plants, the topic of co-digestion of manures, wastes from food-processing industries, household wastes, etc. with toxic organic chemicals from the chemical industry (xenobiotic compounds) provoked considerable discussion. Although the experimental results showed that some chemicals are completely degraded, doubts arose about the public acceptance of such co-treatments. In this section a mathematical model for the anaerobic digestion of complex waste paying special attention to the ammonia toxicity was discussed. The results of the model applied to the simulation of the fermentation of cattle manure in continuously stirred tank reactors, compared with experimental ones were presented. Finally, and changing completely from theory to practice, a paper highlighting the application of tracer tests for anaerobic digesters to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixing devices was presented. Important improvements can be obtained using this simple technique. 6. Aerobic teclmology Results of full scale cornposting plants operating in the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Denmark and other countries, were presented in this section. Commercial technologies such as Gicom (tunnel reactor); Compodan (reactor as a closed hall), and Atad (slurry, closed reactor) were discussed. Aspects related to control and air distribution to the composting pile, drew most of the attention. The biodegradability of some biodegradable plastics was questioned in a laboratory study. Although the necessity of such a type of control was evident, it must be pointed out that the evaluation and interpretation of experimental results should be made carefully. This would avoid misunderstandings related to the application of the biodegradability concept under field conditions, quite different from the laboratory in which the tests were carried out. 7. Aerobic vs. anaerobic processes
The convenience or not of applying anaerobic technologies instead of aerobic ones, was widely discussed at the conference. The necessity of carefully specifying the environmental and socio-economic parameters, together with the final destination wanted, was pointed out. These factors can change dramatically the conclusions of a given comparison study. However, and in general, better feasibility of anaerobic processes seems to be guaranteed provided a minimum of conditions are fulfilled, especially those regarding the energy price. 8. Quality and markets
Finally, a series of papers was presented dealing with aspects of the quality of the
12
J. Mata-Alvarez
/Resources,
Conservation and Recycling 17 (19%)
67-73
produced compost (in terms of fertiliser value, humus content and heavy metals) and the possibilities of commercialisation both for agricultural uses and for amenity areas (gardens, landscape restoration, etc.). To be able to commercialise high-quality compost, it is necessary to consider the fertiliser value (too low) and the distance to the markets, in addition to safety guidelines to secure human health and environmentally sound recycling, Taking into account these issues, the possibility of manufacturing mixtures of chemical fertilisers with organic compost, seems to be a possible solution. In this way, new markets in traditional agriculture would be open in addition to ‘eco-agriculture’. 9. List of oral presentations Skinner, J.H. Hansen, J.A. Schenkel, W. Mochty, F. Dell’Anno, P. Knudsen, L. Reeh, U. Goldschmid, H. and Hauer, W. Herbst, W. Domela, 1. and Mortensen, B. Nilsson, P. Nybrant, T., Jonsson, H., Frostell, B., Sundqvist, J.O., Thyselius, L., Dalermo, M., Mingarini, K. and Sonesson, U. Kristensen, K.H. Karki, A.B., Pokharel, R.K. and Gautam, D.M. Rogalski, W. Messner, K. and Mark, C. Breum, N.O., Nielsen, B.H., Nielsen, E.M. and Poulsen, O.M. Sigsgaard, T., Mahnros, P., Hansen, J.C., Christiansen, J.U. and Cowan, S. Mahnros, P. Stegmann, R., Rilling, N., Fischer, T. and Amdt, M. Brinkman, J. and Hack, P.J.F.M. Six, W.
Biowaste, A Waste Management Challenge Environmental Management of Biomass Conceptual Approach in Legislation and Regulation Conceming Organic Wastes from Cities Regulations in the Field of Biowaste Collection and Treatment in Austria A legal profile of Italian practice in Organic Waste Disposal Agreements on Use of Compost and Sewage Sludge on Farm Land Local Composting in Multi-Storied Housing Collection and Treatment of Biological Waste in Urban Areas of Vienna The Installation of Biotun in the City of Salzburg Bates Combi System - A New Danish Waste Collection System Separate Collection of Biowaste from Households - Report on a Large-Scale Pilot Project in the City of Copenhagen System Analysis of Organic Waste
Implementation of Source Separation of Municipal Solid Waste in the city of Kristiansand Status and Trends on Biological waste Treatment in Nepal Trends in European Management of Urban Organic Wastes Emission of Spores of Aspergillus Fumigatus from Organic Waste Containers and Piles Occupational Exposure to Bio-Aerosols in Collecting Household Waste Occupational Health Problems in the Recycling Industry in Denmark Occupational Safety in Wastes Management Anaerobic Fermentation of Biowaste and High Total Solids Content - Experiences with ATF-System The Paques Anaerobic Digestion Process: A Feasible and Flexible Treatment for Solid Organic Waste Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Full-Scale Plants in Brecht, Belgium and Salzburg, Austria by Means of the DRANCO kOESS
J. Mata-Alvarez / Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%) 67-73 Nedergaard, N. and Moller, H.B. Hochrein, P. Scharff, H. and Oorthuys, T. Pavan, P., Musacco, A., Battistoni, P., Mata-Alvarez, J. and Cecchi, F. Ahring, B. Angelidaki, I. and Ahring, B. Charlton, J. Shin, Hang-Sik., Jeong, YeonKoo. and Hwang, Eung-Ju. Bjerre, A.B., Femqvist, T., Ploger, A. and Skammelsen Schmidt, A. Hoppenheidt, K., Triinkler, J. and Scheibel, H.J. Nielsen, L.K. Lindberg, C. Schwinning, H.G. Oorthuys, T. and ScharlT, H. Leroy, J. B. Lund, B., Bendixen, H.J., Have, P. and Ahring, B. Petersen, J. Coulomb, I. Jomier, Y., Maille, H. and Paris, I. El-Shinnawi, M.M., Abo-ElNaga, S.A., El-Shimi, S.A. and Badawi, M.A. Holm-Nielsen, J.B. Carlsbaek, M. and Rosh, U. B.S. Christensen, C.
13
Anaerobic Digestion of Source Separated MSW in Collective Biogas Plant - Project in Sinding Wet Mechanical Pretreatment of Organic Wastes - The Full Scale Experience Innovative Pretreatment to Optimize Anaerobic Conversion of Biowaste Green Fraction of OFMSW: Advanced Anaerobic Digestion Processes Co-Digestion of Well Defined Wastes Mathematical Model of Anaerobic Digestion of Complex Substrate Upbrading Digesters and Biogas Reactors Practical Considerations for Applying Tracer Analysis C/N Ratio Effect on Degradation of Cellulose in Composting of Food Waste and Paper Delignification of Wheat Straw by Wet Oxidation Resulting in Bioconvertible Cellulose and Hemicellulose Biodegradable Plastics and Biowaste - Options for a Common Treatment Presentation of a New Composting Process “Compodan” Accelerated Composting in Tunnels ATAD - An Effective Technology for Stabilization and Disinfection of Biosolids New Concepts for Biowaste Composting - Dutch Current Practice Landfill: Biological Reactor or Final Deposit Bacteria and Virus Reduction in Anaerobic Digestion Use of Sewage Sludge and Composted Household Waste as a Fertilizer Source Waste Recycling in Agriculture: A New Market with the Farmers Biowaste Cornposting: Constraints and Advantages A Comparison between Composting and Fermentation Processes for Producing Soil Conditioners from Biological Wastes Consumer Demands Application of Compost in Amenity Areas Marketing of Compost and Comparable Bioproducts
References [I] [2]
Wannholt, L., 1994. Biological Waste Treatment in Europe. The Swedish Association of Solid Waste Management. RVF Rapport nr 945. MalmB (Sweden). Rogaliski, W. and Charlton, J., 1995. Status and trends for biological treatment of organic waste in Europe. International Solid Waste Association. Doblhoffgasee 9/9 A Vienna (Austria).
Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (1996) 67-73
resources, conservation and recycling
Meeting report
Biological Household Waste Treatment in Europe: second Aalborg International Conference J. Mata-Alvarez Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franqu~sI, Pta. 6, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Received 16 June 1995;accepted 8 September 1995
Abstract
This report summarises some of the discussions at the recently held international conference on biological waste. treatment (Biowaste ‘95, 21-24 May). The conference took place in Aalborg, in the north of the Jutland peninsula (Denmark). Denmark is one of the countries in which biotreatments for household waste are more developed. Keyworak Recycling technology; Municipal solid wastes; Aerobic technology; Anaerobic technology; Conference report
1. Background
Although biological treatment in Europe today accounts for less than 10% of all waste treatment, it is gaining increasing importance. Presently dominant methods for the final treatment of waste are landfill and incineration, but legislation, forcing separate household waste collection in most countries, is leading to an irreversible trend towards the increasing use of biotreatments. These methods allow recycling of materials (nutrients and humus) into the natural ecocycle and energy recovery. Twenty years ago, biotreatments in Europe were limited to a few cornposting plants dealing with unsorted domestic wastes. On the other hand, anaerobic technologies have only been developed during the last 15 years, giving rise to industrial plants only recently. 0921~3449/96!$15.00 0 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All ri~#ts reserved PII 0921-3449(96)01072-5
68
J. Mata- Alvarez / Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%)
67- 73
Today interest in the closed reactor technologies (both aerobic and anaerobic) is extremely large. These bioreactors allow better control of operating conditions and offer the possibility of an optimisation of the reactor performance. Cornposting has also been a topic of interest in Europe. Recently, attention to this technology has grown enormously and the number of plants has increased dramatically. For instance in Germany, around 90 plants are reported to be operating and most of them have been erected since 1992. Table 1 summarises some of the available data for aerobic cornposting, from two sources. Although they do not agree, both give an idea of the development of this technology. On the other hand, Fig. 1 shows a distribution of the use of anaerobic technology among European countries. It is interesting to refer to the biogas technology situation in Denmark, where the conference took place. In that country, a special situation is found as a consequence of two programs: (a) the action program for centralised biogas plants, implemented between 1988 and 1991; and (b) the follow-up program, to be concluded in 1995. At the end of the first program, it was concluded that centralised biogas plants are feasible from the financial point of view provided some conditions are satisfied, especially those concerned with subsidies for heat and power production from renewable energies. Within this program, 13 centralised plants have been erected since 1988, and production of biogas has been increasing since then. This increase is due to the co-digestion of industrial organic wastes with manures. 2. The conference The conference, held from 21 to 24 May, 1995 was devoted to biowastes in general, although practical emphasis was on municipal solid wastes. Around 40 oral communications were presented, structured in accordance with the following sessions: (a) existing and emerging legislation and regulation; (b) systems, cases, collection and behaviour; (c) occupational health; (d) process, engineering and technology; (e) product quality, marketing and end user demands; (f) perspectives and recommenda-
Table 1 Cornposting plants in Europe in accordance with Refs. [l] and [Z] Country
Number of plants (erected after 92, in brackets) [l]
Capacity (mt/year)
GermanY
90 w
Austria Switzerland France Italy The Netherlands Spain Portuaal
7 (4) 5 (5) g (4) 11 (1) 20 (17)
I436760 64ooo 47400 560000 600000
1 (1) 2 (2) 1 (1)
Number of plants [2]
Capacity (mUyear)
63 59 (26)
-
111
121 620 000 2300000
I 108500
-
-
350000 200000 6000
32
2543000
93
214600
J. Mata-Alvarez /Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%) 67-73
Fig. 1. Distribution of anaerobic digestion plants for household waste in Europe.
69
70
J. Mata-Alvarez
/ Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%)
67-73
tions. Additionally, two visits were scheduled, the first to an anaerobic digestion plant (manure and source-sorted household waste) and the second to an aerobic cornposting plant (source-sorted household waste). 3. Legislation This session showed national legislative trends towards the separate collection of household waste. Most of the countries have implemented or will shortly implement these types of regulations. However, some concept differences were observed: For instance, in Denmark, separate collection of yard and kitchen waste has to be carried out due to hygienization reasons, whereas in other countries this is not the case. In any case, the view of legislators towards the necessity of municipal bio-organic waste material recycling to the soil was clearly reflected. Composting, whether anaerobic or aerobic is the solution of choice, carried out even at domestic level (‘home cornposting’) in the latter case. 4. Case studies Within the case studies section, a collection system was presented that met Danish requirements for hygiene, working environment, and quality of service to householders. The system has been built up around the use of paper bags and sacks, which in turn improves the quality of the compost produced. In addition, the results of several projects of separate collection for the cities of Vienna, Salzburg (Austria), Copenhagen, Frederiksberg (Denmark) and Krsitiansand (Norway) were discussed. Finally, a computerised system to analyse different possible strategies for the treatment of municipal solid wastes (MSW) was presented. The computer model, named ORWARE, was applied to the city of Uppsala (Sweden) to test different future organic waste handling scenarios. The main conclusion was that biological treatment and recycling of organic waste is preferable per energy consumption and resource economy, compared to incineration and/or landfilling. Sanitary aspects were centred on the emissions of Aspergillus funigatus and personal exposures to air contaminants in collecting household wastes. Some correlations with parameters such as quality and age of the waste, temperatures, equipment at the households, type of truck used and organisation of work were presented and discussed. Also a detailed study related to the gastrointestinal, dermatological and ergonomic symptoms together with the heavy metal load on the workers of the recycling facilities in Denmark was presented. The main conclusion was that these aspects are to be taken into account when a new plant is planned, so as to reduce the load on lungs, skin and other organs. Finally, the reduction of bacteria and viruses in anaerobic digestion was examined and limits for time and temperature were established for a correct hygienization 5. Anaerobic technology With reference to the industrial anaerobic processes for the biodegradable fraction
J. Mara-Alvarez / Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (19%) 67-73
71
of MSW treatment, results of full scale and pilot plants of the main existing technologies were presented. Special attention was paid to the co-processing of domestic and industrial wastes, such as that of Heming (Denmark) and to the importance of an efficient pre-treatment of the organic wastes, to obtain a high-quality product, assuming, of course, a separate collection practice. Also and related to the requirement of a high quality standard for the product of these plants, the topic of co-digestion of manures, wastes from food-processing industries, household wastes, etc. with toxic organic chemicals from the chemical industry (xenobiotic compounds) provoked considerable discussion. Although the experimental results showed that some chemicals are completely degraded, doubts arose about the public acceptance of such co-treatments. In this section a mathematical model for the anaerobic digestion of complex waste paying special attention to the ammonia toxicity was discussed. The results of the model applied to the simulation of the fermentation of cattle manure in continuously stirred tank reactors, compared with experimental ones were presented. Finally, and changing completely from theory to practice, a paper highlighting the application of tracer tests for anaerobic digesters to evaluate the effectiveness of the mixing devices was presented. Important improvements can be obtained using this simple technique. 6. Aerobic teclmology Results of full scale cornposting plants operating in the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Denmark and other countries, were presented in this section. Commercial technologies such as Gicom (tunnel reactor); Compodan (reactor as a closed hall), and Atad (slurry, closed reactor) were discussed. Aspects related to control and air distribution to the composting pile, drew most of the attention. The biodegradability of some biodegradable plastics was questioned in a laboratory study. Although the necessity of such a type of control was evident, it must be pointed out that the evaluation and interpretation of experimental results should be made carefully. This would avoid misunderstandings related to the application of the biodegradability concept under field conditions, quite different from the laboratory in which the tests were carried out. 7. Aerobic vs. anaerobic processes
The convenience or not of applying anaerobic technologies instead of aerobic ones, was widely discussed at the conference. The necessity of carefully specifying the environmental and socio-economic parameters, together with the final destination wanted, was pointed out. These factors can change dramatically the conclusions of a given comparison study. However, and in general, better feasibility of anaerobic processes seems to be guaranteed provided a minimum of conditions are fulfilled, especially those regarding the energy price. 8. Quality and markets
Finally, a series of papers was presented dealing with aspects of the quality of the
12
J. Mata-Alvarez
/Resources,
Conservation and Recycling 17 (19%)
67-73
produced compost (in terms of fertiliser value, humus content and heavy metals) and the possibilities of commercialisation both for agricultural uses and for amenity areas (gardens, landscape restoration, etc.). To be able to commercialise high-quality compost, it is necessary to consider the fertiliser value (too low) and the distance to the markets, in addition to safety guidelines to secure human health and environmentally sound recycling, Taking into account these issues, the possibility of manufacturing mixtures of chemical fertilisers with organic compost, seems to be a possible solution. In this way, new markets in traditional agriculture would be open in addition to ‘eco-agriculture’. 9. List of oral presentations Skinner, J.H. Hansen, J.A. Schenkel, W. Mochty, F. Dell’Anno, P. Knudsen, L. Reeh, U. Goldschmid, H. and Hauer, W. Herbst, W. Domela, 1. and Mortensen, B. Nilsson, P. Nybrant, T., Jonsson, H., Frostell, B., Sundqvist, J.O., Thyselius, L., Dalermo, M., Mingarini, K. and Sonesson, U. Kristensen, K.H. Karki, A.B., Pokharel, R.K. and Gautam, D.M. Rogalski, W. Messner, K. and Mark, C. Breum, N.O., Nielsen, B.H., Nielsen, E.M. and Poulsen, O.M. Sigsgaard, T., Mahnros, P., Hansen, J.C., Christiansen, J.U. and Cowan, S. Mahnros, P. Stegmann, R., Rilling, N., Fischer, T. and Amdt, M. Brinkman, J. and Hack, P.J.F.M. Six, W.
Biowaste, A Waste Management Challenge Environmental Management of Biomass Conceptual Approach in Legislation and Regulation Conceming Organic Wastes from Cities Regulations in the Field of Biowaste Collection and Treatment in Austria A legal profile of Italian practice in Organic Waste Disposal Agreements on Use of Compost and Sewage Sludge on Farm Land Local Composting in Multi-Storied Housing Collection and Treatment of Biological Waste in Urban Areas of Vienna The Installation of Biotun in the City of Salzburg Bates Combi System - A New Danish Waste Collection System Separate Collection of Biowaste from Households - Report on a Large-Scale Pilot Project in the City of Copenhagen System Analysis of Organic Waste
Implementation of Source Separation of Municipal Solid Waste in the city of Kristiansand Status and Trends on Biological waste Treatment in Nepal Trends in European Management of Urban Organic Wastes Emission of Spores of Aspergillus Fumigatus from Organic Waste Containers and Piles Occupational Exposure to Bio-Aerosols in Collecting Household Waste Occupational Health Problems in the Recycling Industry in Denmark Occupational Safety in Wastes Management Anaerobic Fermentation of Biowaste and High Total Solids Content - Experiences with ATF-System The Paques Anaerobic Digestion Process: A Feasible and Flexible Treatment for Solid Organic Waste Anaerobic Digestion of Biowaste in Full-Scale Plants in Brecht, Belgium and Salzburg, Austria by Means of the DRANCO kOESS
J. Mata-Alvarez / Resources, Conservation and Recycling I7 (19%) 67-73 Nedergaard, N. and Moller, H.B. Hochrein, P. Scharff, H. and Oorthuys, T. Pavan, P., Musacco, A., Battistoni, P., Mata-Alvarez, J. and Cecchi, F. Ahring, B. Angelidaki, I. and Ahring, B. Charlton, J. Shin, Hang-Sik., Jeong, YeonKoo. and Hwang, Eung-Ju. Bjerre, A.B., Femqvist, T., Ploger, A. and Skammelsen Schmidt, A. Hoppenheidt, K., Triinkler, J. and Scheibel, H.J. Nielsen, L.K. Lindberg, C. Schwinning, H.G. Oorthuys, T. and ScharlT, H. Leroy, J. B. Lund, B., Bendixen, H.J., Have, P. and Ahring, B. Petersen, J. Coulomb, I. Jomier, Y., Maille, H. and Paris, I. El-Shinnawi, M.M., Abo-ElNaga, S.A., El-Shimi, S.A. and Badawi, M.A. Holm-Nielsen, J.B. Carlsbaek, M. and Rosh, U. B.S. Christensen, C.
13
Anaerobic Digestion of Source Separated MSW in Collective Biogas Plant - Project in Sinding Wet Mechanical Pretreatment of Organic Wastes - The Full Scale Experience Innovative Pretreatment to Optimize Anaerobic Conversion of Biowaste Green Fraction of OFMSW: Advanced Anaerobic Digestion Processes Co-Digestion of Well Defined Wastes Mathematical Model of Anaerobic Digestion of Complex Substrate Upbrading Digesters and Biogas Reactors Practical Considerations for Applying Tracer Analysis C/N Ratio Effect on Degradation of Cellulose in Composting of Food Waste and Paper Delignification of Wheat Straw by Wet Oxidation Resulting in Bioconvertible Cellulose and Hemicellulose Biodegradable Plastics and Biowaste - Options for a Common Treatment Presentation of a New Composting Process “Compodan” Accelerated Composting in Tunnels ATAD - An Effective Technology for Stabilization and Disinfection of Biosolids New Concepts for Biowaste Composting - Dutch Current Practice Landfill: Biological Reactor or Final Deposit Bacteria and Virus Reduction in Anaerobic Digestion Use of Sewage Sludge and Composted Household Waste as a Fertilizer Source Waste Recycling in Agriculture: A New Market with the Farmers Biowaste Cornposting: Constraints and Advantages A Comparison between Composting and Fermentation Processes for Producing Soil Conditioners from Biological Wastes Consumer Demands Application of Compost in Amenity Areas Marketing of Compost and Comparable Bioproducts
References [I] [2]
Wannholt, L., 1994. Biological Waste Treatment in Europe. The Swedish Association of Solid Waste Management. RVF Rapport nr 945. MalmB (Sweden). Rogaliski, W. and Charlton, J., 1995. Status and trends for biological treatment of organic waste in Europe. International Solid Waste Association. Doblhoffgasee 9/9 A Vienna (Austria).