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03760 Hydrogenation of carbon oxides with hydrogen-storage alloys and manufacture of fuel gases
03
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
converted to synthesis gas in a 15 ton per day gasifier over a 4-day period. Viscosity reduction is permanent and the sheared sludge is biologically more stable than the feed sludge. This means it can be stored for longer periods than untreated sludge. Development of pressurized coal partial combustor 97103753 Yoshida, K. et 01. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf: Coal Util. Fuel Sysf., 1995, 20, 647658.
The paper describes the coal partial combustor. In the first stage gasifies the coal in a highly reducing atmosphere under high temperature and high heat load, while most of the coal ash is melted, separated, and removed. The produced gas is used as fuel gas. Entrained-bed coal gasification apparatus 97lO3754 Takegawa, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,132,786 [97,132,786] (Cl. CIOJ3/46), 20 May 1997, Appl. 95/289,733, 8 Nov 1995. 6 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus is a two-stage entrained-bed coal gasifier comprising a combustor zone and a reductor zone for combined-cycle power generation. It includes an air separation apparatus for separating IO-20% of air into nitrogen and oxygen. The nitrogen is subsequently used as a carrier gas for feeding coal to the reductor zone and unreacted char discharged from the gasifier. The oxygen is supplied to the combustor zone for high-temperature combustion of coal with high-concentration oxygen. Entrained-bed coal gasifier 97103755 Fukuda, H and Kate, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,100,476 15 Apr 1997, Appl. 95/255,031, 2 Ott 1995, 4 197.100,476] ‘(Cl. ClOJ3/46), pp. (In Japanese) Describes an entrained-bed coal gasifier containing combustor and reductor in the manufacture of high-temperature combustion gas. Experimental studies of catalytic partial oxidation 97103756 of methane to synthesis gas in a bubbling-bed reactor Mleczko, L. and Wurzel, T. Chem. Eng. .I., 1997, 66, (3), 193-200. Investigates the catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas in a bubbling, laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor over a catalyst of 1 wt% Nii A120j, using undiluted feed. Stable and isothermal reactor operation, as well as yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen near the thermodynamic equilibrium were achieved over the entire range of reaction conditions. Gasification behavior of carbon nanotubes 97103757 Morishita, K. and Takarada, T. Carbon, 1997, 35, (7) 977-981. Gasification of carbon nanotube-containing carbonaceous materials was carried out in a thermo-balance. One vol.% oxygen stream at 1023 and 823 K was used. The gasification behaviour of nanotubes was observed using a novel fixed-point observation technique with a transmission electron microscope. This revealed that carbon nanotube gasification behaviour was largely dependent on the gasification temperature. At the gasification temperature of 1023 K, nanotubes were easily gasified at the cracks, defects and strains in the tubes. The gasification rate of the nanoparticles was higher than that of nanotubes. At 823 K, the outer layers of the nanotubes and nanoparticles were disordered with the progress of the gasification and the thin tubes were swelled. The pit formation on the surface of nanotubes was also observed. No obvious difference was observed in the gasification rate between nanotubes and nanoparticles in the case of 823 K. Generation of coal pyrolysis gas 97103756 Ikeda, Y. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,111,257 [97,111,257] (Cl. C 1053/46), 28 Apr 1997, Appl. 95/270,360, 18 Ott 1995, 5 pp. (In Japanese) Coal pyrolysis gas manufactured by a gasifier and a pyrolysis furnace. In the furnace, a part of by-product char is introduced to the gasifier to generate high-temperature gas. This high-temperature gas is used for the coal pyrolysis process and the process-derived ammonia water is spray injected to the gasifier by a plurality of opposite-disposed nozzles. Highly active composite catalysts for reforming of 97103759 methane into syngas Inui, T. et al. Ceram. Trans., 1997, 73, (Catalyst Materials for HighTemperature Processes), 39-49. Developmental work has been carried out in the field of highly active catalysts for methane reforming. The developments are outlined in this paper, along with test results. Hydrogenation of carbon oxides with hydrogen97103760 storage alloys and manufacture of fuel gases Suds, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,124,515 [97,124,515] (Cl. CO7C9/ 04), 13 May 1997, Appl. 95/287,570, 6 Nov 1995, 6 pp. (In Japanese) Hydrogenation of carbon oxides with H-storage alloys is described. The method can be applied to fuel gas manufacture from gas mixtures containing CO and/or COz and H. CH4 was effectively prepared by treating COZ and H with LaN&AlOa particle having a surface layer of LaF3. IDGCC: an advanced coal technology for power 97103761 generation Campisi, A. and Johnson, T. Chem. Aus?., 1997, 64, (5), 12-14. The development of an integrated drying and gasification combined cycle (IDGCC) is reported. The cost of electricity can be reduced by up to 30% when compared to conventional brown coal fired power plants, by using this
316
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
technology. Higher process efficiency means CO: emissions are also reduced by about 30%. Activities in the development programme include laboratory and pilot-scale investigations with demonstration of the technology in a IO MW scale facility capable of processing 240 tons of raw coal a day. 97103762 Investigation of the Ukrainian brown coals for the novel thermolysis technology and production of chemicals and gas Sklyar, M. G. et al. Ugd’ Ukr. 1996, (9) 27-31. (In Russian) Discusses the technology of by-product semicoking of brown coal. The proposed technology includes transport, preheating, dewatering, semicoking, by-product separation and processing, semicoke gasification with the production of either fuel gas or synthesis gas, and recovery of clinker for construction materials. 97103763 Mechanistic studies of methane partial oxidation to syngas over Si02-supported rhodium catalysts Au, C. T. and Wang, H. Y. .I. Catul., 1997, 167, (2) 337-345. The paper investigates the reaction behaviour of CHJ and CH4/OZ (211) with reduced (Rh/SiOz) and oxidized (Rh(O)/SiO,) Si02-supported rhodium catalysts over a pulse microreactor. 97103764 Method and apparatus for treating wastes by gasification Fujimura, H. et al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 776,962 (Cl. ClOJ3/.54), 4 Jun 1997, JP Appl. 961252,234, 4 Sep 1996, 21 pp. Gasification as a method for waste treatment recovers useful resources including energy, and gases for use as synthesis gas for chemical industry or fuel. The wastes are gasified in a fluidized bed reactor at a relatively low temperature. The gaseous material arid char produced are introduced into a high-temperature combustor, producing low or medium calorific gas at a relatively high temperature. The reactor comprises a revolving flow-type fluidized bed reactor. The combustor comprises a swirling-type hightemperature combustor. 97103765 Pressurized fluidized bed combustion and gasification of coal using flue gas recirculation and oxygen injection Andries, J. et al. Energy Cowers. Manage., 1997, 38, (Suppl., Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal, 1996). S117-S122. Efficient electricity and heat production arises from a combined cycle incorporating pressurized fluidized bed combustion of coal with pure oxygen and recycled flue gas followed by pressurized combustion of the fuel gas using pure oxygen. In addition, a flue gas with a high COz concentration COz recovery from this process can be achieved more easily than from conventional coal conversion processes. In this way a high efficiency coal conversion process can be realized with low COz emissions. The specific aim of the project is to assess the technical feasibility of this process and to this end a 1.6 MW pressurized fluidized bed combustion test rig was modified to study experimental the gasification process and the pressurized combustion of the resulting low calorific value fuel gas. The objectives of the project, the modified test rig and the experimental results obtained from combustion experiments with coal, recirculated flue gas and pure oxygen are described. The conversion efficiencies and the emission of harmful components measured during these experiments are analysed and compared with values obtained during combustion and gasification using air. 97103766 Process for the treatment of the exhaust gas from the gasification of carbonaceous material Albrecht, J. and Loeffler, J. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 776,961 (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 4 Jun 1997, DE Appl. 19,544,200, 28 Nov 1995, 6 pp. (In German) At temperatures of 700-IlOo”C, waste solids are gasified at to form a fuel gas, which is then passed through a cyclone for solid particles removal. The solid particles are then passed into an oxidation reactor and gasified at 1300-1800°C to form a fuel gas and slag, which is subsequently removed. The two fuel gases are mixed for 20.5 s, removing any remaining dioxins and furans. 97103767 Steam-carbon gasification catalyzed by calcium: assessment of the porous structure of active carbons from plum stones and synthetic active carbons Dabrowski, A. et al. Adsorption, 1997, 3, (3), 233-242. The synthesis and characterization methods of activated carbons with a requisite porous structure need to be extended. One of the methods with potential for creating controlled mesopore and micropore structures deals with the steam gasification of various carbon materials. In this work the effects of a calcium catalyst on the catalytic steam gasification of active carbons from plum stones and porous polymers are presented. Based on the method described in the paper, the changes in structural parameters of active carbons depending on the amount of calcium catalyst were estimated.
Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels)
converted to synthesis gas in a 15 ton per day gasifier over a 4-day period. Viscosity reduction is permanent and the sheared sludge is biologically more stable than the feed sludge. This means it can be stored for longer periods than untreated sludge. Development of pressurized coal partial combustor 97103753 Yoshida, K. et 01. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf: Coal Util. Fuel Sysf., 1995, 20, 647658.
The paper describes the coal partial combustor. In the first stage gasifies the coal in a highly reducing atmosphere under high temperature and high heat load, while most of the coal ash is melted, separated, and removed. The produced gas is used as fuel gas. Entrained-bed coal gasification apparatus 97lO3754 Takegawa, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,132,786 [97,132,786] (Cl. CIOJ3/46), 20 May 1997, Appl. 95/289,733, 8 Nov 1995. 6 pp. (In Japanese) The apparatus is a two-stage entrained-bed coal gasifier comprising a combustor zone and a reductor zone for combined-cycle power generation. It includes an air separation apparatus for separating IO-20% of air into nitrogen and oxygen. The nitrogen is subsequently used as a carrier gas for feeding coal to the reductor zone and unreacted char discharged from the gasifier. The oxygen is supplied to the combustor zone for high-temperature combustion of coal with high-concentration oxygen. Entrained-bed coal gasifier 97103755 Fukuda, H and Kate, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,100,476 15 Apr 1997, Appl. 95/255,031, 2 Ott 1995, 4 197.100,476] ‘(Cl. ClOJ3/46), pp. (In Japanese) Describes an entrained-bed coal gasifier containing combustor and reductor in the manufacture of high-temperature combustion gas. Experimental studies of catalytic partial oxidation 97103756 of methane to synthesis gas in a bubbling-bed reactor Mleczko, L. and Wurzel, T. Chem. Eng. .I., 1997, 66, (3), 193-200. Investigates the catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas in a bubbling, laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor over a catalyst of 1 wt% Nii A120j, using undiluted feed. Stable and isothermal reactor operation, as well as yields of carbon monoxide and hydrogen near the thermodynamic equilibrium were achieved over the entire range of reaction conditions. Gasification behavior of carbon nanotubes 97103757 Morishita, K. and Takarada, T. Carbon, 1997, 35, (7) 977-981. Gasification of carbon nanotube-containing carbonaceous materials was carried out in a thermo-balance. One vol.% oxygen stream at 1023 and 823 K was used. The gasification behaviour of nanotubes was observed using a novel fixed-point observation technique with a transmission electron microscope. This revealed that carbon nanotube gasification behaviour was largely dependent on the gasification temperature. At the gasification temperature of 1023 K, nanotubes were easily gasified at the cracks, defects and strains in the tubes. The gasification rate of the nanoparticles was higher than that of nanotubes. At 823 K, the outer layers of the nanotubes and nanoparticles were disordered with the progress of the gasification and the thin tubes were swelled. The pit formation on the surface of nanotubes was also observed. No obvious difference was observed in the gasification rate between nanotubes and nanoparticles in the case of 823 K. Generation of coal pyrolysis gas 97103756 Ikeda, Y. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,111,257 [97,111,257] (Cl. C 1053/46), 28 Apr 1997, Appl. 95/270,360, 18 Ott 1995, 5 pp. (In Japanese) Coal pyrolysis gas manufactured by a gasifier and a pyrolysis furnace. In the furnace, a part of by-product char is introduced to the gasifier to generate high-temperature gas. This high-temperature gas is used for the coal pyrolysis process and the process-derived ammonia water is spray injected to the gasifier by a plurality of opposite-disposed nozzles. Highly active composite catalysts for reforming of 97103759 methane into syngas Inui, T. et al. Ceram. Trans., 1997, 73, (Catalyst Materials for HighTemperature Processes), 39-49. Developmental work has been carried out in the field of highly active catalysts for methane reforming. The developments are outlined in this paper, along with test results. Hydrogenation of carbon oxides with hydrogen97103760 storage alloys and manufacture of fuel gases Suds, S. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,124,515 [97,124,515] (Cl. CO7C9/ 04), 13 May 1997, Appl. 95/287,570, 6 Nov 1995, 6 pp. (In Japanese) Hydrogenation of carbon oxides with H-storage alloys is described. The method can be applied to fuel gas manufacture from gas mixtures containing CO and/or COz and H. CH4 was effectively prepared by treating COZ and H with LaN&AlOa particle having a surface layer of LaF3. IDGCC: an advanced coal technology for power 97103761 generation Campisi, A. and Johnson, T. Chem. Aus?., 1997, 64, (5), 12-14. The development of an integrated drying and gasification combined cycle (IDGCC) is reported. The cost of electricity can be reduced by up to 30% when compared to conventional brown coal fired power plants, by using this
316
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
1997
technology. Higher process efficiency means CO: emissions are also reduced by about 30%. Activities in the development programme include laboratory and pilot-scale investigations with demonstration of the technology in a IO MW scale facility capable of processing 240 tons of raw coal a day. 97103762 Investigation of the Ukrainian brown coals for the novel thermolysis technology and production of chemicals and gas Sklyar, M. G. et al. Ugd’ Ukr. 1996, (9) 27-31. (In Russian) Discusses the technology of by-product semicoking of brown coal. The proposed technology includes transport, preheating, dewatering, semicoking, by-product separation and processing, semicoke gasification with the production of either fuel gas or synthesis gas, and recovery of clinker for construction materials. 97103763 Mechanistic studies of methane partial oxidation to syngas over Si02-supported rhodium catalysts Au, C. T. and Wang, H. Y. .I. Catul., 1997, 167, (2) 337-345. The paper investigates the reaction behaviour of CHJ and CH4/OZ (211) with reduced (Rh/SiOz) and oxidized (Rh(O)/SiO,) Si02-supported rhodium catalysts over a pulse microreactor. 97103764 Method and apparatus for treating wastes by gasification Fujimura, H. et al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 776,962 (Cl. ClOJ3/.54), 4 Jun 1997, JP Appl. 961252,234, 4 Sep 1996, 21 pp. Gasification as a method for waste treatment recovers useful resources including energy, and gases for use as synthesis gas for chemical industry or fuel. The wastes are gasified in a fluidized bed reactor at a relatively low temperature. The gaseous material arid char produced are introduced into a high-temperature combustor, producing low or medium calorific gas at a relatively high temperature. The reactor comprises a revolving flow-type fluidized bed reactor. The combustor comprises a swirling-type hightemperature combustor. 97103765 Pressurized fluidized bed combustion and gasification of coal using flue gas recirculation and oxygen injection Andries, J. et al. Energy Cowers. Manage., 1997, 38, (Suppl., Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal, 1996). S117-S122. Efficient electricity and heat production arises from a combined cycle incorporating pressurized fluidized bed combustion of coal with pure oxygen and recycled flue gas followed by pressurized combustion of the fuel gas using pure oxygen. In addition, a flue gas with a high COz concentration COz recovery from this process can be achieved more easily than from conventional coal conversion processes. In this way a high efficiency coal conversion process can be realized with low COz emissions. The specific aim of the project is to assess the technical feasibility of this process and to this end a 1.6 MW pressurized fluidized bed combustion test rig was modified to study experimental the gasification process and the pressurized combustion of the resulting low calorific value fuel gas. The objectives of the project, the modified test rig and the experimental results obtained from combustion experiments with coal, recirculated flue gas and pure oxygen are described. The conversion efficiencies and the emission of harmful components measured during these experiments are analysed and compared with values obtained during combustion and gasification using air. 97103766 Process for the treatment of the exhaust gas from the gasification of carbonaceous material Albrecht, J. and Loeffler, J. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 776,961 (Cl. ClOJ3/46), 4 Jun 1997, DE Appl. 19,544,200, 28 Nov 1995, 6 pp. (In German) At temperatures of 700-IlOo”C, waste solids are gasified at to form a fuel gas, which is then passed through a cyclone for solid particles removal. The solid particles are then passed into an oxidation reactor and gasified at 1300-1800°C to form a fuel gas and slag, which is subsequently removed. The two fuel gases are mixed for 20.5 s, removing any remaining dioxins and furans. 97103767 Steam-carbon gasification catalyzed by calcium: assessment of the porous structure of active carbons from plum stones and synthetic active carbons Dabrowski, A. et al. Adsorption, 1997, 3, (3), 233-242. The synthesis and characterization methods of activated carbons with a requisite porous structure need to be extended. One of the methods with potential for creating controlled mesopore and micropore structures deals with the steam gasification of various carbon materials. In this work the effects of a calcium catalyst on the catalytic steam gasification of active carbons from plum stones and porous polymers are presented. Based on the method described in the paper, the changes in structural parameters of active carbons depending on the amount of calcium catalyst were estimated.