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01120 Catalysis of iron sulfates as a coal liquefaction catalyst
02
fuels (derived liquid fuels)
Liquid
of an adequate catalytic system. As the main cause of the deactivation of the catalyst by coke deposition in the elimination of oxygenated groups is the traditional alumina support, new supports must be developed. The development of new catalytic systems supported on carbon or modified alumina is addressed in this work. The routine catalytic tests are carried out with model compounds and the best catalysts are tested with real oils.
The study of model compounds as additives for 99lO1108 lead-free motor gasolines Oravkin, J. et al. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (4), 17-23. The Anabex 99 valve seat recession inhibitor for gasoline has been developed. Na salts of carboxylic-acid-based compounds are most suitable as gasoline additives, as they combine the desired properties of sulfonates and phenolates.
The study of model compounds as additives for unleaded gasolines. Part ii
98/01109
the majority of world oil and, in the future, will regain market share. A hypothetical two-year supply reduction in 2005-2006, similar in size to those of 1973-1974 or 1979-1980, illustrates the potential benefits to OPEC and harm to the US economy of a future oil price shock. OPEC’s revenues are estimated to increase by roughly $0.7 trillion, while the US economy loses about $05 trillion. Strategic petroleum reserves seem ineffective against a determined, multi-year supply curtailment. Increasing the market’s price responsiveness by improving the technologies of oil supply and oil demand can greatly reduce the costs of oil dependence. Each element of this interpretation of the oil dependence problem is well supported by previous studies. This paper’s contribution is to unite these elements into a coherent explanation and to point out the enormously important implications for energy policy.
Derived Liquid Fuels
Oravkin, J. et al. Per. Coal, 1996, 38, (1) 29-33. In engines tested using unleaded gasoline, the ANABEX-99 multifunctional additive proved sufficient protection for exhaust valve seats.
The stud of model compounds as additives for 98/01110 unleaded motor gasoi Ynes Part iii Oravkin,
J. et al.
Pet. Coal, 1996, 38, (2) 23-30.
Surface-finished corrosion resistance inside
98101111
steel sheet for fuel tank with
98lo1117 150 t/d PP project of NEDOL process and design of reactor. cataivst facilities Miyamori, H. and Kobayashi, M. Proc. Annu. Ini. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 1165-1170. Part of the 150 t/d bituminous coal liquefaction project carried out by Nippon Coal Oil Co., Ltd. (NCOL) is detailed and the progress of the plant construction is presented.
Tsuchiya, S. and Kashiwagi, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,866 [97,241,866] (Cl. C23C28/00), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/49,251, 6 Mar 1996, 9 pp. (In Japanese) A Zn-Ni alloy is used to electroplate the sheet on both sides and it is successively coated with layers, at least on the inside of the fuel tank, which have lOOO-150,000 cracks with the maximum width
Osipov, A. M. and Barina, T. V. et al. Ugol’ Ukr., 1995, (11). 5. (In Russian) Hydrogenation of five brown coals from two deposits of the Dneper Basin took place at 400-42o”C and 5 MPa H (initial) for a period of l-2 h in Teralin. In some runs, 4-8 wt% of a disposable iron catalvst was used. The organic matter conversion and product yields are 7L82 and 52-82%, respectively. The rate of the reaction doubled with the catalyst, but increases in the yields and conversion were insignificant.
Treatment of heavy and burnt crude oil in view of 98/01112 being processed
98JO1119 Caicination temperature effect on supported ruthenium catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction
Camenita, A. and Mares, L. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (35, 29-30. The paper discusses emulsion breaking in petroleum recovery combustion.
98lO1113 and yields
by in-situ
VGO Unionfining improves FCC product quality
Skripek, M. and Gowdy, H. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (4), 4- 2. ” The commercially proven VGO Unionfining process (hy b rorefmmg) can be used to upgrade cracked and straight run vacuum gas oil derived from a wide range of crudes to high quality cracking feedstock. Optimum VGO Unionfining severity is governed by feed-stock and process/product objectives, such as higher gasoline or diesel fuel yield.
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy 98lo1114
Coal liquids-who
needs them?
Gray, D. and Tomlinson, G. Proc. Annu. Int. Piftsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 1011-1016. The world energy situation of that of the US is reviewed.
Despite increasing refinery power production, oii98io1115 fired generation is declining Paffenbarger, J. Oil Gas .I., 1997, 95, (28), 35-38, 40. An increase in the petroleum-based power generation from non-utility producers has been noted. A major portion of these producers are refineries. Residual-type feeds are the fastest growing petroleum product segment used for power generation. Refined product demand patterns and the liberalization of electricity markets are the driving force behind this trend. In recent years, gasification has emerged as an effective process for converting heavy refinery feeds to power. As shown by recent projects, this is a flexible and profitable process for electricity, hydrogen and chemical production from feeds ranging from natural gas to tars.
98lO1118
The outlook for US oil dependence
Greene, D. L. et al. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (l), 5549. Oil dependence is a dynamic problem of short- and long-run market power. The potential monopoly power of an oil cartel depends on its market share and the elasticities of oil supply and demand, while the economic vulnerability of oil-consuming states depends most directly on the quantity of oil imported and the oil cost share of gross domestic product (GDP). Of these factors, only the market share of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel and the rate of growth of world oil demand are clearly different than they were 25 years ago. OPEC still holds
100
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1998
98iO1118 Brown coal from the Dneper Basin as raw material for hydrogenation
Fan, L. et al. Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 1997, 40, (4), 298-308. The metal dispersion of Ru/AlaOs catalyst is significantly affected by changes in the air calcination temperature, which can also control the activity and selectivity of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The reaction characteristics of the low-temperature-calcined catalysts were different from those of the high-temperature-calcined catalysts. At 200-250°C a change took place in CO conversion by the catalysts calcined at different temperatures. High-molecular-weight products were extracted using nHexane in supercritical state in the catalyst bed and reactor, to attain a complete distribution of the products. The chain-growth probability, as well as the olefin-to-paraffin ratio of the products was greatly influenced by Ru dispersion. Chain-growth probability was promoted and the olefin contents in the products enhanced by the water added to the synthesis gas. The strength of the bond between adsorbed CO and surface Ru atoms was greatly controlled by calcination temperature. In the ethylene-added Fischer-Tropsch reaction, oxygenates were formed on low-temperaturecalcined catalyst, but hydrocarbons were formed only on high-temperaturecalcined catalyst.
98101120 catalyst
Catalysis of iron sulfates as a coal liquefaction
Ogata, E. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704 (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3) 1449-1452. Iron sulfate catalysis was examined in the hydroconversion of PAHs for the development of coal hydroliquefaction catalysts. Their catalytic activity and selectivity were evaluated during the hydroconversion of l-methyl-naphthalene and 4-(I-naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl as a model reaction of coal hydroliquefaction. Addition of sufficient sulfur dramatically increased the activity of FeSO+ However, the activity of Fea(S04)s did not was unaffected. FeS04 was transformed to active pyrrhotites above 350°C in the presence of excess sulfur. Iron sulfates have a lot of potential as useful catalyst precursors for hydroconversion of heavy resources containing a lot of sulfur and mineral matter.
98/01121
Catalyst development in coal liquefaction reactions
Suzuki, T. Kemikaru Enjiniyaringu, 1997, 42, (4), 297-301. (In Japanese) Coal liquefaction reactions are reviewed, including fundamental research on high-dispersion iron catalysts, catalysts under development, and catalyst recovery.
98lo1122 Catalytic routes to transportation natural gas hydrates
fuels utilizing
Wegrzyn, J. E. et al. Prepr. Am. Chemical Sot., Div. Pet. Chemical, 1997, 42, (3), 611-612. Discusses catalytic conversion routes of gas hydrates into higher valued liquid transportation fuels.
fuels (derived liquid fuels)
Liquid
of an adequate catalytic system. As the main cause of the deactivation of the catalyst by coke deposition in the elimination of oxygenated groups is the traditional alumina support, new supports must be developed. The development of new catalytic systems supported on carbon or modified alumina is addressed in this work. The routine catalytic tests are carried out with model compounds and the best catalysts are tested with real oils.
The study of model compounds as additives for 99lO1108 lead-free motor gasolines Oravkin, J. et al. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (4), 17-23. The Anabex 99 valve seat recession inhibitor for gasoline has been developed. Na salts of carboxylic-acid-based compounds are most suitable as gasoline additives, as they combine the desired properties of sulfonates and phenolates.
The study of model compounds as additives for unleaded gasolines. Part ii
98/01109
the majority of world oil and, in the future, will regain market share. A hypothetical two-year supply reduction in 2005-2006, similar in size to those of 1973-1974 or 1979-1980, illustrates the potential benefits to OPEC and harm to the US economy of a future oil price shock. OPEC’s revenues are estimated to increase by roughly $0.7 trillion, while the US economy loses about $05 trillion. Strategic petroleum reserves seem ineffective against a determined, multi-year supply curtailment. Increasing the market’s price responsiveness by improving the technologies of oil supply and oil demand can greatly reduce the costs of oil dependence. Each element of this interpretation of the oil dependence problem is well supported by previous studies. This paper’s contribution is to unite these elements into a coherent explanation and to point out the enormously important implications for energy policy.
Derived Liquid Fuels
Oravkin, J. et al. Per. Coal, 1996, 38, (1) 29-33. In engines tested using unleaded gasoline, the ANABEX-99 multifunctional additive proved sufficient protection for exhaust valve seats.
The stud of model compounds as additives for 98/01110 unleaded motor gasoi Ynes Part iii Oravkin,
J. et al.
Pet. Coal, 1996, 38, (2) 23-30.
Surface-finished corrosion resistance inside
98101111
steel sheet for fuel tank with
98lo1117 150 t/d PP project of NEDOL process and design of reactor. cataivst facilities Miyamori, H. and Kobayashi, M. Proc. Annu. Ini. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 1165-1170. Part of the 150 t/d bituminous coal liquefaction project carried out by Nippon Coal Oil Co., Ltd. (NCOL) is detailed and the progress of the plant construction is presented.
Tsuchiya, S. and Kashiwagi, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 09,241,866 [97,241,866] (Cl. C23C28/00), 16 Sep 1997, Appl. 96/49,251, 6 Mar 1996, 9 pp. (In Japanese) A Zn-Ni alloy is used to electroplate the sheet on both sides and it is successively coated with layers, at least on the inside of the fuel tank, which have lOOO-150,000 cracks with the maximum width
Osipov, A. M. and Barina, T. V. et al. Ugol’ Ukr., 1995, (11). 5. (In Russian) Hydrogenation of five brown coals from two deposits of the Dneper Basin took place at 400-42o”C and 5 MPa H (initial) for a period of l-2 h in Teralin. In some runs, 4-8 wt% of a disposable iron catalvst was used. The organic matter conversion and product yields are 7L82 and 52-82%, respectively. The rate of the reaction doubled with the catalyst, but increases in the yields and conversion were insignificant.
Treatment of heavy and burnt crude oil in view of 98/01112 being processed
98JO1119 Caicination temperature effect on supported ruthenium catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction
Camenita, A. and Mares, L. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (35, 29-30. The paper discusses emulsion breaking in petroleum recovery combustion.
98lO1113 and yields
by in-situ
VGO Unionfining improves FCC product quality
Skripek, M. and Gowdy, H. Pet. Coal, 1995, 37, (4), 4- 2. ” The commercially proven VGO Unionfining process (hy b rorefmmg) can be used to upgrade cracked and straight run vacuum gas oil derived from a wide range of crudes to high quality cracking feedstock. Optimum VGO Unionfining severity is governed by feed-stock and process/product objectives, such as higher gasoline or diesel fuel yield.
Economics, Business, Marketing, Policy 98lo1114
Coal liquids-who
needs them?
Gray, D. and Tomlinson, G. Proc. Annu. Int. Piftsburgh Coal Conf., 1995, 12, 1011-1016. The world energy situation of that of the US is reviewed.
Despite increasing refinery power production, oii98io1115 fired generation is declining Paffenbarger, J. Oil Gas .I., 1997, 95, (28), 35-38, 40. An increase in the petroleum-based power generation from non-utility producers has been noted. A major portion of these producers are refineries. Residual-type feeds are the fastest growing petroleum product segment used for power generation. Refined product demand patterns and the liberalization of electricity markets are the driving force behind this trend. In recent years, gasification has emerged as an effective process for converting heavy refinery feeds to power. As shown by recent projects, this is a flexible and profitable process for electricity, hydrogen and chemical production from feeds ranging from natural gas to tars.
98lO1118
The outlook for US oil dependence
Greene, D. L. et al. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, (l), 5549. Oil dependence is a dynamic problem of short- and long-run market power. The potential monopoly power of an oil cartel depends on its market share and the elasticities of oil supply and demand, while the economic vulnerability of oil-consuming states depends most directly on the quantity of oil imported and the oil cost share of gross domestic product (GDP). Of these factors, only the market share of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cartel and the rate of growth of world oil demand are clearly different than they were 25 years ago. OPEC still holds
100
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 1998
98iO1118 Brown coal from the Dneper Basin as raw material for hydrogenation
Fan, L. et al. Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 1997, 40, (4), 298-308. The metal dispersion of Ru/AlaOs catalyst is significantly affected by changes in the air calcination temperature, which can also control the activity and selectivity of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The reaction characteristics of the low-temperature-calcined catalysts were different from those of the high-temperature-calcined catalysts. At 200-250°C a change took place in CO conversion by the catalysts calcined at different temperatures. High-molecular-weight products were extracted using nHexane in supercritical state in the catalyst bed and reactor, to attain a complete distribution of the products. The chain-growth probability, as well as the olefin-to-paraffin ratio of the products was greatly influenced by Ru dispersion. Chain-growth probability was promoted and the olefin contents in the products enhanced by the water added to the synthesis gas. The strength of the bond between adsorbed CO and surface Ru atoms was greatly controlled by calcination temperature. In the ethylene-added Fischer-Tropsch reaction, oxygenates were formed on low-temperaturecalcined catalyst, but hydrocarbons were formed only on high-temperaturecalcined catalyst.
98101120 catalyst
Catalysis of iron sulfates as a coal liquefaction
Ogata, E. et al. DGMK Tagungsber., 1997, 9704 (Proceedings ICCS ‘97, Volume 3) 1449-1452. Iron sulfate catalysis was examined in the hydroconversion of PAHs for the development of coal hydroliquefaction catalysts. Their catalytic activity and selectivity were evaluated during the hydroconversion of l-methyl-naphthalene and 4-(I-naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl as a model reaction of coal hydroliquefaction. Addition of sufficient sulfur dramatically increased the activity of FeSO+ However, the activity of Fea(S04)s did not was unaffected. FeS04 was transformed to active pyrrhotites above 350°C in the presence of excess sulfur. Iron sulfates have a lot of potential as useful catalyst precursors for hydroconversion of heavy resources containing a lot of sulfur and mineral matter.
98/01121
Catalyst development in coal liquefaction reactions
Suzuki, T. Kemikaru Enjiniyaringu, 1997, 42, (4), 297-301. (In Japanese) Coal liquefaction reactions are reviewed, including fundamental research on high-dispersion iron catalysts, catalysts under development, and catalyst recovery.
98lo1122 Catalytic routes to transportation natural gas hydrates
fuels utilizing
Wegrzyn, J. E. et al. Prepr. Am. Chemical Sot., Div. Pet. Chemical, 1997, 42, (3), 611-612. Discusses catalytic conversion routes of gas hydrates into higher valued liquid transportation fuels.